{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:39:01Z","timestamp":1792787941125,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":92,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Karadeniz Technical University Research Fund","award":["Project No. 6872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project No. 6872"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03z8fyr40","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Pediatr"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-026-07346-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T12:50:38Z","timestamp":1784206238000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An evaluation of cytokine responses and antiseizure medication levels during mild upper respiratory infections in children with epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Elif Acar","family":"Arslan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asl\u0131 Beg\u00fcm","family":"\u00d6zkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esra","family":"\u00d6zkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bet\u00fcl Diler","family":"Durgut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beril","family":"Dilber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00fclay","family":"Kama\u015fak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sevim","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Cansu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"7346_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2008.09.023","volume":"14","author":"A Pitk\u00e4nen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pitk\u00e4nen A, Lukasiuk K. Molecular and cellular basis of epileptogenesis in symptomatic epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;14:16\u201325.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"7346_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-013-0078-6","volume":"27","author":"M Falip","year":"2013","unstructured":"Falip M, Salas-Puig X, Cara C. Causes of CNS inflammation and potential targets for anticonvulsants. CNS Drugs. 2013;27:613\u201323.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"7346_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500578","volume":"195","author":"J Long","year":"2015","unstructured":"Long J, Chang L, Shen Y, Gao WH, Wu YN, Dou HB, et al. Valproic acid ameliorates graft-versus-host disease by downregulating Th1 and Th17 cells. J Immunol. 2015;195:1849\u201357.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"7346_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17023","volume":"62","author":"MKM Alvim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alvim MKM, Morita-Sherman ME, Yasuda CL, Rocha NP, Vieira \u00c9L, Pimentel-Silva LR, et al. Inflammatory and neurotrophic factor plasma levels are related to epilepsy independently of etiology. Epilepsia. 2021;62:2385\u201394.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"7346_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2011.11.010","volume":"217","author":"J Frikeche","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frikeche J, Simon T, Brissot E, Gr\u00e9goire M, Gaugler B, Mohty M. Impact of valproic acid on dendritic cell function. Immunobiology. 2012;217:704\u201310.","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"7346_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0742-3","volume":"113","author":"Y Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang D, Guo D. Interictal cytokine levels were correlated to seizureseverity of epileptic patients: a retrospective study on 1218 epileptic patients. J Transl Med. 2015;113:378.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"7346_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13296","volume":"83","author":"G Zaccara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zaccara G, Giovannelli F, Giorgi FS, Franco V, Gasparini S, Tacconi FM. Do antiepileptic drugs increase the risk of infectious diseases? A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;83:1873\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcp.13296.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"7346_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.178","volume":"7","author":"A Vezzani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vezzani A, French J, Bartfai T, Baram TZ. The role of inflammation in epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurol. 2011;7:31\u201340.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"7346_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1586\/17476348.2014.854167","volume":"8","author":"ML Manni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Manni ML, Robinson KM, Alcorn JF. A tale of two cytokines: IL-17 and IL-22 in asthma and infection. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2014;8:25\u201342.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"key":"7346_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12665","volume":"135","author":"F Gao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gao F, Gao Y, Zhang SJ, Zhe X, Meng FL, Qian H, et al. Alteration of plasma cytokines in patients with active epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2017;135:663\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"7346_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04425-z","volume":"23","author":"M Sarangdhar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sarangdhar M, Akel S, Hosseini Ashtiani S, Axelsson M, Zelano J. Association between pro-inflammatory proteins and neurofilament in plasma from persons with epilepsy. BMC Med. 2025;23:554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-025-04425-z.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"7346_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.4274\/jpr.65365","volume":"2","author":"G Koturo\u011flu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koturo\u011flu G. Upper respiratory tract infections in children. J Pediatr Res. 2015;2:62\u20135.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"7346_CR13","first-page":"1009","volume":"2","author":"Y Miyaji","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miyaji Y, Sugai K, Nozawa A, Kobayashi M, Niwa S, Tsukagoshi H, Mori M. Pediatric respiratory severity score (PRESS) for respiratory tract infections in children. Austin Virol Retrovirol. 2015;2(1):1009.","journal-title":"Austin Virol Retrovirol"},{"key":"7346_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347f7027","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f7027","volume":"11","author":"M Thompson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thompson M, Vodicka TA, Blair PS, Buckley DI, Heneghan C, Hay AD, TARGET Programme Team. Duration of symptoms of respiratory tract infections in children: systematic review. BMJ. 2013;11:347f7027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.f7027.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"7346_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2014.04.012","volume":"23","author":"J Zelano","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zelano J, M\u00f6ller F, Dobesberger J, Trinka E, Kumlien E. Infections in status epilepticus: a retrospective 5-year cohort study. Seizure. 2014;23:603\u20136.","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"7346_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8140-1","volume":"263","author":"S Semmlack","year":"2016","unstructured":"Semmlack S, Tschudin-Sutter S, Widmer AF, Valen\u00e7a M, Ruegg S, Marsch S, et al. Independent impact of infections on the course and outcome of status epilepticus: a 10-year cohort study. J Neurol. 2016;263:1303\u201313.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"7346_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2710.1999.00202.x","volume":"24","author":"BB Serrano","year":"1999","unstructured":"Serrano BB, Sanchez MG, Otero M, Buelga DS, Serrano J, Dom\u00ednguez-Gil A. Valproate population pharmacokinetics in children. J Clin Pharm Ther. 1999;24:73\u201380.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"7346_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e32835ea0b2","volume":"23","author":"Y Ghodke-Puranik","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ghodke-Puranik Y, Thorn CF, Lamba JK, Leeder JS, Song W, Birnbaum AK, et al. Valproic acid pathway: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2013;23:236\u201341.","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet Genomics"},{"key":"7346_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(03)00310-2","volume":"29","author":"TA Rugino","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rugino TA, Janvier YM, Baunach JM, Bilat CA. Hypoalbuminemia with valproic acid administration. Pediatr Neurol. 2003;29:440\u20134.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"1 Epilepsy","key":"7346_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000289","volume":"22","author":"BW Abou-Khalil","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abou-Khalil BW. Antiepileptic drugs. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016;22(1 Epilepsy):132\u201356.","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"issue":"2","key":"7346_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2013.217","volume":"95","author":"R Kaddurah-Daouk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaddurah-Daouk R, Weinshilboum RM. Pharmacometabolomics Research Network. Pharmacometabolomics: implications for clinical pharmacology and systems pharmacology. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;95(2):154\u201367.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"7346_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e318260f7b3","volume":"34","author":"MK Park","year":"2012","unstructured":"Park MK, Lim KS, Kim TE, Han HK, Yi SJ, Shin KH, et al. Reduced valproic acid serum concentrations due to drug interactions with carbapenem antibiotics: overview of six cases. Ther Drug Monit. 2012;34:599\u2013603.","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"7346_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.2006.00743.x","volume":"31","author":"S Fudio","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fudio S, Carcas A, Pi\u00f1ana E, Ortega R. Epileptic seizures caused by low valproic acid levels from an interaction with meropenem. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2006;31:393\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"7346_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-3787(07)74183-8","volume":"163","author":"P Gelisse","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gelisse P, Hillaire-Buys D, Halaili E, Jean-Pastor M, Vespignan H, Coubes P, et al. Carbamazepine and clarithromycin: a clinically relevant drug interaction. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2007;163:1096\u20139.","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"7346_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e328348c6f2","volume":"21","author":"CF Thorn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thorn CF, Leckband SG, Kelsoe J, Leeder JS, M\u00fcller DJ, Klein TE, et al. PharmGKB summary: carbamazepine pathway. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2011;21:906\u201310.","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet Genomics"},{"key":"7346_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2016.0794","volume":"18","author":"HS Sohn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sohn HS, Kim SK, Lee SY. Inflammatory markers associated with seizures. Epileptic Disord. 2016;18:51\u20137.","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"7346_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R274","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10555","volume":"15","author":"R Sutter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sutter R, Tschudin-Sutter S, Grize L, Widmer AF, Marsch S, Ruegg S. Acute-phase proteins and white blood cell levels for prediction of infectious complications in status epilepticus. Crit Care. 2011;15:R274.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"7346_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28508","volume":"116","author":"Y Iwakura","year":"2006","unstructured":"Iwakura Y, Ishigame H. The IL-23\/IL-17 axis in inflammation. J Clin Invest. 2006;116:1218\u201329.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"7346_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-017-8468-4","volume":"19","author":"T Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li T, Zhang YM, Han D, Hua R, Guo BN, Hu SQ, et al. Involvement of IL-17 in secondary brain injury after traumatic brain injury in rats. Neuromolecular Med. 2017;19:541\u201354.","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med"},{"key":"7346_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0742-3","volume":"13","author":"Y Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang D, Guo D. Interictal cytokine levels were correlated to seizure severity of epileptic patients: a retrospective study on 1218 epileptic patients. J Transl Med. 2015;13:378.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12887-026-07346-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12887-026-07346-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12887-026-07346-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:02:49Z","timestamp":1792162969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12887-026-07346-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7346"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-026-07346-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2431"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2431","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine (File No: 2016\/129 24237859, Decision No: 67). All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Written informed consent was obtained from parents\/legal guardians.All participants were included after written informed consent had been obtained from their parents or legal guardians for minors confirming voluntary participation.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable (no identifiable data).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"1014"}}