{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:05:01Z","timestamp":1791338701214,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,30]],"date-time":"2014-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409356800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-014-0240-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,29]],"date-time":"2014-08-29T03:06:53Z","timestamp":1409281613000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Risk and protective factors for relapse among Individuals with Schizophrenia: A Qualitative Study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Adellah E","family":"Sariah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne H","family":"Outwater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khadija IY","family":"Malima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"240_CR1","volume-title":"A systematic review of the incidence of schizophrenia: the distribution of rates and the influence of sex, urbanicity, migrant status and methodology","author":"J McGrath Saha","year":"2004","unstructured":"McGrath Saha J, Welham SJ, El Saadi O, MacCauley C, Chant D: A systematic review of the incidence of schizophrenia: the distribution of rates and the influence of sex, urbanicity, migrant status and methodology. 2004, Biomed Central, Psychiatry"},{"key":"240_CR2","volume-title":"New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry","author":"MG Gelder","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gelder MG, Lopez-Ibor JJ, Andreasen NC: New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry. 2000, Oxford University Press, Oxford"},{"key":"240_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201100084","volume":"63","author":"R Schennach","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schennach R, Obermeier M, Meyer S, J\u00e4ger M, Schmauss M, Laux G: Predictors of relapse in the year after hospital discharge among patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv. 2012, 63: 87-90. 10.1176\/appi.ps.201100084.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"240_CR4","unstructured":"The great push: Investing in mental health. 2001, WHO, Geneva"},{"key":"240_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0910","volume":"64","author":"TA Piggot","year":"2003","unstructured":"Piggot TA, Carson WH, Saha AR, Torbeyns AF, Ingenito GG: Aripiprazole for the prevention of relapse in stabilized patients with chronic schizophrenia: a placebo-controlled 26-week study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003, 64: 1048-1056. 10.4088\/JCP.v64n0910.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"240_CR6","first-page":"52","volume":"14","author":"NJB Kazadi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kazadi NJB, Moosa MYH, Jeenah FY: Factors associated with relapse in schizophrenia. South Afr J Psychiatr. 2008, 14: 52-62.","journal-title":"South Afr J Psychiatr"},{"key":"240_CR7","unstructured":"Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey. 2010, National Bureau of Statistics, Dar es Salaam"},{"key":"240_CR8","unstructured":"Dar es Salaam Regional Commissioner\u2019s Office: Strategic plan for 2010\/11-2012\/13. 2010, president's office, Dar es Salaam"},{"key":"240_CR9","volume-title":"Essentials of Nursing Research: Methods, Appraisal, and Utilization","author":"DE Polit","year":"2006","unstructured":"Polit DE, Beck CT: Essentials of Nursing Research: Methods, Appraisal, and Utilization. 2006, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia"},{"key":"240_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2003.10.001","volume":"24","author":"UH Graneheim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Graneheim UH, Lundman B: Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: Concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurses Educ Today. 2004, 24: 105-112. 10.1016\/j.nedt.2003.10.001.","journal-title":"Nurses Educ Today"},{"key":"240_CR11","volume-title":"Nursing Research: Principles and Methods","author":"DF Polit","year":"1995","unstructured":"Polit DF, Hungler BP: Nursing Research: Principles and Methods. 1995, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia"},{"key":"240_CR12","first-page":"369","volume":"4","author":"H Liu-Seifert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu-Seifert H, Osuntokun OO, Godfrey JL, Feldman PD: Patient perspectives on antipsychotic treatments and their association with clinical outcomes. Patient Preference Adherence. 2010, 4: 369-377.","journal-title":"Patient Preference Adherence"},{"key":"240_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S12412","volume":"4","author":"S Suttajit","year":"2010","unstructured":"Suttajit S, Pilakanta S: Impact of depression and social support on non adherence to antipsychotic drugs in persons with schizophrenia in Thailand. Patient Preference Adherence. 2010, 4: 363-368. 10.2147\/PPA.S12412.","journal-title":"Patient Preference Adherence"},{"key":"240_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-20","volume":"12","author":"M DiBonaventura","year":"2012","unstructured":"DiBonaventura M, Gabriel S, Dupclay L, Gupta S, Kim E: A patient perspective of the impact of medication side effects on adherence: results of a cross sectional nationwide survey of patients with schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatr. 2012, 12: 20-10.1186\/1471-244X-12-20.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatr"},{"key":"240_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.03.005","volume":"110","author":"R Tandon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tandon R, Henry A, Nasrallah HA, Keshavan MS: Schizophrenia, just the facts for Clinical features and conceptualization. Schizophr Res. 2009, 110: 1-23. 10.1016\/j.schres.2009.03.005.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"240_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4102\/safp.v45i2.1994","volume":"45","author":"SA Sharif","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sharif SA, Ogunbanjo GA: Reasons for non compliance to treatment among patients with psychiatric illness: A qualitative study. South Afr Fam Pract. 2003, 45: 10-13.","journal-title":"South Afr Fam Pract"},{"key":"240_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-4458-2-11","volume":"2","author":"R Thara","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thara R, Padmavati R, Aynkran JR, John S: Community mental health in India: A rethink. Int J Ment Heal Syst. 2008, 2: 11-10.1186\/1752-4458-2-11.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Heal Syst"},{"key":"240_CR18","first-page":"16","volume":"7","author":"N Mansouri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mansouri N, Chimeh N, Dehghani M, Malakouti SK, Taherkhani H, Abarashi Z: Risk factors associated with psychiatric hospitalization among Iranian schizophrenic patients. Iran J Psychiatr Behavior Sci. 2013, 7: 16-23.","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatr Behavior Sci"},{"key":"240_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-191","volume":"14","author":"OC Egbe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Egbe OC, Brooke-Sumner C, Kathree T, Selohilwe O, Thornicrof G, Petersen I: Psychiatric stigma and discrimination in South Africa: Perspectives from key stakeholders. BMC Psychiatr. 2014, 14: 191-10.1186\/1471-244X-14-191.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatr"},{"key":"240_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.124714","volume":"56","author":"SK Reddy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reddy SK, Thirthali J, Channaveerachari NK, Reddy KN, Ramareddy RN, Rawat VS, Narayana M, Ramkrishna J, Gangadhar BN: Factors influencing access to psychiatric treatment in persons with schizophrenia: A qualitative study in a rural community. Indian J Psychiatry. 2014, 56: 54-60. 10.4103\/0019-5545.124714.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"240_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006976","volume":"28","author":"S Marom","year":"2002","unstructured":"Marom S, Munitz H, Jones PB, Weizman A, Hermesh A: Familial Expressed Emotion: Outcome and Course of Israeli Patients with Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2002, 28: 731-743. 10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006976.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"240_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.06.001","volume":"160","author":"JD Betensky","year":"2008","unstructured":"Betensky JD, Robinson DG, Gunduz-Bruce H, Sevy S, Lencz T, Kane JM, Malhotra AK, Miller R, McCormack J, Bilder RM, Szesko PR: Patterns of stress in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2008, 160: 38-46. 10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.06.001.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"240_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2000.00736.x","volume":"34","author":"M Hambrecht","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hambrecht M, H\u00e4fner H: Cannabis, vulnerability, and the onset of schizophrenia: an epidemiological perspective. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2000, 34: 468-475. 10.1080\/j.1440-1614.2000.00736.x.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"240_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp016","volume":"35","author":"ND Volcow","year":"2009","unstructured":"Volcow ND: Substance use disorders in schizophrenia, clinical implications of comorbidity. Schizophr Bull. 2009, 35: 469-472. 10.1093\/schbul\/sbp016.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"240_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2000.00685.x","volume":"34","author":"W Hall","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hall W, Degenhardt L: Cannabis use and psychosis: a review of clinical and epidemiological evidence. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2000, 34: 26-34. 10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2000.00685.x.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"240_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.09.004","volume":"27","author":"L Gregg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gregg L, Barrowclough C, Haddock G: Reasons for increased substance use in psychosis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007, 27: 494-510. 10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.09.004.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"240_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.64582","volume":"52","author":"A Avasthi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Avasthi A: Preserve and strengthen family to promote mental health. Indian J Psychiatry. 2010, 52: 113-126. 10.4103\/0019-5545.64582.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"240_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2003.01096.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Hamada","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hamada Y, Octa Y, Nakane Y: Factors affecting the family support system of patients with schizophrenia: a survey in the remote island of Tsushima. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003, 57: 161-168. 10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2003.01096.x.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"240_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2007.01501.x","volume":"16","author":"WT Chieng","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chieng WT, Chan SWC, Morrissey J: The perceived burden among Chinese family caregivers of people with schizophrenia. J Clin Nurs. 2005, 16: 1151-1161. 10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2007.01501.x.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"240_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-0606.2009.00182.x","volume":"36","author":"F Pernice-Duca","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pernice-Duca F: Family network support and mental health recovery. J Marital Fam Ther. 2010, 36: 13-27. 10.1111\/j.1752-0606.2009.00182.x.","journal-title":"J Marital Fam Ther"},{"key":"240_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.64593","volume":"52","author":"NS Sawant","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sawant NS, Jethwani KS: Understanding family functioning and social support in unremitting schizophrenia: A study in India. Indian J Psychiatry. 2010, 52: 145-149. 10.4103\/0019-5545.64593.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"240_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.186.2.141","volume":"186","author":"LC Wagner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wagner LC, King M: Existential needs of people with psychotic disorders in P\u00f4rto Alegre, Brazil. Br J Psychiatry. 2005, 186: 141-145. 10.1192\/bjp.186.2.141.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"240_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1037\/prj0000012","volume":"36","author":"GS Moran","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moran GS, Nemec PB: Walking on the sunny side: What positive psychology can contribute to psychiatric rehabilitation concepts and practice. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2013, 36: 202-208. 10.1037\/prj0000012.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Rehabil J"},{"key":"240_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2975\/30.4.2007.261.270","volume":"30","author":"RD Fallot","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fallot RD: Spirituality and religion in recovery: Some current issues. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2007, 30: 261-270. 10.2975\/30.4.2007.261.270.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Rehabil J"},{"key":"240_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbl070","volume":"33","author":"L Borras","year":"2007","unstructured":"Borras L, Mohr S, Brandt YP, Gillie\u00b4Ron C, Eytan A, Huguelet P: Religious Beliefs in Schizophrenia: Their Relevance for Adherence to Treatment. Schizophr Bull. 2007, 33: 1238-1246. 10.1093\/schbul\/sbl070.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"240_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunnmo P, Bergman HF: What do individuals with schizophrenia need to increase their well-being.Int J Qual Studies Health Well-being 2011, 6.,","DOI":"10.3402\/qhw.v6i1.5412"},{"key":"240_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2975\/32.1.2008.59.62","volume":"32","author":"EC Dunn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dunn EC, Wewiorski NJ, Rogers ES: The meaning and importance of employment to people in recovery from serious mental illness: results of a qualitative study. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2008, 32: 59-62. 10.2975\/32.1.2008.59.62.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Rehabil J"},{"key":"240_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2006.00958.x","volume":"13","author":"A Scanlon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Scanlon A: Psychiatric nurses perceptions of the constituents of the therapeutic relationship: a grounded theory study. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2006, 13: 319-329. 10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2006.00958.x.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"240_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-8-92","volume":"8","author":"H Gilburt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gilburt H, Rose D, Slade M: The importance of relationships in mental health care: A qualitative study of the service users\u2019 experiences of psychiatric hospital admission in the UK. BMC Health Serv Res. 2008, 8: 92-10.1186\/1472-6963-8-92.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"240_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2011.01795.x","volume":"19","author":"JF Cheng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cheng JF, Huang XY, Hsu YS, Su CH: Influencing factors of community mental health nurses caring for people with schizophrenia in Taiwan. J Psychiatr Mental Health Nursing. 2012, 19: 319-326. 10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2011.01795.x.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Mental Health Nursing"},{"key":"240_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCabe R, Bullenkamp J, Hansson L, Lauber C, Martinez-Leal R, Rossler W: The Therapeutic Relationship and Adherence to Antipsychotic Medication in Schizophrenia.PLoS One 2012, 7.,","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036080"},{"key":"240_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1037\/prj0000043","volume":"37","author":"GS Moran","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moran GS, Zisman-Ilani Y, Epstein G, Roe D: Adaptation and psychometric assessment of the Hebrew version of the recovery promotion relationships scale (RPRS). Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2014, 37: 31-36. 10.1037\/prj0000043.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Rehabil J"},{"key":"240_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2008.02426.x","volume":"17","author":"XY Huang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Huang XY, Ma WF, Shih HH, Li HF: Roles and functions of community mental health nursing. J Clin Nurs. 2008, 17: 3030-3040. 10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2008.02426.x.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"240_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq138","volume":"37","author":"J Xia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xia J, Merinder LB, Belgamwar MR: Psychoeducation for Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2011, 37: 21-22. 10.1093\/schbul\/sbq138.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"240_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703008328","volume":"33","author":"MC Nose","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nose MC, Barbui C, Tansella M: How often do patients with psychosis fail to adhere to treatment programmes: A systematic review. Psychol Med. 2003, 33: 1149-1160. 10.1017\/S0033291703008328.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"240_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(01)00605-8","volume":"16","author":"E Cassidy","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cassidy E, Hill S, O'Callaghan E: Efficacy of a psychoeducational intervention in improving relatives\u2019 knowledge about schizophrenia and reducing rehospitalization. Eur Psychiatry. 2001, 16: 446-450. 10.1016\/S0924-9338(01)00605-8.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12888-014-0240-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-014-0240-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-014-0240-9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]],"date-time":"2024-06-02T01:50:25Z","timestamp":1717293025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12888-014-0240-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,30]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-014-0240-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,30]]},"article-number":"240"}}