{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:28:23Z","timestamp":1791905303831,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,6]],"date-time":"2015-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433548800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0501-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]],"date-time":"2015-06-05T07:07:23Z","timestamp":1433488043000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Associations between childhood maltreatment and emotion processing biases in major depression: results from a dot-probe task"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Vivien","family":"G\u00fcnther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udo","family":"Dannlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anette","family":"Kersting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Suslow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"501_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61706-7","volume":"373","author":"R Gilbert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gilbert R, Widom CS, Browne K, Fergusson D, Webb E, Janson S. Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. Lancet. 2009;373:68\u201381.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"501_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.1.18","volume":"151","author":"DP Bernstein","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bernstein DP, Fink L, Handelsman L, Foote J, Lovejoy M, Wenzel K, et al. Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:1132\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"501_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2003.12.013","volume":"82","author":"DP Chapman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chapman DP, Whitfield CL, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Edwards VJ, Anda RF. Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. J Affect Disord. 2004;82:217\u201325.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"501_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.1.49","volume":"64","author":"CS Widom","year":"2007","unstructured":"Widom CS, DuMont K, Czaja SJ. A prospective investigation of major depressive disorder and co morbidity in abused and neglected children grown up. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64:49\u201356.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"501_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-006-0002-4","volume":"9","author":"LB Alloy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alloy LB, Abramson LY, Smith JM, Gibb BE, Neeren AM. Role of Parenting and Maltreatment Histories in Unipolar and Bipolar Mood Disorders: Mediation by Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2006;9:23\u201364.","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"501_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12070957","volume":"170","author":"MH Teicher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Teicher MH, Samson JA. Childhood maltreatment and psychopathology: A case for ecophenotypic variants as clinically and neurobiologically distinct subtypes. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:1114\u201333.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"501_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005586519986","volume":"25","author":"BE Gibb","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gibb BE, Alloy LB, Abramson LY, Rose DT, Whitehouse WG, Donovan P, et al. History of childhood maltreatment, negative cognitive styles, and episodes of depression in adulthood. Cogn Ther Res. 2001;25:425\u201346.","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"key":"501_CR8","first-page":"323","volume-title":"Developmental perspectives on depression","author":"DT Rose","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rose DT, Abramson LY. Developmental predictors of depressive cognitive style: research and theory. In: Cicchetti D, Toth SL, editors. Developmental perspectives on depression. Rochester, N.Y., USA: University of Rochester Press; 1992. p. 323\u201349."},{"key":"501_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-006-9106-x","volume":"32","author":"BE Gibb","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gibb BE, Abela JRZ. Emotional abuse, verbal victimization, and the development of children\u2019s negative inferential styles and depressive symptoms. Cogn Ther Res. 2008;32:161\u201376.","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"key":"501_CR10","first-page":"917","volume":"17","author":"BE Gibb","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gibb BE, Alloy LB, Abramson LY, Marx BP. Childhood maltreatment and maltreatment\u2010specific inferences: A test of Rose and Abramson\u2019s (1992) extension of the hopelessness theory. Cogn Emot. 2003;17:917\u201331.","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"501_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-006-9022-2","volume":"34","author":"BE Gibb","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gibb BE, Alloy LB, Walshaw PD, Comer JS, Shen, Gail HC, et al. Predictors of attributional style change in children. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2006;34:408\u201322.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"501_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-005-9631-z","volume":"29","author":"BL Hankin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hankin BL. Childhood Maltreatment and Psychopathology: Prospective Tests of Attachment, Cognitive Vulnerability, and Stress as Mediating Processes. Cogn Ther Res. 2005;29:645\u201371.","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"key":"501_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(01)00088-5","volume":"22","author":"BE Gibb","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gibb BE. Childhood maltreatment and negative cognitive styles: a quantitative and qualitative review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2002;22:223\u201346.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"501_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08050721","volume":"165","author":"AT Beck","year":"2008","unstructured":"Beck AT. The evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:969\u201377.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"501_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.96.2.358","volume":"96","author":"LY Abramson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Abramson LY, Metalsky GI, Alloy LB. Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychol Rev. 1989;96:358\u201372.","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"501_CR16","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Mood state and health","author":"T Suslow","year":"2005","unstructured":"Suslow T, Dannlowski U. Detection of facial emotion in depression. In: Clark AV, editor. Mood state and health. New York: Nova Biomedical Books; 2005. p. 1\u201332."},{"key":"501_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025348","volume":"137","author":"SL Bistricky","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bistricky SL, Ingram RE, Atchley RA. Facial affect processing and depression susceptibility: Cognitive biases and cognitive neuroscience. Psychol Bull. 2011;137:998\u20131028.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"501_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.06.011","volume":"159","author":"JK Gollan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gollan JK, Pane HT, McCloskey MS, Coccaro EF. Identifying differences in biased affective information processing in major depression. Psychiatry Res. 2008;159:18\u201324.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"501_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.10.008","volume":"44","author":"K Mogg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mogg K, Bradbury KE, Bradley BP. Interpretation of ambiguous information in clinical depression. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44:1411\u20139.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"501_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930302272","volume":"17","author":"N Ridout","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ridout N, Astell A, Reid I, Glen T, O\u2019Carroll R. Memory bias for emotional facial expressions in major depression. Cogn Emot. 2003;17:101\u201322.","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"501_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014658","volume":"118","author":"KL Yoon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yoon KL, Joormann J, Gotlib IH. Judging the intensity of facial expressions of emotion: depression-related biases in the processing of positive affect. J Abnorm Psychol. 2009;118:223\u20138.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"501_CR22","first-page":"121","volume":"113","author":"IH Gotlib","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gotlib IH, Krasnoperova E, Neubauer Yue D, Joormann J. Attentional biases for negative interpersonal stimuli in clinical depression. J Abnorm Psychol. 2004;113:121\u201335.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"501_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.95.1.15","volume":"95","author":"C MacLeod","year":"1986","unstructured":"MacLeod C, Mathews A, Tata P. Attentional bias in emotional disorders. J Abnorm Psychol. 1986;95:15\u201320.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"501_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.113.3.386","volume":"113","author":"IH Gotlib","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gotlib IH, Kasch KL, Traill S, Joormann J, Arnow BA, Johnson SL. Coherence and Specificity of Information-Processing Biases in Depression and Social Phobia. J Abnorm Psychol. 2004;113:386\u201398.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"501_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.1.80","volume":"116","author":"J Joormann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Joormann J, Gotlib IH. Selective attention to emotional faces following recovery from depression. J Abnorm Psychol. 2007;116:80\u20135.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"501_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170600910X","volume":"37","author":"L Leyman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Leyman L, De Raedt R, Schacht R, Koster EHW. Attentional biases for angry faces in unipolar depression. Psychol Med. 2007;37:393\u2013402.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"501_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.11121774","volume":"169","author":"D Arnone","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arnone D, McKie S, Elliott R, Thomas EJ, Downey D, Juhasz G, et al. Increased amygdala responses to sad but not fearful faces in major depression: relation to mood state and pharmacological treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169:841\u201350.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"501_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01263-X","volume":"50","author":"YI Sheline","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sheline YI, Barch DM, Donnelly JM, Ollinger JM, Snyder AZ, Mintun MA. Increased amygdala response to masked emotional faces in depressed subjects resolves with antidepressant treatment: an fMRI study. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;50:651\u20138.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"501_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.120060","volume":"38","author":"A Stuhrmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stuhrmann A, Dohm K, Kugel H, Zwanzger P, Redlich R, Grotegerd D, et al. Mood-congruent amygdala responses to subliminally presented facial expressions in major depression: associations with anhedonia. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2013;38:249\u201358.","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"501_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.07.023","volume":"67","author":"T Suslow","year":"2010","unstructured":"Suslow T, Konrad C, Kugel H, Rumstadt D, Zwitserlood P, Sch\u00f6ning S, et al. Automatic mood-congruent amygdala responses to masked facial expressions in major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67:155\u201360.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"501_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.144","volume":"67","author":"TA Victor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Victor TA, Furey ML, Fromm SJ, Ohman A, Drevets WC. Relationship between amygdala responses to masked faces and mood state and treatment in major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:1128\u201338.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"501_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000812","volume":"6","author":"M Davis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Davis M, Whalen PJ. The amygdala: vigilance and emotion. Mol Psychiatry. 2001;6:13\u201334.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"501_CR33","first-page":"220","volume-title":"The human amygdala","author":"P Vuilleumier","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vuilleumier P. The role of the human amygdala in perception and attention. In: Whalen PJ, Phelps EA, editors. The human amygdala. New York: Guilford Press; 2009. p. 220\u201349."},{"key":"501_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1087","volume":"16","author":"KL Phan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Phan KL, Wager T, Taylor SF, Liberzon I. Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. NeuroImage. 2002;16:331\u201348.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"501_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00171-9","volume":"54","author":"ML Phillips","year":"2003","unstructured":"Phillips ML, Drevets WC, Rauch SL, Lane R. Neurobiology of emotion perception II: implications for major psychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:515\u201328.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"501_CR36","first-page":"423","volume":"32","author":"U Dannlowski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dannlowski U, Ohrmann P, Bauer J, Kugel H, Arolt V, Heindel W, et al. Amygdala reactivity to masked negative faces is associated with automatic judgmental bias in major depression: a 3\u00a0T fMRI study. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2007;32:423\u20139.","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"501_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.12.004","volume":"45","author":"MM Grant","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grant MM, Cannistraci C, Hollon SD, Gore J, Shelton R. Childhood trauma history differentiates amygdala response to sad faces within MDD. J Psychiat Res. 2011;45:886\u201395.","journal-title":"J Psychiat Res"},{"key":"501_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nss007","volume":"8","author":"A Van Harmelen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Van Harmelen A, Van Tol M, Demenescu LR, Van der Wee NJA, Veltman DJ, Aleman A, et al. Enhanced amygdala reactivity to emotional faces in adults reporting childhood emotional maltreatment. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2013;8:362\u20139.","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"501_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22112","volume":"34","author":"U Dannlowski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dannlowski U, Kugel H, Huber F, Stuhrmann A, Redlich R, Grotegerd D, et al. Childhood maltreatment is associated with an automatic negative emotion processing bias in the amygdala. Hum Brain Mapp. 2013;34:2899\u2013909.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"501_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559508326358","volume":"14","author":"BE Gibb","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gibb BE, Schofield CA, Coles ME. Reported history of childhood abuse and young adults\u2019 information-processing biases for facial displays of emotion. Child Maltreat. 2009;14:148\u201356.","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"key":"501_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.38.5.784","volume":"38","author":"SD Pollak","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pollak SD, Sinha P. Effects of early experience on children\u2019s recognition of facial displays of emotion. Dev Psychol. 2002;38:784\u201391.","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"501_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.2.291","volume":"162","author":"DS Pine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pine DS, Mogg K, Bradley BP, Montgomery L, Monk CS, McClure E, et al. Attention bias to threat in maltreated children: implications for vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:291\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"501_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-010-9294-2","volume":"35","author":"N Fani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fani N, Bradley-Davino B, Ressler KJ, McClure-Tone EB. Attention bias in adult survivors of childhood maltreatment with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Cogn Ther Res. 2011;35:57\u201367.","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"key":"501_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143916","volume":"1","author":"A Mathews","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mathews A, MacLeod C. Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2005;1:167\u201395.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"501_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20755","volume":"27","author":"AD Peckham","year":"2010","unstructured":"Peckham AD, McHugh RK, Otto MW. A meta-analysis of the magnitude of biased attention in depression. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27:1135\u201342.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"501_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02474.x","volume":"53","author":"SE Romens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Romens SE, Pollak SD. Emotion regulation predicts attention bias in maltreated children at-risk for depression. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2012;53:120\u20137.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"501_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.09.004","volume":"32","author":"T Armstrong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Armstrong T, Olatunji BO. Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: a meta-analytic review and synthesis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2012;32:704\u201323.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"501_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.5.4.446","volume":"5","author":"EHW Koster","year":"2005","unstructured":"Koster EHW, De Raedt R, Goeleven E, Franck E, Crombez G. Mood-congruent attentional bias in dysphoria: maintained attention to and impaired disengagement from negative information. Emotion. 2005;5:446\u201355.","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"501_CR49","volume-title":"SKID-I. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview f\u00fcr DSM-IV","author":"H Wittchen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wittchen H, Wunderlich U, Gruschwitz S, Zaudig M. SKID-I. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview f\u00fcr DSM-IV. G\u00f6ttingen: Hogrefe; 1997."},{"key":"501_CR50","volume-title":"BDI-II. Beck-Depressions-Inventar. Revision","author":"M Hautzinger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hautzinger M, Keller F, K\u00fchner C. BDI-II. Beck-Depressions-Inventar. Revision. Pearson: Frankfurt\/Main; 2009."},{"key":"501_CR51","volume-title":"Internationale Skalen f\u00fcr Psychiatrie","author":"CIPS Collegium Internationale Psychiatriae Scalarum","year":"2005","unstructured":"CIPS Collegium Internationale Psychiatriae Scalarum. Internationale Skalen f\u00fcr Psychiatrie. 5th ed. G\u00f6ttingen: Beltz Test GmbH; 2005.","edition":"5"},{"key":"501_CR52","volume-title":"Beck Angst-Inventar","author":"J Margraf","year":"2007","unstructured":"Margraf J, Ehlers A. Beck Angst-Inventar. Pearson: Frankfurt\/Main; 2007."},{"key":"501_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1026\/1616-3443.38.4.223","volume":"38","author":"K Bader","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bader K, H\u00e4nny C, Sch\u00e4fer V, Neuckel A, Kuhl C. Childhood trauma questionnaire \u2013 psychometrische Eigenschaften einer deutschsprachigen Version. Z Klin Psychol Psych. 2009;38:223\u201330.","journal-title":"Z Klin Psychol Psych"},{"key":"501_CR54","volume-title":"Childhood trauma questionnaire: a retrospective self-report","author":"DP Bernstein","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bernstein DP, Fink L. Childhood trauma questionnaire: a retrospective self-report. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 1998."},{"key":"501_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00541-0","volume":"27","author":"DP Bernstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bernstein DP, Stein JA, Newcomb MD, Walker E, Pogge D, Ahluvalia T, et al. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood trauma questionnaire. Child Abuse Negl. 2003;27:169\u201390.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"501_CR56","first-page":"31","volume-title":"The social psychology of health","author":"S Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen S, Williamson GM. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In: Spacapan S, Oskamp S, editors. The social psychology of health. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1988. p. 31\u201367."},{"key":"501_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","volume":"24","author":"S Cohen","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cohen S, Kamark T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24:385\u201396.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"501_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1990.tb01360.x","volume":"82","author":"TS Brugha","year":"1990","unstructured":"Brugha TS, Cragg D. The list of threatening experiences: the reliability and validity of a brief life events questionnaire. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1990;82:77\u201381.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"501_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170002105X","volume":"15","author":"TS Brugha","year":"1985","unstructured":"Brugha TS, Bebbington P, Tennant C, Hurry J. The list of threatening experiences: a subset of 12 life event categories with considerable long-term contextual threat. Psychol Med. 1985;15:189\u201394.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"501_CR60","volume-title":"Manual zum MWT-B","author":"S Lehrl","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lehrl S. Manual zum MWT-B. 5th ed. Spitta-Verlag: Balingen; 2005.","edition":"5"},{"key":"501_CR61","volume-title":"The Karolinska directed emotional faces-KDEF","author":"D Lundqvist","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lundqvist D, Flykt A, \u00d6hman A. The Karolinska directed emotional faces-KDEF. 1998."},{"key":"501_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01434.x","volume":"34","author":"K Mogg","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mogg K, Bradley BP, Williams R. Attentional bias in anxiety and depression: the role of awareness. Br J Clin Psychol. 1995;34:17\u201336.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"501_CR63","volume-title":"Calculation for the test of the difference between two dependent correlations with one variable in common","author":"IA Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee IA, Preacher KJ. Calculation for the test of the difference between two dependent correlations with one variable in common. 2013."},{"key":"501_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1247564","volume":"60","author":"K Wingenfeld","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wingenfeld K, Spitzer C, Mensebach C, Grabe HJ, Hill A, Gast U, et al. Die deutsche Version des Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ): erste Befunde zu den psychometrischen Kennwerten. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2010;60:442\u201350.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol"},{"key":"501_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930802121103","volume":"23","author":"CG Beevers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Beevers CG, Scott WD, McGeary C, McGeary JE. Negative cognitive response to a sad mood induction: associations with polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) gene. Cogn Emot. 2009;23:726\u201338.","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"501_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.01.005","volume":"25","author":"CD Scher","year":"2005","unstructured":"Scher CD, Ingram RE, Segal ZV. Cognitive reactivity and vulnerability: empirical evaluation of construct activation and cognitive diatheses in unipolar depression. Clin Psychol Rev. 2005;25:487\u2013510.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"501_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(94)90003-5","volume":"14","author":"ZV Segal","year":"1994","unstructured":"Segal ZV, Ingram RE. Mood priming and construct activation in tests of cognitive vulnerability to unipolar depression. Clin Psychol Rev. 1994;14:663\u201395.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"501_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.03.003","volume":"25","author":"CG Beevers","year":"2005","unstructured":"Beevers CG. Cognitive vulnerability to depression: a dual process model. Clin Psychol Rev. 2005;25:975\u20131002.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"501_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-011-9406-7","volume":"36","author":"T Brockmeyer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brockmeyer T, Pfeiffer N, Grosse Holtforth M, Zimmermann J, K\u00e4mmerer A, Friederich H, et al. Mood regulation and cognitive reactivity in depression vulnerability. Cogn Ther Res. 2012;36:634\u201342.","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"key":"501_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2013.864258","volume":"28","author":"TT Wells","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wells TT, Vanderlind WM, Selby EA, Beevers CG. Childhood abuse and vulnerability to depression: cognitive scars in otherwise healthy young adults. Cogn Emot. 2013;28:821\u201333.","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"501_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-013-9828-7","volume":"42","author":"P Padilla Paredes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Padilla Paredes P, Calvete E. Cognitive vulnerabilities as mediators between emotional abuse and depressive symptoms. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2014;42:743\u201353.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"501_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.021","volume":"71","author":"U Dannlowski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dannlowski U, Stuhrmann A, Beutelmann V, Zwanzger P, Lenzen T, Grotegerd D, et al. Limbic scars: long-term consequences of childhood maltreatment revealed by functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;71:286\u201393.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"501_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2010.77","volume":"36","author":"R Elliott","year":"2010","unstructured":"Elliott R, Zahn R, Deakin J, William F, Anderson IM. Affective cognition and its disruption in mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010;36:153\u201382.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"501_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.12.015","volume":"63","author":"JP Hamilton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hamilton JP, Gotlib IH. Neural substrates of increased memory sensitivity for negative stimuli in major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;63:1155\u201362.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"501_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2012.660134","volume":"26","author":"RA Atchley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Atchley RA, Ilardi SS, Young KM, Stroupe NN, O\u2019Hare AJ, Bistricky SL, et al. Depression reduces perceptual sensitivity for positive words and pictures. Cogn Emot. 2012;26:1359\u201370.","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"501_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.104.1.241","volume":"104","author":"SB McCabe","year":"1995","unstructured":"McCabe SB, Gotlib IH. Selective attention and clinical depression: performance on a deployment-of-attention task. J Abnorm Psychol. 1995;104:241\u20135.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"501_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.2001.92.3.857","volume":"92","author":"T Suslow","year":"2001","unstructured":"Suslow T, Junghanns K, Arolt V. Detection of facial expressions of emotions in depression. Percept Mot Skills. 2001;92:857\u201368.","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"501_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2010.02.003","volume":"48","author":"A Van Harmelen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Van Harmelen A, Jong PJ D, Glashouwer KA, Spinhoven P, Penninx BWJH, Elzinga BM. Child abuse and negative explicit and automatic self-associations: the cognitive scars of emotional maltreatment. Behav Res Ther. 2010;48:486\u201394.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"501_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.23.3095","volume":"289","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA. 2003;289:3095\u2013105.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"suppl 16","key":"501_CR80","first-page":"10","volume":"62","author":"HA Sackeim","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sackeim HA. The definition and meaning of treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62 suppl 16:10\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"501_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199703000-00012","volume":"36","author":"DP Bernstein","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bernstein DP, Ahluvalia T, Pogge D, Handelsman L. Validity of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in an adolescent psychiatric population. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1997;36:340\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Psychiatry"},{"key":"501_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000002","volume":"26","author":"P Spinhoven","year":"2014","unstructured":"Spinhoven P, Penninx BW, Hickendorff M, Van H, Albert M, Bernstein DP, et al. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: factor structure, measurement invariance, and validity across emotional disorders. Psychol Assess. 2014;26:717\u201329.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"501_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11020335","volume":"169","author":"V Nanni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nanni V, Uher R, Danese A. Childhood maltreatment predicts unfavorable course of illness and treatment outcome in depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169:141\u201351.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12888-015-0501-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-015-0501-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-015-0501-2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-015-0501-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T11:09:41Z","timestamp":1630580981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12888-015-0501-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,6]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-015-0501-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 December 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2015","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"123"}}