{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T09:16:35Z","timestamp":1781082995608,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]],"date-time":"2018-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526601600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1088902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1088902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1682-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]],"date-time":"2018-05-18T01:00:28Z","timestamp":1526605228000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) of cannabinoid replacement therapy (Nabiximols) for the management of treatment-resistant cannabis dependent patients: a study protocol"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"name":"Agonist Replacement for Cannabis Dependence (ARCD) study group","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjali K.","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Allsop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Copeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain S.","family":"McGregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Dunlop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Shanahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raimondo","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nghi","family":"Phung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Montebello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Sadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Gugusheff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Luksza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Lintzeris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1682_CR1","unstructured":"UNODC. World Drug Report 2013. 2013: United Nations Publication, Sales No. E.13.XI.6."},{"key":"1682_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/b07f5d3f-en","volume-title":"World drug report 2015","author":"UNODC","year":"2015","unstructured":"UNODC. World drug report 2015. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; 2015."},{"key":"1682_CR3","volume-title":"Alcohol and other drug treatment services in Australia 2011-12","author":"AIHW","year":"2013","unstructured":"AIHW. Alcohol and other drug treatment services in Australia 2011-12. Canberra: AIHW; 2013."},{"issue":"12","key":"1682_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.1858","volume":"72","author":"DS Hasin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hasin DS, et al. Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013. JAMA psychiatry. 2015;72(12):1235\u201342.","journal-title":"JAMA psychiatry"},{"key":"1682_CR5","unstructured":"Quality, C.f.B.H.S.a., 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables., in Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2016: Rockville, Maryland."},{"key":"1682_CR6","volume-title":"2016 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: preliminary findings","author":"AIHW","year":"2017","unstructured":"AIHW. In: D. Statistics, editor. 2016 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: preliminary findings. Canberra: AIHW; 2017."},{"issue":"9698","key":"1682_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61037-0","volume":"374","author":"W Hall","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hall W, Degenhardt L. Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabis use. Lancet. 2009;374(9698):1383\u201391.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1682_CR8","first-page":"95","volume-title":"The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use","author":"WHO","year":"2016","unstructured":"WHO. The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. Geneva: Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse (MSD); 2016. p. 95."},{"key":"1682_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511544248","volume-title":"Cannabis dependence: its nature, consequences and treatment. International research monographs in the addictions","author":"R Roffman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Roffman R, Stephens R. In: Edwards PG, editor. Cannabis dependence: its nature, consequences and treatment. International research monographs in the addictions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2006."},{"key":"1682_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e674312010-001","volume-title":"The costs of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug abuse to Australian society in 2004\u201305","author":"D Collins","year":"2008","unstructured":"Collins D, Lapsley H. The costs of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug abuse to Australian society in 2004\u201305. Canberra: D.o.H.a. Ageing; 2008."},{"key":"1682_CR11","volume-title":"Drug and treatment series no.27","author":"AIHW","year":"2016","unstructured":"AIHW. Alcohol and other drug treatment services in Australia 2014-2015. In: Drug and treatment series no.27. Canberra: AIHW; 2016."},{"key":"1682_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gates, P.J., et al., Psychosocial interventions for cannabis use disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016(5).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005336.pub4"},{"issue":"3","key":"1682_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.3947","volume":"71","author":"DJ Allsop","year":"2014","unstructured":"Allsop DJ, et al. Nabiximols as an agonist replacement therapy during Cannabis withdrawal: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(3):281\u201391.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"1682_CR14","volume-title":"Drug and alcohol review","author":"J Johnston","year":"2013","unstructured":"Johnston J, et al. A double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial of lithium carbonate for the management of cannabis withdrawal. In: Drug and alcohol review. Hoboken: Wiley; 2013."},{"issue":"2","key":"1682_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.003","volume":"35","author":"I Danovitch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Danovitch I, Gorelick DA. State of the art treatments for cannabis dependence. Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2012;35(2):309\u201326.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"issue":"7","key":"1682_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200923070-00001","volume":"23","author":"R Vandrey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vandrey R, Haney M. Pharmacotherapy for cannabis dependence: how close are we? CNS Drugs. 2009;23(7):543\u201353.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"1682_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2217\/npy.13.90","volume":"4","author":"J Copeland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Copeland J, Clement N, Swift W. Cannabis use, harms and the management of cannabis use disorder. Neuropsychiatry. 2014;4(1):55\u201363.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"1682_CR18","first-page":"Cd008940","volume":"12","author":"K Marshall","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marshall K, et al. Pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;12:Cd008940.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1682_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490802408936","volume":"18","author":"KM Carpenter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carpenter KM, et al. A preliminary trial: double-blind comparison of nefazodone, bupropion-SR, and placebo in the treatment of cannabis dependence. Am J Addict. 2009;18(1):53\u201364.","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"issue":"1","key":"1682_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300310","volume":"29","author":"M Haney","year":"2004","unstructured":"Haney M, et al. Marijuana withdrawal in humans: effects of oral THC or divalproex. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29(1):158\u201370.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1682_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-1020-8","volume":"197","author":"M Haney","year":"2008","unstructured":"Haney M, et al. Effects of THC and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of marijuana withdrawal and relapse. Psychopharmacology. 2008;197(1):157\u201368.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"8","key":"1682_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12010055","volume":"169","author":"KM Gray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gray KM, et al. A double-blind randomized controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine in cannabis-dependent adolescents. Am J Psychiatr. 2012;169(8):805\u201312.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"1682_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12456","volume":"109","author":"S Darke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Darke S, Farrell M. Would legalizing illicit opioids reduce overdose fatalities? Implications from a natural experiment. Addiction. 2014;109(8):5.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"1682_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.6.4.419","volume":"6","author":"AJ Budney","year":"1998","unstructured":"Budney AJ, et al. Adults seeking treatment for marijuana dependence: a comparison with cocaine-dependent treatment seekers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998;6(4):419\u201326.","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"18","key":"1682_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.2165\/11585260-000000000-00000","volume":"70","author":"M Karst","year":"2010","unstructured":"Karst M, Wippermann S, Ahrens J. Role of cannabinoids in the treatment of pain and (painful) spasticity. Drugs. 2010;70(18):2409\u201338.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"1682_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.152439","volume":"57","author":"EL Karschner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Karschner EL, et al. Plasma cannabinoid pharmacokinetics following controlled oral delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and oromucosal cannabis extract administration. Clin Chem. 2011;57(1):66\u201375.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"1682_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1992.100","volume":"52","author":"MA Huestis","year":"1992","unstructured":"Huestis MA, et al. Characterization of the absorption phase of marijuana smoking. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1992;52(1):31\u201341.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"1682_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.010","volume":"116","author":"FR Levin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Levin FR, et al. Dronabinol for the treatment of cannabis dependence: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;116(1-3):142\u201350.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1682_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.020","volume":"161","author":"JM Trigo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Trigo JM, et al. Effects of fixed or self-titrated dosages of Sativex on cannabis withdrawal and cravings. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;161:298\u2013306.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"4","key":"1682_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000229","volume":"10","author":"JM Trigo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Trigo JM, et al. Sativex associated with behavioral-relapse prevention strategy as treatment for Cannabis dependence: a case series. J Addict Med. 2016;10(4):274\u20139.","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"1682_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c332","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c332","volume":"340","author":"KF Schulz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schulz KF, et al. CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ. 2010;340:c332.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"1682_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583","volume":"158","author":"A-W Chan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chan A-W, et al. SPIRIT 2013 statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(3):200\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1682_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.10.014","volume":"83","author":"G Martin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Martin G, et al. The severity of dependence scale (SDS) in an adolescent population of cannabis users: reliability, validity and diagnostic cut-off. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006;83(1):90\u20133.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1682_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sobell, L.C. and M.B. Sobell, Timeline follow-back, in Measuring alcohol consumption. 1992, Springer. p. 41-72.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0357-5_3"},{"key":"1682_CR35","volume-title":"Development of a cannabis withdrawal scale. Centrelines","author":"DJ Allsop","year":"2010","unstructured":"Allsop, D.J., M. Norberg, and J. Copeland, Development of a cannabis withdrawal scale. Centrelines, 2010."},{"issue":"1","key":"1682_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12083","volume":"33","author":"A Ryan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ryan A, et al. Validation and implementation of the Australian treatment outcomes profile in specialist drug and alcohol settings. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2014;33(1):33\u201342.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"1682_CR37","first-page":"22","volume":"10","author":"JE Overall","year":"1962","unstructured":"Overall JE, Gorman DR. The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychol Rep. 1962;10:22.","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"1682_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300496","volume":"29","author":"DC D'Souza","year":"2004","unstructured":"D'Souza DC, et al. The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29(8):1558\u201372.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1682_CR39","volume-title":"Marijuana brief intervention: an SBIRT approach","author":"J Copeland","year":"2017","unstructured":"Copeland J. Marijuana brief intervention: an SBIRT approach. Center City: Hazelden Publishing; 2017."},{"issue":"3","key":"1682_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.007","volume":"121","author":"MM Norberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Norberg MM, Mackenzie J, Copeland J. Quantifying cannabis use with the timeline Followback approach: a psychometric evaluation. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;121(3):247\u201352.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1682_CR41","unstructured":"Mattick, R.P., et al. Minimizing the unintended consequences of opioid treatment: development of a drug behavior scale for use in Australia. In: College on Problems of Drug Dependence. 2012. Palm Spings, USA."},{"issue":"5","key":"1682_CR42","first-page":"706","volume":"10","author":"N Crichton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Crichton N. Visual analogue scale (VAS). J Clin Nurs. 2001;10(5):706.","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"1682_CR43","volume-title":"Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence: a systematic review and economic evaluation","author":"M Connock","year":"2007","unstructured":"Connock, M., et al., Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence: a systematic review and economic evaluation. 2007."},{"issue":"3","key":"1682_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00169-8","volume":"71","author":"CM Doran","year":"2003","unstructured":"Doran CM, et al. Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003;71(3):295\u2013302.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"1682_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200523010-00007","volume":"23","author":"AH Harris","year":"2005","unstructured":"Harris AH, Gospodarevskaya E, Ritter AJ. A randomised trial of the cost effectiveness of buprenorphine as an alternative to methadone maintenance treatment for heroin dependence in a primary care setting. PharmacoEconomics. 2005;23(1):77\u201391.","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"issue":"9","key":"1682_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000135827.18610.0d","volume":"42","author":"JE Brazier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brazier JE, Roberts J. The estimation of a preference-based measure of health from the SF-12. Med Care. 2004;42(9):851\u20139.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"1682_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.056697","volume":"195","author":"C Drummond","year":"2009","unstructured":"Drummond C, et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a stepped care intervention for alcohol use disorders in primary care: pilot study. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;195(5):448\u201356.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1682_CR48","volume-title":"Counting the costs of crime in Australia: a 2005 update","author":"K Rolling","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rolling K. Counting the costs of crime in Australia: a 2005 update. Canberra: A.I.o. Criminology; 2008."},{"key":"1682_CR49","volume-title":"World Health Organization health and performance questionnaire (HPQ): clinical trials baseline version","author":"Organisation, W.H","year":"2002","unstructured":"Organisation, W.H., World Health Organization health and performance questionnaire (HPQ): clinical trials baseline version. 2002."},{"issue":"6","key":"1682_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199206000-00002","volume":"30","author":"JE Ware Jr","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992;30(6):473\u201383.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"1682_CR51","volume-title":"Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales","author":"SH Lovibond","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales. Sydney: Psychology Foundation; 1995."},{"issue":"2","key":"1682_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200203000-00008","volume":"64","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosom Med. 2002;64(2):258\u201366.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1682_CR53","first-page":"129","volume":"23","author":"C Cleeland","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cleeland C, Ryan K. Pain assessment: global use of the brief pain inventory. Ann Acad Med Singap. 1994;23(2):129\u201338.","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singap"},{"issue":"6","key":"1682_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(00)00095-7","volume":"48","author":"CR Soldatos","year":"2000","unstructured":"Soldatos CR, Dikeos DG, Paparrigopoulos TJ. Athens insomnia scale: validation of an instrument based on ICD-10 criteria. J Psychosom Res. 2000;48(6):555\u201360.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1682_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02719.x","volume":"87","author":"S Darke","year":"1992","unstructured":"Darke S, et al. Development and validation of a multi-dimensional instrument for assessing outcome of treatment among opiate users: the opiate treatment index. Br J Addict. 1992;87(5):733\u201342.","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"issue":"1","key":"1682_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03203267","volume":"16","author":"B Eriksen","year":"1974","unstructured":"Eriksen B, Eriksen C. Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Percept Psychophys. 1974;16(1):143\u20139.","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"1682_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00545.x","volume":"8","author":"GD Logan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Logan GD, Schachar RJ, Tannock R. Impulsivity and inhibitory control. Psychol Sci. 1997;8:60\u20134.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1682_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.4.462","volume":"9","author":"J Jonides","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jonides J, et al. Verbal working memory load affects regional brain activation as measured by PET. J Cogn Neurosci. 1997;9(4):462\u201375.","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1682_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119701100405","volume":"11","author":"M Mattila","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mattila M, Mattila-Evenden M. Effects of alcohol and hypnosedative drugs on digit-symbol substitution: comparison of two different computerized tests. J Psychopharmacol. 1997;11(4):313\u20137.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1682_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1159\/000117969","volume":"9","author":"K Wesnes","year":"1983","unstructured":"Wesnes K, Warburton DM. Effects of smoking on rapid information processing performance. Neuropsychobiology. 1983;9(4):223\u20139.","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"1682_CR61","unstructured":"Wechsler, D. Wechsler Test of Adult Reading: WTAR. 2001: Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"1682_CR62","volume-title":"L'examen psychologique dans les cas d'enc\u00e9phalopathie traumatique.(Les problems.)","author":"A Rey","year":"1941","unstructured":"Rey, A., L'examen psychologique dans les cas d'enc\u00e9phalopathie traumatique.(Les problems.). 1941. Archives de psychologie."},{"issue":"2","key":"1682_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/026988110101500207","volume":"15","author":"E Cameron","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cameron E, Sinclair W, Tiplady B. Validity and sensitivity of a pen computer battery of performance tests. J Psychopharmacol. 2001;15(2):105\u201310.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1682_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2003.11.003","volume":"27","author":"H Hurst","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hurst H, Bolton J. Assessing the clinical significance of change scores recorded on subjective outcome measures. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2004;27(1):26\u201335.","journal-title":"J Manip Physiol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"1682_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/20.6.441","volume":"20","author":"MA Huestis","year":"1996","unstructured":"Huestis MA, Mitchell JM, Cone EJ. Urinary excretion profiles of 11-Nor-9-Carboxy-\u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans after single smoked doses of marijuana. J Anal Toxicol. 1996;20(6):441\u201352.","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1682_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.967102312.x","volume":"96","author":"SJ Heishman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Heishman SJ, Singleton EG, Liguori A. Marijuana craving questionnaire: development and initial validation of a self-report instrument. Addiction. 2001;96(7):1023\u201334.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"1682_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.04.009","volume":"80","author":"J Copeland","year":"2005","unstructured":"Copeland J, et al. The Cannabis problems Questionair: factor structure, reliability, and validity. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005;80:313\u20139.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"6","key":"1682_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.63.6.1022","volume":"63","author":"RS Stephens","year":"1995","unstructured":"Stephens RS, Wertz JS, Roffman RA. Self-efficacy and marijuana cessation: a construct validity analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1995;63(6):1022\u201331.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1682_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x","volume":"86","author":"TF Heatherton","year":"1991","unstructured":"Heatherton TF, et al. The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire. Br J Addict. 1991;86(9):1119\u201327.","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"key":"1682_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","volume":"88","author":"JB Saunders","year":"1993","unstructured":"Saunders JB, et al. Development of the alcohol use disorders screening test (AUDIT). WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption. Addiction. 1993;88:791\u2013804.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"1682_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.026","volume":"159","author":"B Larance","year":"2016","unstructured":"Larance B, et al. Development of a brief tool for monitoring aberrant behaviours among patients receiving long-term opioid therapy: the opioid-related Behaviours in treatment (ORBIT) scale. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;159:42\u201352.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"1682_CR72","first-page":"9","volume":"9","author":"RP Cameron","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cameron RP, Gusman D. The primary care PTSD screen (PC-PTSD): development and operating characteristics. Primary Care Psychiatry. 2003;9(1):9\u201314.","journal-title":"Primary Care Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1682_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2190\/T8EM-C8YH-373N-1UWD","volume":"27","author":"AC Leon","year":"1997","unstructured":"Leon AC, et al. Assessing psychiatric impairment in primary care with the Sheehan disability scale. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1997;27(2):93\u2013105.","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1682_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000052967.43131.51","volume":"45","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kessler RC, et al. The world health organization health and work performance questionnaire (HPQ). J Occup Environ Med. 2003;45(2):156\u201374.","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1682_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2005.05.016","volume":"31","author":"MD Shanahan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shanahan MD, et al. A cost-effectiveness analysis of heroin detoxification methods in the Australian National Evaluation of pharmacotherapies for opioid dependence (NEPOD). Addict Behav. 2006;31(3):371\u201387.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-018-1682-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12888-018-1682-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-018-1682-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T19:11:42Z","timestamp":1558120302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12888-018-1682-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1682"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-018-1682-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 August 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 March 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethics Approval and consent to participate: South Eastern Sydney Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee. Ref: 14\/289 (HREC\/14\/POWH\/701). Hunter New England Local Health District and Western Sydney Local Health District received site-specific ethical approval. All participants signed a Participant Information Consent Form [PICF] before being enrolled in the study. Informed consent involved a 3-step process. 1. Verbal information about the trial was given to potential participant either face-to-face or over the telephone during an initial screen. 2. Participants eligible for a medical screen were asked to sign a \u2018consent to participate in a medical screen\u2019 form before seeing the trial medical officer. 3. If participant was deemed eligible by trial medical officer, the medical officer\/trial researcher verbally discussed the trial to the participant and invited any queries or concerns to be addressed. The participant was given a copy of the main PICF to take home and review. The PICF was signed by the participant and a witness on day 1 of commencing the trial.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The participant information consent form includes a section relating to consent for de-identified data to be published. This is however not applicable for this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"140"}}