{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:51:21Z","timestamp":1793397081157,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,11]],"date-time":"2019-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,11]],"date-time":"2019-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2139-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,11]],"date-time":"2019-06-11T10:03:07Z","timestamp":1560247387000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Psychological maltreatment and its relationship with self-esteem and psychological stress among adolescents in Tanzania: a community based, cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Adela A.","family":"Mwakanyamale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Yizhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2139_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.05.018","volume":"47","author":"Elise Paul","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paul E, Eckenrode J. Childhood psychological maltreatment subtypes and adolescent depressive symptoms. Child Abuse Negl. 2015;47:38\u201347.","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2139_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559500005003006","volume":"5","author":"Daryl J. Higgins","year":"2000","unstructured":"Higgins DJ, McCabe MP. Relationships between different types of maltreatment during childhood and adjustment in adulthood. Child Maltreat. 2000;5:261\u201372.","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"2139_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.09.010","volume":"52","author":"G\u00f6kmen Arslan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arslan G. Psychological maltreatment, emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents: the mediating role of resilience and self-esteem. Child Abuse Negl. 2015;52:200\u201309.","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"2139_CR4","unstructured":"\u0106osi\u0107 I, BuljanFlander G, Karlovi\u0107 A. Correlation between childhood abuse and some aspects of psychological functioning of adolescents. Contemp SuvremPsihol. 2002;2:191\u2013205."},{"key":"2139_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.09.010","volume":"52","author":"G Arslan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arslan G. Psychological maltreatment, emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents: the mediating role of resilience and self-esteem. Child Abuse Negl. 2016;52:200\u20139.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"3","key":"2139_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559508318394","volume":"13","author":"B Allen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Allen B. An analysis of the impact of diverse forms of childhood psychological maltreatment on emotional adjustment in early adulthood. Child Maltreat. 2008;13(3):307\u201312.","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"key":"2139_CR7","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Assessing parental capacity to change when children are on the edge of care : an overview of current research evidence research report","author":"H Ward","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ward H, Brown R. Assessing parental capacity to change when children are on the edge of care : an overview of current research evidence research report; 2014. p. 1\u2013193."},{"key":"2139_CR8","unstructured":"World Health Organization. \u201cChild abuse and neglect by parents and other caregivers,\u201d World Rep Violence Heal. 2002. p. 59\u201386."},{"issue":"1","key":"2139_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1300\/J135v05n01_04","volume":"5","author":"RE Goldsmith","year":"2005","unstructured":"Goldsmith RE, Freyd JJ. Awareness for emotional abuse. J Emot Abus. 2005;5(1):95\u2013123.","journal-title":"J Emot Abus"},{"key":"2139_CR10","series-title":"World Rep Violence Heal","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Child abuse and neglect by parents and other caregivers","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Child abuse and neglect by parents and other caregivers, World Rep Violence Heal; 2002. p. 59\u201386."},{"issue":"1","key":"2139_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.12.005","volume":"33","author":"Anne Shaffer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shaffer A, Yates TM, Egeland BR. \u201cThe relation of emotional maltreatment to early adolescent competence: Developmental processes in a prospective study,\u201d Child Abuse Negl. 2009;33(1):36\u201344.","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"2139_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00342-3","volume":"26","author":"D Glaser","year":"2002","unstructured":"Glaser D. Emotional abuse and neglect (psychological maltreatment): a conceptual framework. Child Abuse Negl. 2002;26(6\u20137):697\u2013714.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"2139_CR13","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Consequences of child emotional abuse, emotional neglect and exposure to intimate partner violence for eating disorders : a systematic critical review","author":"M Kimber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kimber M, et al. Consequences of child emotional abuse, emotional neglect and exposure to intimate partner violence for eating disorders : a systematic critical review; 2017. p. 1\u201318."},{"key":"2139_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.07.005","volume":"59","author":"TL Taillieu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taillieu TL, Brownridge DA, Sareen J, Afifi TO. Child abuse & neglect childhood emotional maltreatment and mental disorders : results from a nationally representative adult sample from the United States. Child Abuse Negl. 2016;59:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"2139_CR15","volume-title":"The impacts of abuse and neglect on children ; and comparison of different placement options","author":"J Wilkinson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilkinson J. The impacts of abuse and neglect on children ; and comparison of different placement options; 2017."},{"key":"2139_CR16","volume-title":"Child maltreatment: prevalence, incidence and consequences in the East Asia and Pacific region: a systematic review of research","author":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund","year":"2012","unstructured":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund, Child maltreatment: prevalence, incidence and consequences in the East Asia and Pacific region: a systematic review of research. 2012."},{"issue":"4","key":"2139_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838012455873","volume":"13","author":"D Fry","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fry D, McCoy A, Swales D. The consequences of maltreatment on children\u2019s lives: a systematic review of data from the East Asia and Pacific region. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2012;13(4):209\u201333.","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"9657","key":"2139_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61706-7","volume":"373","author":"R Gilbert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gilbert R, Widom CS, Browne K, Fergusson D, Webb E, Janson S. Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. Lancet. 2009;373(9657):68\u201381.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"2139_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2003.05.001","volume":"27","author":"IL Spertus","year":"2003","unstructured":"Spertus IL, Yehuda R, Wong CM, Halligan S, Seremetis SV. Childhood emotional abuse and neglect as predictors of psychological and physical symptoms in women presenting to a primary care practice. Child Abuse Negl. 2003;27(11):1247\u201358.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"2139_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cong E, et al. \u201cChildhood sexual abuse and the risk for recurrent major depression in Chinese women.\u201d Psychol Med. 2012;42(2):409\u201317.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711001462"},{"key":"2139_CR21","first-page":"845","volume-title":"Recovering from childhood emotional neglect four steps to putting yourself first","author":"CE Neglect","year":"2012","unstructured":"Neglect CE. Recovering from childhood emotional neglect four steps to putting yourself first; 2012. p. 845."},{"key":"2139_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trickett PK, Kim K, Prindle J. \u201cChild Abuse & Neglect Variations in emotional abuse experiences among multiply maltreated young adolescents and relations with developmental outcomes\u201d Child Abuse Negl. 2011;35(10):876\u201386.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2011.08.001"},{"key":"2139_CR23","volume-title":"Childhood emotional neglect and trait resilience are related to ventromedial childhood emotional neglect and trait resilience are related to ventromedial prefrontal cortex volume in PTSD","author":"LA Demers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Demers LA, Rauch SL, Olson EA, Sonis LA, Jensen JE, Rosso IM. Childhood emotional neglect and trait resilience are related to ventromedial childhood emotional neglect and trait resilience are related to ventromedial prefrontal cortex volume in PTSD, vol. i; 2016."},{"key":"2139_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1590\/0104-07072015001070014","volume":"24","author":"S Longman-Mills","year":"2015","unstructured":"Longman-Mills S, et al. Psychological maltreatment and its relationship with substance abuse among university students in Kingston, Jamaica maus-tratos psicol\u00f3gicos e sua rela\u00e7\u00e3o com o abuso de subst\u00e2ncias entre estudantes universit\u00e1rios em Kingston, Jamaica. Artig Orig Texto Context Enferm. 2015;24:63\u20138.","journal-title":"Artig Orig Texto Context Enferm"},{"issue":"1","key":"2139_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.12.007","volume":"33","author":"Margaret O\u2019Dougherty Wright","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wright MO, Crawford E, Del Castillo D. Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students: the mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse Negl. 2009;33(1):59\u201368.","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"8","key":"2139_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2012.708014","volume":"21","author":"M Stoltenborgh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stoltenborgh M, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Alink LRA, van IJzendoorn MH. The universality of childhood emotional abuse: a meta-analysis of worldwide prevalence. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2012;21(8):870\u201390.","journal-title":"J Aggress Maltreat Trauma"},{"key":"2139_CR27","first-page":"79","volume-title":"The relation of traumatic childhood experiences with psychological symptoms and self-esteem in physical education and sport students","author":"AA Ozbas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ozbas AA, Gurhan N, Kocak M. The relation of traumatic childhood experiences with psychological symptoms and self-esteem in physical education and sport students; 2013. p. 79\u201385."},{"issue":"2","key":"2139_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1552","volume":"130","author":"R Hibbard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hibbard R, et al. Psychological maltreatment. Pediatrics. 2012;130(2):372\u20138.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2139_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.020","volume":"44","author":"SYCL Kwok","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kwok SYCL, Yeung JWK, Low AYT, Lo HHM, Tam CHL. The roles of emotional competence and social problem-solving in the relationship between physical abuse and adolescent suicidal ideation in China. Child Abuse Negl. 2015;44:117\u201329.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"4","key":"2139_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.09.006","volume":"31","author":"Catalina M. Arata","year":"2007","unstructured":"Arata CM, Langhinrichsen-Rohling J, Bowers D, O\u2019Brien N. Differential correlates of multi-type maltreatment among urban youth. Child Abuse Negl. 2007;31:393\u2013415.31.","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"8","key":"2139_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00350-2","volume":"26","author":"Rami Benbenishty","year":"2002","unstructured":"Benbenishty R, Zeira A, Astor RA. Children\u2019s reports of emotional, physical and sexual maltreatment by educational staff in Israel. Child Abuse Negl. 2002;26:763\u201382.","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2139_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9531.115804","volume":"2","author":"F Mostafavi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mostafavi F, Azadbakht L, Daniali S. Relationship between body satisfaction with self esteemand unhealthy body weight management. J Educ Health Promot. 2013;2(1):29.","journal-title":"J Educ Health Promot"},{"key":"2139_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2014.14","volume":"2014","author":"AF Alshawi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alshawi AF, Lafta RK. Relation between childhood experiences and adults \u2019 self-esteem: A sample from Baghdad. Qatar Med J. 2014;2014:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Qatar Med J"},{"key":"2139_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2008.2.243","volume":"49","author":"K Sesar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sesar K, Zivci\u0107-Be\u0107irevi\u0107 I, Sesar D. Multi-type maltreatment in childhood and psychological adjustment in adolescence: questionnaire study among adolescents in Western Herzegovina Canton. Croat Med J. 2008;49:243\u201356.","journal-title":"Croat Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2139_CR35","first-page":"243","volume":"49","author":"K Sesar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sesar K, Zivcic-Becirevic I, Sesar D. Multi-type maltreatment in childhood and psychological adjustment in adolescence: questionnaire study among adolescents in Western Herzegovina Canton. CMJ. 2008;49(2):243\u201356.","journal-title":"CMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"2139_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.8.1453","volume":"160","author":"VJ Edwards","year":"2003","unstructured":"Edwards VJ, Holden GW, Felitti VJ, Anda RF. Relationship between multiple forms of childhood maltreatment and adult mental health in community respondents: results from the adverse childhood experiences study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(8):1453\u201360.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2139_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-125","volume":"14","author":"L Jarman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jarman L, et al. Prevalence and correlates of psychological distress in a large and diverse public sector workforce: baseline results from partnering healthy@work. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):125.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2139_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1192\/bjpo.bp.115.000422","volume":"1","author":"R Goodwin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goodwin R, Takahashi M, Sun S, Ben-Ezra M. Psychological distress among tsunami refugees from the great East Japan earthquake. Br J Psychiatry Open. 2015;1(1):92\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry Open"},{"key":"2139_CR39","volume-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and smoking during adolescence and adulthood","author":"RF Anda","year":"2016","unstructured":"R. F. Anda et al., \u201cAdverse childhood experiences and smoking during adolescence and adulthood,\u201d 2016."},{"issue":"3","key":"2139_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.3.564","volume":"111","author":"SR Dube","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Dong M, Chapman DP, Giles WH, Anda RF. Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: the adverse childhood experiences study. Pediatrics. 2003;111(3):564\u201372.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2139_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v6.28617","volume":"6","author":"K Hermenau","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hermenau K, Eggert I, Landolt MA, Hecker T. Neglect and perceived stigmatization impact psychological distress of orphans in Tanzania. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2015;6:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"2139_CR42","unstructured":"Barker G, et al. \u201cthe United Republic of Tanzania Gender-Based Violence and Violence Against Children,\u201d Soc Sci Med. 2011;152:40."},{"issue":"6","key":"2139_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(00)00030-6","volume":"6","author":"Daryl J Higgins","year":"2001","unstructured":"Higgins DJ, McCabe MP. Multiple forms of child abuse and neglect: adult retrospective reports. Aggression Violent Behav Rev J. 2001;6:547\u201378.","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"2139_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mogaddam M, Kamal I, Merdad L, Alamoudi N, Meligy OE, et al. Prevalence of child abuse in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2015: a review of the literature. J Oral Hyg Health. 2015;3:189.","DOI":"10.4172\/2332-0702.1000189"},{"key":"2139_CR45","unstructured":"D. Control. No. 20: Adverse Childhood Experiences in NSCAW. 1997;1997(20):1\u20136."},{"key":"2139_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Franck, R. D. E. Raedt, C. Barbez, and Y. Rosseel, \u201cPsychometric properties of the dutch Rosenberg self-esteem scale,\u201d pp. 25\u201335, 2008.","DOI":"10.5334\/pb-48-1-25"},{"key":"2139_CR47","unstructured":"Bernstein DP, Fink L. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A retrospective self-report manual. Psychol Corp. 1998;28:889\u2013904."},{"issue":"1","key":"2139_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2475","volume":"134","author":"R Wade","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wade R, Shea JA, Rubin D, Wood J. Adverse childhood experiences of low-income urban youth. Pediatrics. 2014;134(1):e13\u201320.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2139_CR49","unstructured":"Ports KA, Ford DC, Merrick MT. Adverse childhood experiences and sexual victimization in adulthood. Child Abuse Negl. 2015;134(1):e13\u2013e20."},{"key":"2139_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.01.011","volume":"28","author":"SC Paivio","year":"2004","unstructured":"Paivio SC, Cramer KM. Factor structure and reliability of the childhood trauma questionnaire in a Canadian undergraduate student sample. Child Abus Neglect. 2004;28:889\u2013904.","journal-title":"Child Abus Neglect"},{"key":"2139_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.1.18","volume":"151","author":"J Bernstein","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bernstein J, P D, Fink L, Handelsman L, Foote J, Lovejoy M, Wenzel K, Sapareto E, Ruggeriero. Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:1132\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2139_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3109\/00048674.2010.543653","volume":"45","author":"T Slade","year":"2011","unstructured":"Slade T, Burgess P, Grove R. Kessler psychological distress scale: normative data from the 2007 Australian National Survey of mental health and wellbeing. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2011;45:308\u201316.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2139_CR53","first-page":"142","volume-title":"The impact of emotional abuse on psychological distress among child protective services-involved adolescents with borderline-to-mild intellectual disability","author":"JA Weiss","year":"2011","unstructured":"Weiss JA, Waechter R, Wekerle C. The impact of emotional abuse on psychological distress among child protective services-involved adolescents with borderline-to-mild intellectual disability; 2011. p. 142\u201359."},{"key":"2139_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.12.004","volume":"33","author":"B Egeland","year":"2009","unstructured":"Egeland B. Child Abuse & Neglect Taking stock : Childhood emotional maltreatment and developmental psychopathology. Child Abuse Negl. 2009;33:22\u20136.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"8","key":"2139_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.8.1132","volume":"151","author":"DP Bernstein","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bernstein DP, et al. Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(8):1132\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"I","key":"2139_CR56","first-page":"7","volume":"20","author":"GP Herbison","year":"1996","unstructured":"Herbison GP. The long-term impact of the physical , emotional , and sexual abuse of children : a community study. Child Abuse Negl. 1996;20(I):7\u201321.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"10","key":"2139_CR57","first-page":"876","volume":"35","author":"PK Trickett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Trickett PK, Kim K, Prindle J. Child Abuse & Neglect Variations in emotional abuse experiences among multiply maltreated young adolescents and relations with developmental outcomes. Child Abuse Negl. 2011;35(10):876\u201386.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"2139_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.019","volume":"47","author":"IW Van Der Kooij","year":"2015","unstructured":"Van Der Kooij IW, Nieuwendam J, Bipat S, Boer F, Lindauer RJL, Graafsma TLG. Child abuse & neglect a national study on the prevalence of child abuse and neglect in Suriname. Child Abuse Negl. 2015;47:153\u201361.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"8","key":"2139_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.8.824","volume":"156","author":"JE Lansford","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lansford JE, Dodge KA, Pettit GS, Bates JE, Crozier J, Kaplow J. A 12-year prospective study of the long-term effects of early child physical maltreatment on psychological, behavioral, and academic problems in adolescence. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Aug. 2002;156(8):824\u201330.","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2139_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.02.006","volume":"38","author":"A Lowell","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lowell A, Renk K, Adgate AH. The role of attachment in the relationship between child maltreatment and later emotional and behavioral functioning. Child Abuse Negl. 2014;38(9):1436\u201349.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"12","key":"2139_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01157-X","volume":"49","author":"C Heim","year":"2001","unstructured":"Heim C, Nemeroff CB. The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49(12):1023\u201339.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2139_CR62","first-page":"2079","volume-title":"The structural equation analysis of childhood abuse , adult stressful life events , and temperaments in major depressive disorders and their influence on refractoriness","author":"H Toda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Toda H, et al. The structural equation analysis of childhood abuse , adult stressful life events , and temperaments in major depressive disorders and their influence on refractoriness; 2015. p. 2079\u201390."}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-019-2139-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12888-019-2139-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-019-2139-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T23:19:10Z","timestamp":1591744750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12888-019-2139-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,11]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-019-2139-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 June 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 May 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Before the commencement of the study, a letter of approval to conduct the study was sought by the authors and was provided by the Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology institutional ethical review. Approval to conduct the research in secondary schools has been granted by Regional Administrative Secretary (RAS) of the respective regions in Tanzania. Permission has been granted by respective secondary school authorities.Participants were informed about the purpose of the study, and they were assured that their answers would only be used anonymously for research purposes on a voluntary basis.All participants aged 18 and above were given information about the study, and they were asked for their voluntary participation. A written informed consent was administered to each participant; all participants read and signed written consent forms before being enrolled in the study.For students under 18\u2009years old, consent (agreement to participate in study) was sought and obtained from their parents or guardians.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"176"}}