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A recent meta-analysis revealed a total prevalence of paternal depression during pregnancy and up to one year postpartum of 8.4%, with significant heterogeneity observed among prevalence rates. International studies suggest that PPD is characterized by additional symptoms compared to maternal postpartum depression. Furthermore, various risk factors of PPD have been identified. However, the prevalence, symptomatology, risk factors and healthcare situation of fathers affected by PPD in Germany are unknown.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods\/design<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study comprises a controlled, cross-sectional epidemiological survey administered via postal questionnaires. The primary objective is to compare the prevalence of depressive symptoms in fathers with a 0\u201312-month-old infant to the prevalence of depressive symptoms in men without recent paternity. Two structurally differing regions (concerning birthrate, employment status, socioeconomic structure, and nationality of inhabitants) will be included. A random sample of 4600 fathers (2300 in each region) in the postpartum period and 4600 men without recent paternity matched by age, nationality and marital status will be assessed regarding depressive symptoms using the PHQ-9. Contact data will be extracted from residents\u2019 registration offices. As secondary objectives, the study aims to provide insights into symptoms and risk factors of PPD in fathers and to assess the current healthcare situation of fathers with PPD in Germany. In an add-on study, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of PPD will be explored.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study will conduct the first direct comparison between fathers in the postpartum period of one year after childbirth and a matched sample of men without a newborn child. Besides closing this research gap, the findings will provide prevalence estimates as well as insights into specific symptomatology, risk factors, and the current healthcare situation regarding fathers with PPD in Germany. The results will identify low-threshold approaches as a relevant issue for healthcare. Moreover, the findings should inform the development of PPD-specific screening instruments and healthcare offers addressing fathers with PPD.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS): <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.drks.de\/drks_web\/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&amp;TRIAL_ID=DRKS00013339\">DRKS00013339<\/jats:ext-link>; Trial registration date: August 20, 2018; Universal Trial Number (UTN): U1111\u20131218-8185.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2280-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]],"date-time":"2019-09-18T13:04:57Z","timestamp":1568811897000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prevalence, symptomatology, risk factors and healthcare services utilization regarding paternal depression in Germany: study protocol of a controlled cross-sectional epidemiological study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5828-7177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Albicker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars P.","family":"H\u00f6lzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Bengel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Domschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Levente","family":"Kriston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam A.","family":"Schiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2280_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185612","volume":"9","author":"MW O\u2019Hara","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019Hara MW, McCabe JE. 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All potential participants will receive information about the study as well as a consent form and a questionnaire by post. Personal data obtained from the residents\u2019 registration offices of Freiburg and Mannheim will only be used for administration purposes to forward information, consent form and questionnaires. Study participation is voluntary. All study participants have to provide informed consent on a separate form besides the questionnaire. The study follows the principles of personal privacy. Initial personal data, returned consent forms and returned questionnaires will be saved separately without the possibility to interlink these data. Questionnaires will not be personalized by codes, so identification of individuals within the study is not possible. Data collection and analyses will be performed anonymously. It will not be possible to draw conclusions about individual participants from reports and publications.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"289"}}