{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T22:22:00Z","timestamp":1784845320756,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631923200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We aimed to describe the prevalence of PTSD symptoms and its associated factors in persons living with HIV (PLWH) in Uganda who engage in heavy alcohol use.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We analyzed baseline data from the Drinkers Intervention to Prevent Tuberculosis study which enrolls PLWH with latent tuberculosis who engage in heavy alcohol consumption. Using the primary care Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) screening scale from the DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5), probable PTSD was defined as reporting \u22653 of 5 assessed symptoms. We conducted the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption and assessed demographics, smoking, symptoms of depression, and spirituality\/religiosity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Of 421 participants enrolled from 2018 through 2020, the majority (68.2%) were male, median age was 40\u2009years (interquartile range [IQR]: 32\u201347), and median AUDIT-C score was 6 [IQR: 4\u20138]. Half (50.1%) of the participants reported ever experiencing a traumatic event, and 20.7% reported \u22653 symptoms of PTSD. The most commonly reported PTSD symptoms in the past 1 month in the entire sample were avoidance (28.3%), nightmares (27.3%), and being constantly on guard (21.6%). In multivariable logistic regression analyses, level of alcohol use was not associated with probable PTSD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] for each AUDIT-C point: (1.02; 95% CI: 0.92\u20131.14; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.69); however, lifetime smoking (AOR 1.89; 95% CI: 1.10\u20133.24) and reporting symptoms of depression (AOR 1.89; 95% CI: 1.04\u20133.44) were independently associated with probable PTSD.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions and recommendations<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A history of traumatic events and probable PTSD were frequently reported among persons who engage in heavy drinking, living with HIV in Uganda. Level of alcohol use was not associated with probable PTSD in this sample of PLWH with heavy alcohol use, however other behavioral and mental health factors were associated with probable PTSD. These data highlight the high prevalence of PTSD in this group, and the need for screening and interventions for PTSD and mental health problems.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03464-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T23:04:43Z","timestamp":1631919883000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Post-traumatic stress disorder among persons with HIV who engage in heavy alcohol consumption in southwestern Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Allen","family":"Kekibiina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Adong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Fatch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nneka I.","family":"Emenyonu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara","family":"Marson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Beesiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Lodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winnie R.","family":"Muyindike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Kamya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Chamie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"McDonell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith A.","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"3464_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003090","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003090","volume":"17","author":"LC Ng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ng LC, Stevenson A, Kalapurakkel SS, Hanlon C, Seedat S, Harerimana B, et al. National and regional prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2020;17(5):e1003090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003090.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"3464_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000708","volume":"47","author":"KC Koenen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koenen KC, Ratanatharathorn A, Ng L, McLaughlin KA, Bromet EJ, Stein DJ, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health Surveys. Psychol Med. 2017;47(13):2260\u201374.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3464_CR3","unstructured":"United Nations Joint Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS). UNAIDS Data 2019. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/2019-UNAIDS-data_en.pdf. Accessed May 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"3464_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601610010034","volume":"10","author":"ABM Kharsany","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kharsany ABM, Karim QA. HIV infection and AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: current status, Challenges and Opportunities. Open AIDS J. 2016;10(1):34\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1874613601610010034.","journal-title":"Open AIDS J"},{"issue":"1","key":"3464_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0764-2","volume":"16","author":"D Chibanda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chibanda D, Cowan F, Gibson L, Weiss HA, Lund C. Prevalence and correlates of probable common mental disorders in a population with high prevalence of HIV in Zimbabwe. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16(1):55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-016-0764-2.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"3464_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2007.0102","volume":"22","author":"L Myer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Myer L, Smit J, Le Roux L, Parker S, Stein DJ, Seedat S. Common mental disorders among HIV-infected individuals in South Africa: prevalence, predictors, and validation of brief psychiatric rating scales. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2008;22(2):147\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/apc.2007.0102.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"issue":"1","key":"3464_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379804300105","volume":"43","author":"HR Khouzam","year":"1998","unstructured":"Khouzam HR, Donnelly NJ. Psychiatric morbidity in HIV patients. Can J Psychiatr. 1998;43(1):51\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/070674379804300105.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"3464_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/104990910101800110","volume":"18","author":"C Demmer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Demmer C. Dealing with AIDS-related loss and grief in a time of treatment advances. Am J Hospice Palliat Med. 2001;18(1):35\u201341.","journal-title":"Am J Hospice Palliat Med"},{"key":"3464_CR9","unstructured":"Olwit C, Mpango R, Okello J, Kinyanda E. Post-traumatic stress disorder among HIV-infected adults attending an HIV treatment clinic in post-conflict Gulu district, Uganda. African Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2020. https:\/\/apro-ug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/POST-TRAUMATIC-STRESS-DISORDER-AMONG-HIV-INFECTED-ADULTS-ATTENDING-AN-HIV-TREATMENT-CLINIC-IN-POST-CONFLICT-GULU-DISTRICT-UGANDA.pdf. Accessed 23 May 2020."},{"issue":"9","key":"3464_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-016-0724-z","volume":"18","author":"CP McLean","year":"2016","unstructured":"McLean CP, Fitzgerald H. Treating posttraumatic stress symptoms among people living with HIV: a critical review of intervention trials. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016;18(9):83. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-016-0724-z.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"3464_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00834","volume":"11","author":"J Hou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hou J, Fu J, Meng S, Jiang T, Guo C, Wu H, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder and nonadherence to treatment in people living with hiv: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:834.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"3464_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.8.721","volume":"58","author":"E Bing","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bing E, Burnam M, Longshore D, Fleishman J, Sherbourne C, London A, et al. Psychiatric disorders and drug use among human immunodeficiency virus\u2013infected adults in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(8):721\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.58.8.721.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"3464_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2007.0069","volume":"22","author":"AM Vranceanu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vranceanu AM, Safren SA, Lu M, Coady WM, Skolnik PR, Rogers WH, et al. The relationship of Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression to antiretroviral medication adherence in persons with HIV. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2008;22(4):313\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/apc.2007.0069.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"issue":"1","key":"3464_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-011-9320-1","volume":"35","author":"GJ Wagner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wagner GJ, Bogart LM, Galvan FH, Banks D, Klein DJ. Discrimination as a key mediator of the relationship between posttraumatic stress and HIV treatment adherence among African American men. J Behav Med. 2012;35(1):8\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10865-011-9320-1.","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"3464_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000606","volume":"37","author":"CR Rooks-Peck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rooks-Peck CR, Adegbite AH, Wichser ME, Ramshaw R, Mullins MM, Higa D, et al. Mental health and retention in HIV care: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychol. 2018;37(6):574\u201385. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29781655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/hea0000606.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3464_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm6010009","volume":"6","author":"KJ Korte","year":"2017","unstructured":"Korte KJ, Bountress KE, Tomko RL, Killeen T, Moran-Santa Maria M, Back SE. Integrated treatment of PTSD and substance use disorders: the mediating role of PTSD improvement in the reduction of depression. J Clin Med. 2017;6(1):9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm6010009.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"3464_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2015.17.2\/jflory","volume":"17","author":"JD Flory","year":"2015","unstructured":"Flory JD, Yehuda R. Comorbidity between post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: alternative explanations and treatment considerations. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17(2):141\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31887\/DCNS.2015.17.2\/jflory.","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"3464_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2011.620453","volume":"7","author":"AC Carter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carter AC, Capone C, Short EE. Co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorders in veteran populations. J Dual Diagn. 2011;7(4):285\u201399 2011\/11\/10.","journal-title":"J Dual Diagn"},{"issue":"4","key":"3464_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-010-0060-6","volume":"7","author":"JA Hahn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hahn JA, Samet JH. Alcohol and HIV disease progression: weighing the Evidence. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep. 2010;7(4):226\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11904-010-0060-6.","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"3464_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2008.0022","volume":"22","author":"BW Pence","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pence BW, Thielman NM, Whetten K, Ostermann J, Kumar V, Mugavero MJ. Coping strategies and patterns of alcohol and drug use among HIV-infected patients in the United States southeast. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2008;22(11):869\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/apc.2008.0022.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"issue":"1","key":"3464_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2928-x","volume":"16","author":"RL Cook","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cook RL, Cook CL, Karki M, Weber KM, Thoma KA, Loy CM, et al. Perceived benefits and negative consequences of alcohol consumption in women living with HIV: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-016-2928-x.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3464_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.004","volume":"157","author":"MG McDonell","year":"2015","unstructured":"McDonell MG, Skalisky J, Leickly E, McPherson S, Battalio S, Nepom JR, et al. Using ethyl glucuronide in urine to detect light and heavy drinking in alcohol dependent outpatients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;157:184\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.004.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"3464_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00132613","volume":"43","author":"MR Soobratty","year":"2014","unstructured":"Soobratty MR, Whitfield R, Subramaniam K, Grove G, Carver A, O\u2019Donovan GV, et al. Point-of-care urine test for assessing adherence to isoniazid treatment for tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 2014;43:1519\u201322 European Respiratory Society.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"10","key":"3464_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3703-5","volume":"31","author":"A Prins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prins A, Bovin MJ, Smolenski DJ, Marx BP, Kimerling R, Jenkins-Guarnieri MA, et al. The primary care PTSD screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5): development and evaluation within a veteran primary care sample. J Gen Intern Med. 2016;31(10):1206\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-016-3703-5.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3464_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-015-9573-7","volume":"32","author":"R Stinchfield","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stinchfield R, McCready J, Turner NE, Jimenez-Murcia S, Petry NM, Grant J, et al. Reliability, validity, and classification accuracy of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder and comparison to DSM-IV. J Gambl Stud. 2016;32(3):905\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10899-015-9573-7.","journal-title":"J Gambl Stud"},{"issue":"8","key":"3464_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1097\/00000374-199811000-00034","volume":"22","author":"KA Bradley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bradley KA, McDonell MB, Bush K, Kivlahan DR, Diehr P, Fihn SD. The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998;22(8):1842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000374-199811000-00034.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"3464_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1421-y","volume":"20","author":"K Thakarar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thakarar K, Asiimwe SB, Cheng DM, Forman L, Ngabirano C, Muyindike WR, et al. Alcohol consumption in Ugandan HIV-infected household-brewers versus non-brewers. AIDS Behav. 2016;20(10):2408\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-016-1421-y.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"8","key":"3464_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12781","volume":"39","author":"SB Asiimwe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Asiimwe SB, Fatch R, Emenyonu NI, Muyindike WR, Kekibiina A, Santos G-M, et al. Comparison of traditional and novel self-report measures to an alcohol biomarker for quantifying alcohol consumption among HIV-infected adults in Sub-Saharan Africa. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2015;39(8):1518\u201327 2015\/07\/04.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"3464_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018451930750","volume":"6","author":"AW Wu","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wu AW, Revicki DA, Jacobson D, Malitz FE. Evidence for reliability, validity and usefulness of the medical outcomes study HIV health survey (MOS-HIV). Qual Life Res. 1997;6(6):481\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1018451930750.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3464_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-11-162","volume":"11","author":"A Vu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vu A, Tran N, Pham K, Ahmed S. Reliability of the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale in Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, and Uganda. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011;11(1):162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2288-11-162.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3464_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-017-0747-0","volume":"15","author":"JR Moon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moon JR, Huh J, Song J, Kang I-S, Park SW, Chang S-A, et al. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale is an adequate screening instrument for depression and anxiety disorder in adults with congential heart disease. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2017;15(1):176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-017-0747-0.","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"3","key":"3464_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","volume":"1","author":"LS Radloff","year":"1977","unstructured":"Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977;1(3):385\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/014662167700100306.","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Meas"},{"issue":"1","key":"3464_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/rel1010078","volume":"1","author":"HG Koenig","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koenig HG, B\u00fcssing A. The Duke University religion index (DUREL): a five-item measure for use in epidemological studies. Religions. 2010;1(1):78\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rel1010078.","journal-title":"Religions"},{"issue":"12","key":"3464_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.29.12.455","volume":"29","author":"H Petrushkin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Petrushkin H, Boardman J, Ovuga E. Psychiatric disorders in HIV-positive individuals in urban Uganda. Psychiatr Bull. 2018;29(12):455\u20138.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"3464_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536286","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2018.1536286","volume":"9","author":"R Verhey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verhey R, Gibson L, Brakarsh J, Chibanda D, Seedat S. Prevalence and correlates of probable post-traumatic stress disorder and common mental disorders in a population with a high prevalence of HIV in Zimbabwe. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2018;9(1):1536286.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3464_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40593","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040593","volume":"7","author":"FJ Charlson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Charlson FJ, Steel Z, Degenhardt L, Chey T, Silove D, Marnane C, et al. Predicting the impact of the 2011 conflict in Libya on population mental health: PTSD and depression prevalence and mental health service requirements. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40593 2012\/07\/13.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"3464_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(98)00098-7","volume":"23","author":"A Behaviors","year":"1998","unstructured":"Behaviors A, Science E. Epidemiological evidence about the relationship between ptsd and alcohol abuse. Addict Behav. 1998;23(6):813\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0306-4603(98)00098-7.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"3464_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040603","volume":"351","author":"CW Hoge","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, Mcgurk D, Cotting DI, Koffman RL, et al. Combat Duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, Mental Health Problems, and Barriers to Care. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:13\u201322.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3464_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.3579","volume":"71","author":"Y Takayanagi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Takayanagi Y, Spira AP, Roth KB, Gallo JJ, Eaton WW, Mojtabai R. Accuracy of reports of lifetime mental and physical disorders: results from the Baltimore Epidemiological catchment area study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(3):273\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.3579.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"3464_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-014-0378-5","volume":"15","author":"J Mugisha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mugisha J, Muyinda H, Wandiembe P, Kinyanda E. Prevalence and factors associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder seven years after the conflict in three districts in northern Uganda (The Wayo-Nero Study). BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15(1):1\u20132.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"3464_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.11.016","volume":"109","author":"M Price","year":"2019","unstructured":"Price M, Legrand AC, Brier ZM, H\u00e9bert-Dufresne L. The symptoms at the center: Examining the comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and depression with network analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2019;109:52\u20138 2018\/11\/21. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30502492.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"3464_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120412331319741","volume":"17","author":"BO Olley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Olley BO, Zeier MD, Seedat S, Stein DJ. Post-traumatic stress disorder among recently diagnosed patients with HIV\/AIDS in South Africa. AIDS Care. 2005;17(5):550\u20137 2005\/07\/23.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"3464_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2011.08.003","volume":"25","author":"LM Post","year":"2011","unstructured":"Post LM, Zoellner LA, Youngstrom E, Feeny NC. Understanding the relationship between co-occurring PTSD and MDD: symptom severity and affect. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25(8):1123\u201330 2011\/08\/10.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"3464_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2018.59.165","volume":"59","author":"M \u0160agud","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u0160agud M, Petrovi\u0107 B, Vilibi\u0107 M, Mihaljevi\u0107-Pele\u0161 A, Vuksan-\u0106usa B, Rado\u0161 I, et al. The relationship among psychopathology, religiosity, and nicotine dependence in Croatian war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Croat Med J. 2018;59(4):165\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3325\/cmj.2018.59.165.","journal-title":"Croat Med J"},{"issue":"10","key":"3464_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntp123","volume":"11","author":"J Cook","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cook J, Jakupcak M, Rosenheck R, Fontana A, McFall M. Influence of PTSD symptom clusters on smoking status among help-seeking Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Nicotine Tob Res. 2009;11(10):1189\u201395 2009\/07\/31. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19648174.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"3464_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200802238951","volume":"10","author":"MJ Zvolensky","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zvolensky MJ, Gibson LE, Vujanovic AA, Gregor K, Bernstein A, Kahler C, et al. Impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on early smoking lapse and relapse during a self-guided quit attempt among community-recruited daily smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2008;10(8):1415\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14622200802238951.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"3464_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.04.024","volume":"84","author":"I Pericot-Valverde","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pericot-Valverde I, Elliott RJ, Miller ME, Tidey JW, Gaalema DE. Posttraumatic stress disorder and tobacco use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addict Behav. 2018;84:238\u201347 2018\/05\/03.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"12","key":"3464_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14218","volume":"1","author":"J Adong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adong J, Fatch R, Emenyonu N, Cheng D, Muyindike W, Ngabirano C, et al. Social desirability Bias impacts self-reported alcohol use among persons with HIV in Uganda. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019;1(12):43\u20132598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.14218.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03464-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03464-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03464-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,17]],"date-time":"2021-09-17T23:20:12Z","timestamp":1631920812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03464-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3464"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03464-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"We confirm that all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. We confirm that informed consent was obtained from study participants.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the University of California, San Francisco Institutional Review Board, the Mbarara University of Science and Technology Research Ethics Committee, the Makerere University School of Medicine Research Ethics Committee, and the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology, in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Participants provided written informed consent prior to study participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Informed consent for publishing was obtained from study participants.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"457"}}