{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T13:10:55Z","timestamp":1793797855952,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634256000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given the wide range of depressive disorders, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in various military studies around the world, determining the exact prevalence of these disorders in line with health planning as well as care and treatment service designing for military forces can be useful. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to determine the pooled prevalence of depressive disorders, suicide thoughts, and attempts in the military.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present systematic review and meta-analysis study was performed based on PRISMA criteria in 5 steps of the search strategy, screening and selection of articles, data extraction, evaluation of article quality and meta-analysis. International databases (PubMed (Medline), Scopus, Web of science, Embase (Elsevier), PsycInfo (Ovid), Cochrane CENTRAL (Ovid)) were searched using related keywords extracted from Mesh and Emtree. After screening and final selection of articles, data were extracted and qualitative evaluation was performed using the NOS checklist.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of meta-analysis showed that the prevalence of depression in active military forces and veterans was 23% (%95 CI: 20\u201326%) and 20% (%95 CI: 18\u201322%), respectively. In addition, the prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempts in the military was 11% (%95 CI: 10\u201313%) and 11% (%95 CI: 9\u201313%), respectively. The prevalence of suicide ideation and attempts in drug-using military was 18% (%95 CI: 7\u201333%) and 30% (%95 CI: 23\u201336%), respectively. The prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempts in military consuming alcohol were 9% (%95 CI: 4\u201313%) and 8% (%95 CI: 7\u201310%), respectively. In militaries with AIDS \/ HIV, the prevalence of suicide attempts was 5% (%95 CI: 4\u20138%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Therefore, it is necessary to develop and design training and intervention programs in order to increase the awareness of the military, especially veterans, to prevent the occurrence of suicide and depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03526-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T16:34:50Z","timestamp":1634315690000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["The global prevalence of depression, suicide ideation, and attempts in the military forces: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of cross sectional studies"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yousef","family":"Moradi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behnaz","family":"Dowran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Sepandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3526_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17977-w","volume":"11","author":"T Wise","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wise T, Dolan RJ. Associations between aversive learning processes and transdiagnostic psychiatric symptoms in a general population sample. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):4179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-17977-w.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"3526_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.06.026","volume":"223","author":"MW Best","year":"2020","unstructured":"Best MW, Law H, Pyle M, Morrison AP. Relationships between psychiatric symptoms, functioning and personal recovery in psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2020;223:112\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2020.06.026.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"3526_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524833","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.524833","volume":"11","author":"CL Foxx","year":"2020","unstructured":"Foxx CL, et al. Effects of immunization with the soil-derived bacterium mycobacterium vaccae on stress coping behaviors and cognitive performance in a \"two hit\" stressor model. Front Physiol. 2020;11:524833.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"3526_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mota N, et al. Course and Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Canadian Armed Forces: A Nationally Representative, 16-Year Follow-up Study: Cours et pr\u00e9dicteurs du trouble de stress post-traumatique dans les Forces arm\u00e9es canadiennes: une \u00e9tude de suivi de 16 ans nationalement repr\u00e9sentative. Can J Psychiatr. 2021;70(6):743\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0706743721989167.","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743721989167"},{"key":"3526_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sullivan KS, et al. Mental health outcomes associated with profiles of risk and resilience among U.S. Army spouses. J Fam Psychol. 2021;35(1):33\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/fam0000702.","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000702"},{"issue":"2","key":"3526_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1159\/000502340","volume":"66","author":"CM Marini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marini CM, Fiori KL, Wilmoth JM, Pless Kaiser A, Martire LM. Psychological adjustment of aging Vietnam veterans: the role of social network ties in reengaging with wartime memories. Gerontology. 2020;66(2):138\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000502340.","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"3","key":"3526_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.10.016","volume":"58","author":"DS Vogt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vogt DS, Tyrell FA, Bramande EA, Nillni YI, Taverna EC, Finley EP, et al. U.S. military Veterans' health and well-being in the first year after service. Am J Prev Med. 2020;58(3):352\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.10.016.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"3526_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.03.177","volume":"272","author":"S Herzog","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herzog S, Fogle BM, Harpaz-Rotem I, Tsai J, Pietrzak RH. Dissociative symptoms in a nationally representative sample of trauma-exposed U.S. military veterans: prevalence, comorbidities, and suicidality. J Affect Disord. 2020;272:138\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2020.03.177.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3526_CR9","volume-title":"The impact of military culture on veterans entering the private workforce: a qualitative ethnographic study. Northcentral University","author":"MC Brockelmeyer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brockelmeyer MC. The impact of military culture on veterans entering the private workforce: a qualitative ethnographic study. Northcentral University; 2020."},{"issue":"2","key":"3526_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327876MP1502_3","volume":"15","author":"GL Wilcove","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wilcove GL, Schwerin MJ, Wolosin DG. An exploratory model of quality of life in the US navy. Mil Psychol. 2003;15(2):133\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327876MP1502_3.","journal-title":"Mil Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3526_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327876MP1602_3","volume":"16","author":"RL Hindelang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hindelang RL, Schwerin MJ, Farmer WL. Quality of life (QOL) in the US marine corps: the validation of a QOL model for predicting reenlistment intentions. Mil Psychol. 2004;16(2):115\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327876MP1602_3.","journal-title":"Mil Psychol"},{"key":"3526_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA368483","volume-title":"Personnel tempo: definition, measurement, and effects on retention, readiness, and quality of life","author":"PJ Sticha","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sticha PJ, et al. Personnel tempo: definition, measurement, and effects on retention, readiness, and quality of life. Alexandria: Human Resources Research Organization; 1999."},{"issue":"3","key":"3526_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.17759\/psyedu.2020120309","volume":"12","author":"M Levina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Levina M, Krieger E. Interrelation and interdependence of attitudes of choice of life path and propensity to deviant behavior in military personnel. Psychol Educ Stud. 2020;12(3):137\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17759\/psyedu.2020120309.","journal-title":"Psychol Educ Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"3526_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-020-00437-x","volume":"18","author":"SL Dunlap","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dunlap SL, Holloway IW, Pickering CE, Tzen M, Goldbach JT, Castro CA. Support for transgender military service from active duty United States military personnel. Sex Res Social Policy. 2021;18(1):137\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13178-020-00437-x.","journal-title":"Sex Res Social Policy"},{"key":"3526_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sinnott J, Rabin JS. Psychological Mechanisms Underlying the Populist Threat to Democracy. The Psychology of Political Behavior in a Time of Change. 2019;24:473\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-38270-4_21.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-38270-4_21"},{"issue":"1","key":"3526_CR16","first-page":"15","volume":"4","author":"ME Reyes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reyes ME, et al. Self-esteem and optimism as predictors of resilience among selected Filipino active duty military personnel in military camps. J Posit School Psychol. 2020;4(1):15\u201325.","journal-title":"J Posit School Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"3526_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2020.1790007","volume":"55","author":"RL Moody","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moody RL, Savarese E, Gurung S, Rendina HJ, Parsons JT. The mediating role of psychological distress in the association between harassment and alcohol use among lesbian, gay, and bisexual military personnel. Subst Use Misuse. 2020;55(12):2055\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10826084.2020.1790007.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"5","key":"3526_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2015.1133644","volume":"51","author":"C Van Den Berk-Clark","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van Den Berk-Clark C, et al. The impact of hazardous alcohol use on behavioral healthcare utilization among National Guard service members. Subst Use Misuse. 2016;51(5):625\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10826084.2015.1133644.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"2","key":"3526_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000555","volume":"205","author":"ML Kelley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kelley ML, Milletich RJ, Hollis BF, Veprinsky A, Robbins AT, Snell AK. Social support and relationship satisfaction as moderators of the stress-mood-alcohol link association in US navy members. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2017;205(2):99\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000555.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"3526_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2013.824322","volume":"60","author":"KA Coronges","year":"2013","unstructured":"Coronges KA, Miller KA, Tamayo CI, Ender MG. A network evaluation of attitudes toward gays and lesbians among US military cadets. J Homosex. 2013;60(11):1557\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00918369.2013.824322.","journal-title":"J Homosex"},{"key":"3526_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.02.009","volume":"70","author":"JM Cadigan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cadigan JM, Klanecky AK, Martens MP. An examination of alcohol risk profiles and co-occurring mental health symptoms among OEF\/OIF veterans. Addict Behav. 2017;70:54\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.02.009.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"3526_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113401","volume":"293","author":"CW Yeom","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yeom CW, Oh GH, Jung S, Moon JY, Son KL, Kim WH, et al. Prevalence and comorbidities of adult adhd in male military conscripts in Korea: results of an epidemiological survey of mental health in korean military service. Psychiatry Res. 2020;293:113401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113401.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3526_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.2020.1715162","volume":"83","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang J, Ursano RJ, Gifford RK, Dinh H, Farooq S, Broshek CE, et al. Mental health and suicidality in separating US reserve and National Guard personnel. Psychiatry. 2020;83(2):166\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00332747.2020.1715162.","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"3526_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1255","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaa015","volume":"185","author":"FL Th\u00e9riault","year":"2020","unstructured":"Th\u00e9riault FL, Gardner W, Momoli F, Garber BG, Kingsbury M, Clayborne Z, et al. Mental health service use in depressed military personnel: a systematic review. Mil Med. 2020;185(7\u20138):e1255\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usaa015.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"3526_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcbs.2020.09.005","volume":"18","author":"BM Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith BM, Twohy AJ, Smith GS. Psychological inflexibility and intolerance of uncertainty moderate the relationship between social isolation and mental health outcomes during COVID-19. J Contextual Behav Sci. 2020;18:162\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcbs.2020.09.005.","journal-title":"J Contextual Behav Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"3526_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100244","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2020-100244","volume":"33","author":"G Presti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Presti G, Dal Lago B, Fattori A, Mioli G, Moderato P, Sciaretta L, et al. Mental health support to staff in a major hospital in Milan (Italy) during the COVID-19 pandemic: a framework of actions. Gen Psychiatr. 2020;33(4):e100244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gpsych-2020-100244.","journal-title":"Gen Psychiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"3526_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2020.81","volume":"63","author":"LM McCracken","year":"2020","unstructured":"McCracken LM, Badinlou F, Buhrman M, Brocki KC. Psychological impact of COVID-19 in the Swedish population: Depression, anxiety, and insomnia and their associations to risk and vulnerability factors. European Psychiatry. 2020;63(1):e81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2020.81.","journal-title":"European Psychiatry"},{"issue":"15","key":"3526_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","volume":"283","author":"DF Stroup","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) group. Jama. 2000;283(15):2008\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008.","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"5","key":"3526_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.02.007","volume":"8","author":"D Moher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg. 2010;8(5):336\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.02.007.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"3526_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"3526_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z","volume":"25","author":"A Stang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stang A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010;25(9):603\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3526_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moskalewicz A, Oremus M. No clear choice between Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale and Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies to assess methodological quality in cross-sectional studies of health-related quality of life andbreast cancer. J clin Epidemiology. 2020;120:94\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.12.013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.12.013"},{"issue":"11","key":"3526_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","volume":"21","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21(11):1539\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.1186.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"7414","key":"3526_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","volume":"327","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Bmj. 2003;327(7414):557\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557.","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"3526_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins JP, et al. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions: Wiley; 2019.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"key":"3526_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ED000142","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.ED000142","volume":"10","author":"M Cumpston","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Chandler J, Welch VA, Higgins JPT, et al. Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;10:ED000142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.ED000142.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"3526_CR37","first-page":"103","volume":"13","author":"A Zandi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zandi A, et al. Abundance of depression, anxiety and stress in militant nurses. J Mil Med. 2011;13(2):103\u20138.","journal-title":"J Mil Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3526_CR38","first-page":"32","volume":"7","author":"M Mohammadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mohammadi M, et al. Prevalence of depression in nurses working in Iranian hospitals: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Int J Med Rev. 2020;7(1):32\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Med Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"3526_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743719895341","volume":"65","author":"DL Groll","year":"2020","unstructured":"Groll DL, Ricciardelli R, Carleton RN, Anderson G, Cramm H. A cross-sectional study of the relationship between previous military experience and mental health disorders in currently serving public safety personnel in Canada. Can J Psychiatry. 2020;65(5):330\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0706743719895341.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"3526_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e340","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usz275","volume":"185","author":"AB Rowan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rowan AB, Travis WJ, Richardson CB, Adams TR. Military mental health personnel deployment survey: a secondary analysis. Mil Med. 2020;185(3\u20134):e340\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/usz275.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"3526_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.095","volume":"265","author":"KF Rugo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rugo KF, Tabares JV, Crowell SE, Baucom BR, Rudd MD, Bryan CJ. The role of depression and suicidal cognitions as contributors to suicide risk among active duty soldiers reporting symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Affect Disord. 2020;265:333\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.095.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"3526_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.2020.1767991","volume":"83","author":"N Sadler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sadler N, Forbes D, O\u2019Donnell M. Mental health, well-being, and suicidality following separation from the military: advancing research and practice. Psychiatry. 2020;83(2):176\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00332747.2020.1767991.","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"3526_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S228802","volume":"16","author":"Y Hu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu Y, Chu X, Urosevich TG, Hoffman SN, Kirchner HL, Adams RE, et al. Predictors of current DSM-5 PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity among deployed veterans: significance of predisposition, stress exposure, and genetics. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020;16:43\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S228802.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"14","key":"3526_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8001","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c00077","volume":"5","author":"J Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang J, Li X, He W, Wan Y, Bao H, Xu Y, et al. Formation environment and development models for the lower Cambrian source rocks of the southern North China plate, China. ACS omega. 2020;5(14):8001\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.0c00077.","journal-title":"ACS omega"},{"issue":"1","key":"3526_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001072","volume":"208","author":"RS Sheriff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sheriff RS, et al. Childhood trauma and childhood mental disorder in military and employed civilian men. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2020;208(1):13\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001072.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"3526_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01754-2","volume":"55","author":"FL Th\u00e9riault","year":"2020","unstructured":"Th\u00e9riault FL, Hawes RA, Garber BG, Momoli F, Gardner W, Zamorski MA, et al. Incidence of major depression diagnoses in the Canadian Armed Forces: longitudinal analysis of clinical and health administrative data. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2020;55(5):581\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-019-01754-2.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3526_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0197-6664.2004.00065.x","volume":"53","author":"W Kim Halford","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kim Halford W. The future of couple relationship education: suggestions on how it can make a difference. Fam Relat. 2004;53(5):559\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0197-6664.2004.00065.x.","journal-title":"Fam Relat"},{"issue":"3","key":"3526_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3729.2007.00459.x","volume":"56","author":"DM Busby","year":"2007","unstructured":"Busby DM, Ivey DC, Harris SM, Ates C. Self-directed, therapist-directed, and assessment-based interventions for premarital couples. Fam Relat. 2007;56(3):279\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1741-3729.2007.00459.x.","journal-title":"Fam Relat"},{"issue":"5","key":"3526_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0197-6664.2004.00052.x","volume":"53","author":"T Ooms","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ooms T, Wilson P. The challenges of offering relationship and marriage education to low-income populations. Fam Relat. 2004;53(5):440\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0197-6664.2004.00052.x.","journal-title":"Fam Relat"},{"issue":"3","key":"3526_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2298\/VSP171128068Z","volume":"77","author":"B \u017divi\u0107","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u017divi\u0107 B, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder psychotic subtype or comorbid psychotic disorder and evaluation of military service ability. Vojnosanit Pregl. 2020;77(3):335\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2298\/VSP171128068Z.","journal-title":"Vojnosanit Pregl"},{"issue":"11","key":"3526_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20373","volume":"25","author":"FA Al-Turkait","year":"2008","unstructured":"Al-Turkait FA, Ohaeri JU. Prevalence and correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder among Kuwaiti military men according to level of involvement in the first gulf war. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25(11):932\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.20373.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"2","key":"3526_CR52","first-page":"127","volume":"38","author":"BA Kamm","year":"1951","unstructured":"Kamm BA. Depressive, aggressive and paranoid reactions. Psychoanal Rev. 1951;38(2):127\u201338.","journal-title":"Psychoanal Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"3526_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.111.1.33","volume":"111","author":"M Fisch","year":"1954","unstructured":"Fisch M. The suicidal gesture: a study of 114 military patients hospitalized because of abortive suicide attempts. Am J Psychiatr. 1954;111(1):33\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.111.1.33.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"3526_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.114.1.33","volume":"114","author":"W OFFENKRANTZ","year":"1957","unstructured":"OFFENKRANTZ W, CHURCH E, ELLIOTT R. Psychiatric management of suicide problems in military service. Am J Psychiatr. 1957;114(1):33\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.114.1.33.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"3526_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/164.12.841","volume":"164","author":"D Drehner","year":"1999","unstructured":"Drehner D, Neuhauser KM, Neuhauser TS, Drehner D, Blackwood GV. Death among US air force basic trainees, 1956 to 1996. Mil Med. 1999;164(12):841\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/milmed\/164.12.841.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"3526_CR56","first-page":"16","volume":"99","author":"P SIu","year":"1999","unstructured":"SIu P. Mental disorders in men enlisted into military service and in soldiers (clinico-epidemiological study). Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni SS Korsakova. 1999;99(8):16\u201320.","journal-title":"Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni SS Korsakova"},{"issue":"5","key":"3526_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.4314\/cajm.v45i5.8465","volume":"45","author":"K Peltzer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Peltzer K. Trauma and mental health problems of Sudanese refugees in Uganda. Cent Afr J Med. 1999;45(5):110\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/cajm.v45i5.8465.","journal-title":"Cent Afr J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"3526_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.948119910.x","volume":"94","author":"I Rossow","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rossow I, Romelsjo A, Leifman H. Alcohol abuse and suicidal behaviour in young and middle aged men: differentiating between attempted and completed suicide. Addiction. 1999;94(8):1199\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.948119910.x.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"3","key":"3526_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.10.017","volume":"36","author":"MA Stahre","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stahre MA, Brewer RD, Fonseca VP, Naimi TS. Binge drinking among US active-duty military personnel. Am J Prev Med. 2009;36(3):208\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.10.017.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3526_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2007.68.336","volume":"68","author":"GM Ames","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ames GM, Cunradi CB, Moore RS, Stern P. Military culture and drinking behavior among U.S. navy careerists. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2007;68(3):336\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15288\/jsad.2007.68.336.","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"issue":"7","key":"3526_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01841.x","volume":"102","author":"RM Bray","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bray RM, Hourani LL. Substance use trends among active duty military personnel: findings from the United States Department of Defense Health Related Behavior Surveys, 1980-2005. Addiction. 2007;102(7):1092\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01841.x.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"10","key":"3526_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14174","volume":"43","author":"M Gr\u00f8nkjaer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gr\u00f8nkjaer M, et al. Intelligence test scores before and after alcohol-related disorders-a longitudinal study of Danish male conscripts. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019;43(10):2187\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acer.14174.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3526_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000347","volume":"32","author":"CM Young","year":"2018","unstructured":"Young CM, Pedersen ER, Pearson AD, Neighbors C. Drinking to cope moderates the efficacy of changing veteran drinking norms as a strategy for reducing drinking and alcohol-related problems among U.S. veterans. Psychol Addict Behav. 2018;32(2):213\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/adb0000347.","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"3526_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.02.028","volume":"58","author":"KJ Derefinko","year":"2016","unstructured":"Derefinko KJ, Klesges RC, Bursac Z, Little MA, Hryshko-Mullen A, Talcott GW. Alcohol issues prior to training in the United States air Force. Addict Behav. 2016;58:142\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.02.028.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"3526_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0517-7","volume":"15","author":"L Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang L, Seelig A, Wadsworth SMD, McMaster H, Alcaraz JE, Crum-Cianflone NF. Associations of military divorce with mental, behavioral, and physical health outcomes. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15(1):128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-015-0517-7.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"3526_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.031","volume":"148","author":"EC Williams","year":"2015","unstructured":"Williams EC, Frasco MA, Jacobson IG, Maynard C, Littman AJ, Seelig AD, et al. Risk factors for relapse to problem drinking among current and former US military personnel: a prospective study of the millennium cohort. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;148:93\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.031.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"10","key":"3526_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2013.796990","volume":"48","author":"RM Bray","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bray RM, Brown JM, Williams J. Trends in binge and heavy drinking, alcohol-related problems, and combat exposure in the U.S. military. Subst Use Misuse. 2013;48(10):799\u2013810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10826084.2013.796990.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"3526_CR68","volume-title":"The relationship between depression with self injury in Army soldiers seen in a military medical outpatient Clinic in Tehran","author":"Z Farsi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Farsi Z, JABARI MM, Saghiri Z. The relationship between depression with self injury in Army soldiers seen in a military medical outpatient Clinic in Tehran; 2010."},{"key":"3526_CR69","volume-title":"The frequency of suicidal-thinking in NEZAJA personnel in Tehran at 2004\u20135 year","author":"S Rohani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rohani, S., et al., The frequency of suicidal-thinking in NEZAJA personnel in Tehran at 2004\u20135 year. 2006."}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03526-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03526-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03526-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T16:37:43Z","timestamp":1634315863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03526-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03526-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable because no primary data were collected.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"510"}}