{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T03:57:58Z","timestamp":1784606278234,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008977","name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There are reports of an increase in depressive symptoms and fear during the COVID-19 pandemic, in particular in patients with depression. This study investigates factors related to fear of COVID-19 in former inpatients suffering from depression and healthy controls by assessing variables typically associated with depression and anxiety disorders, i.e. stressful life events (SLEs), the primary emotions SADNESS, PLAY and SEEKING as well as dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies with respect to suppression and reappraisal.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Data of <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200944 former inpatients suffering from depression and <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200949 healthy controls\u00a0were collected. The study had a longitudinal design with two measurement points. Before the pandemic, SLEs, primary emotions, emotion regulation and depression severity were assessed. During the pandemic, COVID-19 associated stressors and life events, emotion regulation, depression severity and fear of COVID-19 were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Fear of COVID-19 and depression severity during the pandemic were significantly higher in former inpatients than in healthy controls. Depression diagnosis, SLEs and depression severity before the pandemic were significant positive predictors of fear of COVID-19. The primary emotion PLAY was a significant negative predictor of fear of COVID-19. Depression severity did not change significantly in healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results show that risk factors for depression might be risk factors for high fear of COVID-19. In addition, a playful personality could help preventing mental stress in pandemic situations. Thus, positivity based interventions could counteract elevated fear scores during a pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03677-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T10:03:44Z","timestamp":1644314624000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Primary emotions as predictors for fear of COVID-19 in former inpatients with Major Depressive Disorder and healthy control participants"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Sanwald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Widenhorn-M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"GenEmo Research Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Gahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Sch\u00f6nfeldt-Lecuona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Montag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Kiefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"3677_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paschke K, Arnaud N, Austermann MI, Thomasius R. Risk factors for prospective increase in psychological stress during COVID-19 lockdown in a representative sample of adolescents and their parents. BJPsych Open. 2021;7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/BJO.2021.49.","DOI":"10.1192\/BJO.2021.49"},{"key":"3677_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12879-020-05602-6","volume":"20","author":"W Nazar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nazar W, Leszkowicz J, Pie\u0144kowska A, Brzezi\u0144ski M, Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz A, Plata-Nazar K. Before-and-after online community survey on knowledge and perception of COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12879-020-05602-6.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"3677_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2019686","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19686","volume":"3","author":"CK Ettman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ettman CK, Abdalla SM, Cohen GH, Sampson L, Vivier PM, Galea S. Prevalence of depression symptoms in US adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e2019686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19686.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"3677_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.552305","volume":"11","author":"JV Lippold","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lippold JV, Laske JI, Hogeterp SA, Duke \u00c9, Gr\u00fcnhage T, Reuter M. The role of personality, political attitudes and socio-demographic characteristics in explaining individual differences in fear of coronavirus: a comparison over time and across countries. Front Psychol. 2020;11:2356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.552305.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"3677_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.06.027","volume":"275","author":"MA Fullana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fullana MA, Hidalgo-Mazzei D, Vieta E, Radua J. Coping behaviors associated with decreased anxiety and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. J Affect Disord. 2020;275:80\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2020.06.027.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3677_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-020-00589-w","volume":"16","author":"N Salari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salari N, Hosseinian-Far A, Jalali R, Vaisi-Raygani A, Rasoulpoor S, Mohammadi M, et al. Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Glob Health. 2020;16:57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12992-020-00589-w.","journal-title":"Glob Health"},{"key":"3677_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13219","volume":"142","author":"P Hyland","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hyland P, Shevlin M, McBride O, Murphy J, Karatzias T, Bentall RP, et al. Anxiety and depression in the Republic of Ireland during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2020;142:249\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/acps.13219.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"3677_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23080","volume":"37","author":"KM Fitzpatrick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick KM, Harris C, Drawve G. Living in the midst of fear: depressive symptomatology among US adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Depress Anxiety. 2020;37:957\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.23080.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"3677_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B\u00e4uerle A, Teufel M, Musche V, Weism\u00fcller B, Kohler H, Hetkamp M, et al. Increased generalized anxiety, depression and distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Germany. J Public Health (Bangkok). 2020:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa106.","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa106"},{"key":"3677_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2021.100979","volume":"41","author":"K Le","year":"2021","unstructured":"Le K, Nguyen M. The psychological burden of the COVID-19 pandemic severity. Econ Hum Biol. 2021;41:100979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ehb.2021.100979.","journal-title":"Econ Hum Biol"},{"key":"3677_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2016048","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2016048","volume":"38","author":"H Jeong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jeong H, Yim HW, Song YJ, Ki M, Min JA, Cho J, et al. Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East respiratory syndrome. Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e2016048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4178\/epih.e2016048.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health"},{"key":"3677_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e040229","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040229","volume":"10","author":"A Sergeant","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sergeant A, Van Reekum EA, Sanger N, Dufort A, Rosic T, Sanger S, et al. Impact of COVID-19 and other pandemics and epidemics on people with pre-existing mental disorders: a systematic review protocol and suggestions for clinical care. BMJ Open. 2020;10:e040229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040229.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"3677_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.10m06176blu","volume":"72","author":"F Lamers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lamers F, van Oppen P, Comijs HC, Smit JH, Spinhoven P, van Balkom AJLM, et al. Comorbidity patterns of anxiety and depressive disorders in a large cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72:341\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.10m06176blu.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"3677_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113175","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PSYCHRES.2020.113175","volume":"291","author":"P H\u00f6lzle","year":"2020","unstructured":"H\u00f6lzle P, Aly L, Frank W, F\u00f6rstl H, Frank A. COVID-19 distresses the depressed while schizophrenic patients are unimpressed: a study on psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PSYCHRES.2020.113175.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"3677_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sakib N, Akter T, Zohra F, Bhuiyan AKMI, Mamun MA, Griffiths MD. Fear of COVID-19 and depression: a comparative study among the general population and healthcare professionals during COVID-19 pandemic crisis in Bangladesh. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2021:1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-020-00477-9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00477-9"},{"key":"3677_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001547","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001547","volume":"10","author":"AJ Ferrari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ferrari AJ, Charlson FJ, Norman RE, Patten SB, Freedman G, Murray CJL, et al. Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS Med. 2013;10:e1001547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001547.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"3677_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.07.068","volume":"276","author":"S Sanwald","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sanwald S, Widenhorn-M\u00fcller K, Montag C, Kiefer M. Relation of promoter methylation of the structural oxytocin gene to critical life events in major depression: a case control study. J Affect Disord. 2020;276:829\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2020.07.068.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3677_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sanwald S, Gahr M, Widenhorn-M\u00fcller K, Sch\u00f6nfeldt-Lecuona C, Richter K, Connemann BJ, et al. Relation of promoter methylation of the oxytocin gene to stressful life events and depression severity. J Mol Neurosci. 2019:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12031-019-01446-1.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-019-01446-1"},{"key":"3677_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EXPNEUROL.2011.10.032","volume":"233","author":"C Heim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Heim C, Binder EB. Current research trends in early life stress and depression: review of human studies on sensitive periods, gene\u2013environment interactions, and epigenetics. Exp Neurol. 2012;233:102\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.EXPNEUROL.2011.10.032.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"3677_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22957","volume":"36","author":"BG Shapero","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shapero BG, Curley EE, Black CL, Alloy LB. The interactive association of proximal life stress and cumulative HPA axis functioning with depressive symptoms. Depress Anxiety. 2019;36:1089\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.22957.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"3677_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002765","volume":"42","author":"GE Smid","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smid GE, Van Der Velden PG, Lensvelt-Mulders GJLM, Knipscheer JW, Gersons BPR, Kleber RJ. Stress sensitization following a disaster: a prospective study. Psychol Med. 2012;42:1675\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291711002765.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3677_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182435","volume":"35","author":"E Goldmann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goldmann E, Galea S. Mental health consequences of disasters. Annu Rev Public Health. 2014;35:169\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182435.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"3677_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.115.2.291","volume":"115","author":"JS Hyde","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hyde JS, Mezulis AH, Abramson LY. The ABCs of depression: integrating affective, biological, and cognitive models to explain the emergence of the gender difference in depression. Psychol Rev. 2008;115:291\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-295X.115.2.291.","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"3677_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614536163","volume":"2","author":"J Joormann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Joormann J, Michael VW. Emotion regulation in depression: the role of biased cognition and reduced cognitive control. Clin Psychol Sci. 2014;2:402\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2167702614536163.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"3677_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CPR.2014.06.003","volume":"34","author":"BL Goldstein","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goldstein BL, Klein DN. A review of selected candidate endophenotypes for depression. Clin Psychol Rev. 2014;34:417\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CPR.2014.06.003.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"3677_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li R. Fear of COVID-19: what causes fear and how individuals cope with it. Health Commun. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10410236.2021.1901423.","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2021.1901423"},{"key":"3677_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682837","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.682837","volume":"12","author":"C Montag","year":"2021","unstructured":"Montag C, Sindermann C, Rozgonjuk D, Yang S, Elhai JD, Yang H. Investigating links between fear of COVID-19, neuroticism, social networks use disorder, and smartphone use disorder tendencies. Front Psychol. 2021;12:682837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.682837.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"3677_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00464","volume":"8","author":"C Montag","year":"2017","unstructured":"Montag C, Panksepp J. Primary emotional systems and personality: an evolutionary perspective. Front Psychol. 2017;8:464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00464.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"3677_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.01025","volume":"12","author":"KL Davis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Davis KL, Montag C. Selected principles of pankseppian affective neuroscience. Front Neurosci. 2019;12:1025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2018.01025.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"3677_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/15294145.2003.10773410","volume":"5","author":"KL Davis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Davis KL, Panksepp J, Normansell L. The affective neuroscience personality scales: normative data and implications. Neuropsychoanalysis. 2003;5:57\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15294145.2003.10773410.","journal-title":"Neuropsychoanalysis"},{"key":"3677_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.1017\/pen.2018.10","volume":"1","author":"C Montag","year":"2018","unstructured":"Montag C, Davis KL. Affective neuroscience theory and personality: an update. Personal Neurosci. 2018;1:e12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/pen.2018.10.","journal-title":"Personal Neurosci"},{"key":"3677_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abrep.2020.100313","volume":"12","author":"C Montag","year":"2020","unstructured":"Montag C, Elhai JD. Discussing digital technology overuse in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: on the importance of considering affective neuroscience theory. Addict Behav Reports. 2020;12:100313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.abrep.2020.100313.","journal-title":"Addict Behav Reports"},{"key":"3677_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/15294145.2009.10773593","volume":"11","author":"DF Watt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Watt DF, Panksepp J. Depression: an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to terminate separation distress? A review of Aminergic, Peptidergic, and neural network perspectives. Neuropsychoanalysis. 2009;11:7\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15294145.2009.10773593.","journal-title":"Neuropsychoanalysis"},{"key":"3677_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.11.007","volume":"73","author":"C Montag","year":"2017","unstructured":"Montag C, Widenhorn-M\u00fcller K, Panksepp J, Kiefer M. Individual differences in affective neuroscience personality scale (ANPS) primary emotional traits and depressive tendencies. Compr Psychiatry. 2017;73:136\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2016.11.007.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"3677_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00610","volume":"10","author":"J Fuchshuber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fuchshuber J, Hiebler-Ragger M, Kresse A, Kapfhammer H-P, Unterrainer HF. Do primary emotions predict psychopathological symptoms? A Multigroup Path Analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00610.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"3677_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03166-6","volume":"21","author":"S Sanwald","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sanwald S, Widenhorn-M\u00fcller K, Sch\u00f6nfeldt-Lecuona C, Montag C, Kiefer M. Factors related to age at depression onset: the role of SLC6A4 methylation, sex, exposure to stressful life events and personality in a sample of inpatients suffering from major depression. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21:167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03166-6.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"3677_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110347","volume":"168","author":"M Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","year":"2021","unstructured":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m M, G\u00fcler A. Positivity explains how COVID-19 perceived risk increases death distress and reduces happiness. Pers Individ Dif. 2021;168:110347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110347.","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"key":"3677_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saricali M, Satici SA, Satici B, Gocet-Tekin E, Griffiths MD. Fear of COVID-19, mindfulness, humor, and hopelessness: a multiple mediation analysis. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-020-00419-5.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00419-5"},{"key":"3677_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUBIOREV.2011.04.004","volume":"35","author":"KL Davis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Davis KL, Panksepp J. The brain\u2019s emotional foundations of human personality and the affective neuroscience personality scales. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011;35:1946\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NEUBIOREV.2011.04.004.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"3677_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/da.21888","volume":"29","author":"SG Hofmann","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hofmann SG, Sawyer AT, Fang A, Asnaani A. Emotion dysregulation model of mood and anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29:409\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.21888.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"3677_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00756","volume":"9","author":"E Visted","year":"2018","unstructured":"Visted E, V\u00f8llestad J, Nielsen MB, Schanche E. Emotion regulation in current and remitted depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychol. 2018;9:756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00756.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"3677_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.2.348","volume":"85","author":"JJ Gross","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gross JJ, John OP. Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;85:348\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.85.2.348.","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"3677_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03395492","volume":"54","author":"SC Hayes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hayes SC, Strosahl K, Wilson KG, Bissett RT, Pistorello J, Toarmino D, et al. Measuring experiential avoidance: a preliminary test of a working model. Psychol Rec. 2004;54:553\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03395492.","journal-title":"Psychol Rec"},{"key":"3677_CR44","volume-title":"Diagnostisches und statistisches Manual psychischer St\u00f6rungen\u00a0: Textrevision","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2003","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostisches und statistisches Manual psychischer St\u00f6rungen\u00a0: Textrevision. 4th ed. G\u00f6ttingen: Hogrefe; 2003.","edition":"4"},{"key":"3677_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-08774-9","volume-title":"Mini-DIPS","author":"J Margraf","year":"1994","unstructured":"Margraf J. Mini-DIPS: Berlin, Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-08774-9."},{"key":"3677_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BURN.2015.03.001","volume":"2","author":"T Plieger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Plieger T, Melchers M, Montag C, Meermann R, Reuter M. Life stress as potential risk factor for depression and burnout. Burn Res. 2015;2:19\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BURN.2015.03.001.","journal-title":"Burn Res"},{"key":"3677_CR47","volume-title":"Affective neuroscience personality scales (ANPS)","author":"M Reuter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reuter M, Panksepp J, Davis K, Montag C. Affective neuroscience personality scales (ANPS). G\u00f6ttingen: Hogrefe; 2017."},{"key":"3677_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924.55.3.144","volume":"55","author":"B Abler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abler B, Kessler H. Emotion Regulation Questionnaire \u2013 Eine deutschsprachige Fassung des ERQ von Gross und John. Diagnostica. 2009;55:144\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1026\/0012-1924.55.3.144.","journal-title":"Diagnostica"},{"key":"3677_CR49","volume-title":"Beck-depressions-Inventar\u2013revision (BDI-II)","author":"A Beck","year":"2006","unstructured":"Beck A, Steer R, Brown G. Beck-depressions-Inventar\u2013revision (BDI-II). Deutsche Version. Frankfurt\/Main: Harcourt Test Services; 2006."},{"key":"3677_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-020-00270-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00270-8"},{"key":"3677_CR51","unstructured":"R development Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna; 2008."},{"key":"3677_CR52","volume-title":"Psych: procedures for personality and psychological research","author":"W Revelle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Revelle W. Psych: procedures for personality and psychological research; 2018."},{"key":"3677_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2","volume-title":"Modern applied statistics with S","author":"WN Venables","year":"2002","unstructured":"Venables WN, Ripley BD. Modern applied statistics with S. 4th ed. New York: Springer; 2002.","edition":"4"},{"key":"3677_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham H. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. New-York; 2016.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4"},{"key":"3677_CR55","volume-title":"JASP (Version 0.11.1)","author":"JASP Team","year":"2019","unstructured":"JASP Team. JASP (Version 0.11.1) 2019."},{"key":"3677_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986025001060","volume":"25","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"2000","unstructured":"Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. On the adaptive control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing with independent statistics. J Educ Behav Stat Spring. 2000;25:60\u201383.","journal-title":"J Educ Behav Stat Spring"},{"key":"3677_CR57","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale: Erlbaum; 1988.","edition":"2"},{"key":"3677_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2009.0583","volume":"85","author":"LP Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen LP, Murad MH, Paras ML, Colbenson KM, Sattler AL, Goranson EN, et al. Sexual abuse and lifetime diagnosis of psychiatric disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85:618\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4065\/mcp.2009.0583.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"3677_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2005.02.010","volume":"30","author":"HM Burke","year":"2005","unstructured":"Burke HM, Davis MC, Otte C, Mohr DC. Depression and cortisol responses to psychological stress: a meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005;30:846\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2005.02.010.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"3677_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22011","volume":"70","author":"BG Shapero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shapero BG, Black SK, Liu RT, Klugman J, Bender RE, Abramson LY, et al. Stressful life events and depression symptoms: the effect of childhood emotional abuse on stress reactivity. J Clin Psychol. 2014;70:209\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.22011.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"3677_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2008.05.001","volume":"46","author":"SA Moore","year":"2008","unstructured":"Moore SA, Zoellner LA, Mollenholt N. Are expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal associated with stress-related symptoms? Behav Res Ther. 2008;46:993\u20131000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2008.05.001.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"3677_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020262","volume":"10","author":"AS Troy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Troy AS, Wilhelm FH, Shallcross AJ, Mauss IB. Seeing the silver lining: cognitive reappraisal ability moderates the relationship between stress and depressive symptoms. Emotion. 2010;10:783\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0020262.","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"3677_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-014-9906-5","volume":"43","author":"LD Evans","year":"2014","unstructured":"Evans LD, Kouros C, Frankel SA, McCauley E, Diamond GS, Schloredt KA, et al. Longitudinal relations between stress and depressive symptoms in youth: coping as a mediator. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2014;43:355\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-014-9906-5.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"3677_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.6.837","volume":"156","author":"KS Kendler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA. Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:837\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.156.6.837.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3677_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.10.1113","volume":"63","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Gatz M, Gardner CO, Pedersen NL. Personality and major depression: a Swedish longitudinal, population-based twin study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:1113\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.63.10.1113.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"3677_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Skoda E-M, B\u00e4uerle A, Schweda A, D\u00f6rrie N, Musche V, Hetkamp M, et al. Severely increased generalized anxiety, but not COVID-19-related fear in individuals with mental illnesses: a population based cross-sectional study in Germany. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2020;002076402096077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0020764020960773.","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020960773"},{"key":"3677_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.001","volume":"277","author":"J Xiong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiong J, Lipsitz O, Nasri F, Lui LMW, Gill H, Phan L, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:55\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.001.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"3677_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102258","volume":"74","author":"G Mertens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mertens G, Gerritsen L, Duijndam S, Salemink E, Engelhard IM. Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): predictors in an online study conducted in march 2020. J Anxiety Disord. 2020;74:102258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2020.102258.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"3677_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahorsu DK, Imani V, Lin CY, Timpka T, Brostr\u00f6m A, Updegraff JA, et al. Associations between fear of COVID-19, mental health, and preventive Behaviours across pregnant women and husbands: an actor-partner interdependence Modelling. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020:1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-020-00340-x.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00340-x"},{"key":"3677_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.9.1569","volume":"163","author":"DA Adler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Adler DA, McLaughlin TJ, Rogers WH, Chang H, Lapitsky L, Lerner D. Job performance deficits due to depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:1569\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.9.1569.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3677_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.07.001","volume":"44","author":"DR Strunk","year":"2006","unstructured":"Strunk DR, Lopez H, DeRubeis RJ. Depressive symptoms are associated with unrealistic negative predictions of future life events. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44:861\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2005.07.001.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"3677_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2850.2010.01221.x","volume":"17","author":"J Garber","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garber J, Weersing VR. Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in youth: implications for treatment and prevention. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2010;17:293\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2850.2010.01221.x.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci Pract"},{"key":"3677_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2011.585069","volume":"26","author":"AC Samson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Samson AC, Gross JJ. Humour as emotion regulation: the differential consequences of negative versus positive humour. Cogn Emot. 2012;26:375\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02699931.2011.585069.","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"3677_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/01463370701490232","volume":"55","author":"M Booth-Butterfield","year":"2007","unstructured":"Booth-Butterfield M, Booth-Butterfield S, Wanzer M. Funny students cope better: patterns of humor enactment and coping effectiveness. Commun Q. 2007;55:299\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01463370701490232.","journal-title":"Commun Q"},{"key":"3677_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2017.1310504","volume":"22","author":"M Boerner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boerner M, Joseph S, Murphy D. The association between sense of humor and trauma-related mental health outcomes: two exploratory studies. J Loss Trauma. 2017;22:440\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15325024.2017.1310504.","journal-title":"J Loss Trauma"},{"key":"3677_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/bs8010001","volume":"8","author":"B Lachmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lachmann B, Sariyska R, Kannen C, B\u0142aszkiewicz K, Trendafilov B, Andone I, et al. Contributing to overall life satisfaction: personality traits versus life satisfaction variables revisited\u2014is replication impossible? Behav Sci (Basel). 2017;8:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs8010001.","journal-title":"Behav Sci (Basel)"},{"key":"3677_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445508317167","volume":"32","author":"AM Leventhal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leventhal AM. Sadness, depression, and avoidance behavior. Behav Modif. 2008;32:759\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0145445508317167.","journal-title":"Behav Modif"},{"key":"3677_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040613","volume":"63","author":"OH Mowrer","year":"1956","unstructured":"Mowrer OH. Two-factor learning theory reconsidered, with special reference to secondary reinforcement and the concept of habit. Psychol Rev. 1956;63:114\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0040613.","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"3677_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191116656795","volume":"25","author":"M Orri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Orri M, Rouquette A, Pingault J-B, Barry C, Herba C, C\u00f4t\u00e9 SM, et al. Longitudinal and sex measurement invariance of the affective neuroscience personality scales. Assessment. 2018;25:653\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191116656795.","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"3677_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709992121","volume":"40","author":"KA McLaughlin","year":"2010","unstructured":"McLaughlin KA, Conron KJ, Koenen KC, Gilman SE. Childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and risk of past-year psychiatric disorder: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis in a population-based sample of adults. Psychol Med. 2010;40:1647\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291709992121.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"3677_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.574393","volume":"11","author":"B Caci","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caci B, Miceli S, Scrima F, Cardaci M. Neuroticism and fear of COVID-19. The interplay between boredom, fantasy engagement, and perceived control over time. Front Psychol. 2020;11:2578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.574393.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"3677_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Satici B, Saricali M, Satici SA, Griffiths MD. Intolerance of uncertainty and mental wellbeing: serial mediation by rumination and fear of COVID-19. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11469-020-00305-0.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00305-0"},{"key":"3677_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000710","volume":"76","author":"H Rettie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rettie H, Daniels J. Coping and tolerance of uncertainty: predictors and mediators of mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am Psychol. 2021;76:427\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/amp0000710.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"3677_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00821","volume":"9","author":"S Wellenzohn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wellenzohn S, Proyer RT, Ruch W. Who benefits from humor-based positive psychology interventions? The moderating effects of personality traits and sense of humor. Front Psychol. 2018;9:821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00821.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"3677_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30240-6","volume":"7","author":"J Campion","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campion J, Javed A, Sartorius N, Marmot M. Addressing the public mental health challenge of COVID-19. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:657\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30240-6.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03677-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03677-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03677-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T10:05:32Z","timestamp":1644314732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03677-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-021-03677-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the ethics committee of Ulm University, Ulm, Germany (reference number: 25\/18) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments. Ethics approval for this study was obtained from the ethics committee of Ulm University, Ulm, Germany (reference number: 25\/18). Informed consent of the participants was obtained after the procedures had been fully explained.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"94"}}