{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:15:06Z","timestamp":1790745306233,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A considerable number of individuals infected with COVID-19 experience residual symptoms after the acute phase. However, the correlation between residual symptoms and psychological distress and underlying mechanisms are scarcely studied. We aim to explore the association between residual symptoms of COVID-19 and psychological distress, specifically depression, anxiety, and fear of COVID-19, and examine the role of risk perception and intolerance of uncertainty in the association.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A cross-sectional survey was conducted by online questionnaire-based approach in mid-January 2023. Self-reported demographic characteristics, COVID-19-related information, and residual symptoms were collected. Depression, anxiety, fear, risk perception and intolerance of uncertainty were evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), COVID-19 Risk Perception Scale and Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12 (IUS-12), respectively. Linear regression analyses were conducted to explore the associations. A moderated mediation model was then constructed to examine the role of risk perception of COVID-19 and intolerance of uncertainty in the association between residual symptoms and psychological distress.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>1735 participants effectively completed the survey. 34.9% of the patients experienced residual symptoms after acute phase of COVID-19. Psychological distress was markedly increased by COVID-19 infection, while residual symptoms had a significant impact on psychological distress (<jats:italic>Ps<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), including depression (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.23), anxiety (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.21), and fear of COVID-19 (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.14). Risk perception served as a mediator between residual symptoms and all forms of psychological distress, while intolerance of uncertainty moderated the effect of risk perception on depression and anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A considerable proportion of patients experience residual symptoms after acute phase of COVID-19, which have a significant impact on psychological distress. Risk perception and intolerance of uncertainty play a moderated-mediation role in the association between residual symptoms and depression\/anxiety. It highly suggests that effective treatment for residual symptoms, maintaining appropriate risk perception and improving intolerance of uncertainty are critical strategies to alleviate COVID-19 infection-associated psychological distress.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05591-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T17:02:08Z","timestamp":1708102928000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The moderated-mediation role of risk perception and intolerance of uncertainty in the association between residual symptoms and psychological distress: a cross-sectional study after COVID-19 policy lifted in China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Zhiyu","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kejie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuonuo","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinxin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minjie","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yili","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah Baofeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yili","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"5591_CR1","first-page":"157","volume":"91","author":"D Cucinotta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Bio Med Atenei Parm. 2020;91:157\u201360.","journal-title":"Acta Bio Med Atenei Parm"},{"key":"5591_CR2","unstructured":"Worldometer. COVID - Coronavirus Statistics. 2024. https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/. Accessed 5 Jan 2024."},{"key":"5591_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.04.018","volume":"78","author":"M Nicola","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, Iosifidis C, et al. The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): a review. Int J Surg. 2020;78:185\u201393.","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"5591_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924","volume":"55","author":"C-C Lai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lai C-C, Shih T-P, Ko W-C, Tang H-J, Hsueh P-R. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55:105924.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"5591_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2022.10.003","volume":"56","author":"C-C Lai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lai C-C, Hsu C-K, Yen M-Y, Lee P-I, Ko W-C, Hsueh P-R, Long COVID. An inevitable sequela of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2023;56:1\u20139.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"5591_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2021.0381","volume":"19","author":"EG Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim EG, Park SK, Nho J-H. The Effect of COVID-19\u2013Related lifestyle changes on Depression. Psychiatry Investig. 2022;19:371\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig"},{"key":"5591_CR7","first-page":"1121","volume":"12","author":"LA Mohammed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohammed LA, Aljaberi MA, Amidi A, Abdulsalam R, Lin C-Y, Hamat RA, et al. Exploring factors affecting graduate students\u2019 satisfaction toward E-Learning in the era of the COVID-19 Crisis. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ. 2022;12:1121\u201342.","journal-title":"Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ"},{"key":"5591_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2023.100969","volume":"43","author":"B Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang B, Lin Y, Xiong W, Liu C, Gao H, Ho F, et al. Comparison of control and transmission of COVID-19 across epidemic waves in Hong Kong: an observational study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2024;43:100969.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"5591_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02758-6","volume":"398","author":"SSA Karim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Karim SSA, Karim QA. Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: a new chapter in the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021;398:2126\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5591_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.11.031","volume":"299","author":"NW Bourmistrova","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bourmistrova NW, Solomon T, Braude P, Strawbridge R, Carter B. Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2022;299:118\u201325.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"5591_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30168-1","volume":"7","author":"EA Holmes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Holmes EA, O\u2019Connor RC, Perry VH, Tracey I, Wessely S, Arseneault L, et al. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7:547\u201360.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"5591_CR12","first-page":"1858","volume":"10","author":"MA Aljaberi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aljaberi MA, Lee K-H, Alareqe NA, Qasem MA, Alsalahi A, Abdallah AM, et al. Rasch Modeling and Multilevel Confirmatory Factor Analysis for the usability of the impact of event scale-revised (IES-R) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthc Basel Switz. 2022;10:1858.","journal-title":"Healthc Basel Switz"},{"key":"5591_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27549","volume":"94","author":"E Dragioti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dragioti E, Li H, Tsitsas G, Lee KH, Choi J, Kim J, et al. A large-scale meta\u2010analytic atlas of mental health problems prevalence during the COVID\u201019 early pandemic. J Med Virol. 2022;94:1935\u201349.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"5591_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.001","volume":"277","author":"J Xiong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiong J, Lipsitz O, Nasri F, Lui LMW, Gill H, Phan L, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:55\u201364.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"5591_CR15","first-page":"2418","volume":"11","author":"MA Aljaberi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aljaberi MA, Al-Sharafi MA, Uzir MUH, Sabah A, Ali AM, Lee K-H, et al. Psychological toll of the COVID-19 pandemic: an In-Depth exploration of anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia and the influence of Quarantine measures on Daily Life. Healthc Basel Switz. 2023;11:2418.","journal-title":"Healthc Basel Switz"},{"key":"5591_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0277368","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277368","volume":"17","author":"MA Aljaberi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aljaberi MA, Alareqe NA, Alsalahi A, Qasem MA, Noman S, Uzir MUH, et al. A cross-sectional study on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological outcomes: multiple indicators and multiple causes modeling. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:e0277368.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5591_CR17","unstructured":"Lazarus R, Folkman S, Stress. Appraisal and Coping. Springer publishing company; 1984. pp. 1\u2013460."},{"key":"5591_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6970","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19126970","volume":"19","author":"JMG Villalpando","year":"2022","unstructured":"Villalpando JMG, Forcelledo HA, Castillo JLB, Sastr\u00e9 AJ, Rojop IEJ, Hern\u00e1ndez VO, et al. COVID-19, Long COVID Syndrome, and Mental Health Sequelae in a Mexican Population. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:6970.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5591_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03874-7","volume":"22","author":"K Matsumoto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matsumoto K, Hamatani S, Shimizu E, K\u00e4ll A, Andersson G. Impact of post-COVID conditions on mental health: a cross-sectional study in Japan and Sweden. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22:237.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"5591_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00493-2","volume":"401","author":"COVID Long","year":"2023","unstructured":"The Lancet, Long COVID. 3 years in. Lancet. 2023;401:795.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5591_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27309","volume":"94","author":"P Malik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malik P, Patel K, Pinto C, Jaiswal R, Tirupathi R, Pillai S, et al. Post-acute COVID\u201019 syndrome (PCS) and health\u2010related quality of life (HRQoL)\u2014A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis. J Med Virol. 2022;94:253\u201362.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"5591_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m4938","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4938","volume":"371","author":"M Sivan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sivan M, Taylor S. NICE guideline on long covid. BMJ. 2020;371:m4938.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"5591_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac136","volume":"226","author":"C Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen C, Haupert SR, Zimmermann L, Shi X, Fritsche LG, Mukherjee B. Global prevalence of Post-coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Condition or Long COVID: a Meta-analysis and systematic review. J Infect Dis. 2022;226:1593\u2013607.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5591_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12603","volume":"324","author":"A Carf\u00ec","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carf\u00ec A, Bernabei R, Landi F, Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group. Persistent symptoms in patients after Acute COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;324:603.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"5591_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2021.102454","volume":"83","author":"P Millroth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Millroth P, Frey R. Fear and anxiety in the face of COVID-19: negative dispositions towards risk and uncertainty as vulnerability factors. J Anxiety Disord. 2021;83:102454.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"5591_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2022.102531","volume":"86","author":"MV Del-Valle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Del-Valle MV, L\u00f3pez-Morales H, Andr\u00e9s ML, Yerro-Avincetto M, Gelpi Trudo R, Urquijo S, et al. Intolerance of COVID-19-related uncertainty and depressive and anxiety symptoms during the pandemic: a longitudinal study in Argentina. J Anxiety Disord. 2022;86:102531.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"5591_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.02.014","volume":"158","author":"BD Nelson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nelson BD, Shankman SA, Proudfit GH. Intolerance of uncertainty mediates reduced reward anticipation in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2014;158:108\u201313.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"5591_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.01.049","volume":"284","author":"Q Han","year":"2021","unstructured":"Han Q, Zheng B, Agostini M, B\u00e9langer JJ, G\u00fctzkow B, Kreienkamp J, et al. Associations of risk perception of COVID-19 with emotion and mental health during the pandemic. J Affect Disord. 2021;284:247\u201355.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"5591_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-5926","volume":"174","author":"M Nehme","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nehme M, Braillard O, Alcoba G, Aebischer Perone S, Courvoisier D, Chappuis F, et al. COVID-19 symptoms: longitudinal evolution and persistence in outpatient settings. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174:723\u20135.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"5591_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720003414","volume":"52","author":"AW Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim AW, Nyengerai T, Mendenhall E. Evaluating the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic: perceived risk of COVID-19 infection and childhood trauma predict adult depressive symptoms in urban South Africa. Psychol Med. 2022;52:1587\u201399.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"5591_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(94)90048-5","volume":"17","author":"MH Freeston","year":"1994","unstructured":"Freeston MH, Rh\u00e9aume J, Letarte H, Dugas MJ, Ladouceur R. Why do people worry? Personal Individ Differ. 1994;17:791\u2013802.","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"key":"5591_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005553414688","volume":"25","author":"MJ Dugas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dugas MJ, Gosselin P, Ladouceur R. Intolerance of uncertainty and worry: investigating specificity in a nonclinical sample. Cogn Ther Res. 2001;25:551\u20138.","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"key":"5591_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001491","volume":"210","author":"VA Nikopoulou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nikopoulou VA, Gliatas I, Blekas A, Parlapani E, Holeva V, Tsipropoulou V, et al. Uncertainty, stress, and Resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic in Greece. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2022;210:249\u201356.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"5591_CR34","unstructured":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 Clinical and Surveillance Data-Dec 9, 2022, to Jan 23, 2023, China. 2023. https:\/\/en.chinacdc.cn\/news\/latest\/202301\/t20230126_263523.html. Accessed 28 Feb 2023."},{"key":"5591_CR35","first-page":"5728","volume":"17","author":"X Cui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cui X, Hao Y, Tang S. Risk perception and depression in Public Health crises: evidence from the COVID-19 Crisis in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;17:5728.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5591_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","volume":"16","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:606\u201313.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"5591_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2014.05.021","volume":"36","author":"W Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang W, Bian Q, Zhao Y, Li X, Wang W, Du J, et al. Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in the general population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36:539\u201344.","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"5591_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, L\u00f6we B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1092.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"5591_CR39","first-page":"200","volume":"22","author":"X He","year":"2010","unstructured":"He X, Li C, Qian J, Cui HS, Wu W. Reliability and validity of a generalized anxiety scale in general hospital outpatients. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. 2010;22:200\u20133.","journal-title":"Shanghai Arch Psychiatry"},{"key":"5591_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00270-8","volume":"20","author":"DK Ahorsu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahorsu DK, Lin C-Y, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2022;20:1537\u201345.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"key":"5591_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00441-7","volume":"20","author":"X Chi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chi X, Chen S, Chen Y, Chen D, Yu Q, Guo T, et al. Psychometric evaluation of the fear of COVID-19 Scale among Chinese Population. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2022;20:1273\u201388.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"key":"5591_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.03.014","volume":"21","author":"RN Carleton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carleton RN, Norton MAPJ, Asmundson GJG. Fearing the unknown: a short version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale. J Anxiety Disord. 2007;21:105\u201317.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"5591_CR43","first-page":"285","volume":"25","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Song J, Gao Y, Wu S, Song L, Miao D. Reliability and validity of the intolerance of uncertainty scale-short form in university students. Chin J Clin Psychol. 2017;25:285\u20138.","journal-title":"Chin J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"5591_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.12.1.1","volume":"12","author":"JR Edwards","year":"2007","unstructured":"Edwards JR, Lambert LS. Methods for integrating moderation and mediation: a general analytical framework using moderated path analysis. Psychol Methods. 2007;12:1\u201322.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"5591_CR45","unstructured":"Hayes AF. PROCESS: A Versatile Computational Tool for Observed Variable Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Modeling [White paper]. 2012. http:\/\/www.afhayes.com\/public\/process2012.pdf. Accessed 21 Mar 2023."},{"key":"5591_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e213223","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.3223","volume":"4","author":"RH Perlis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perlis RH, Ognyanova K, Santillana M, Baum MA, Lazer D, Druckman J, et al. Association of Acute symptoms of COVID-19 and symptoms of depression in adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e213223.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"5591_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim J-W, Kang H-J, Jhon M, Ryu S, Lee J-Y, Kang S-J et al. Associations between COVID-19 symptoms and psychological distress. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.721532"},{"key":"5591_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5728","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165728","volume":"17","author":"Y Ding","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ding Y, Xu J, Huang S, Li P, Lu C, Xie S. Risk perception and depression in Public Health crises: evidence from the COVID-19 Crisis in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:5728.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5591_CR49","first-page":"473","volume":"13","author":"J Blanu\u0161a","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blanu\u0161a J, Barzut V, Kne\u017eevi\u0107 J. Direct and indirect effect of intolerance of uncertainty on distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Primenj Psihol. 2021;13:473\u201387.","journal-title":"Primenj Psihol"},{"key":"5591_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172100324X","volume":"53","author":"M Daly","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daly M, Robinson E. Acute and longer-term psychological distress associated with testing positive for COVID-19: longitudinal evidence from a population-based study of US adults. Psychol Med. 2023;53:1603\u201310.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"5591_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.07.018","volume":"97","author":"TM Schou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schou TM, Joca S, Wegener G, Bay-Richter C. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19\u2013 a systematic review. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;97:328\u201348.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"5591_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e074224","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-074224","volume":"380","author":"Y Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun Y, Wu Y, Fan S, Dal Santo T, Li L, Jiang X, et al. Comparison of mental health symptoms before and during the covid-19 pandemic: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis of 134 cohorts. BMJ. 2023;380:e074224.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"5591_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004364","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.04364-2020","volume":"57","author":"SB Naidu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Naidu SB, Shah AJ, Saigal A, Smith C, Brill SE, Goldring J, et al. The high mental health burden of long COVID and its association with on-going physical and respiratory symptoms in all adults discharged from hospital. Eur Respir J. 2021;57:2004364.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"5591_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04497-8","volume":"23","author":"M Samper-Pardo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Samper-Pardo M, Oliv\u00e1n-Bl\u00e1zquez B, Magall\u00f3n-Botaya R, M\u00e9ndez-L\u00f3pez F, Bartolom\u00e9-Moreno C, Le\u00f3n-Herrera S. The emotional well-being of long COVID patients in relation to their symptoms, social support and stigmatization in social and health services: a qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23:68.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"5591_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5006","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18095006","volume":"18","author":"J Burrai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burrai J, Barchielli B, Cricenti C, Borrelli A, D\u2019Amato S, Santoro M, et al. Older adolescents who did or did not experience COVID-19 symptoms: associations with Mental Health, risk perception and social connection. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:5006.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5591_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa758","volume":"72","author":"KMC Malecki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Malecki KMC, Keating JA, Safdar N. Crisis Communication and Public Perception of COVID-19 risk in the era of Social Media. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72:697\u2013702.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"5591_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12222","volume":"12","author":"Z Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang Z, Xin Z. Heterogeneous risk perception amid the outbreak of COVID-19 in China: implications for economic confidence. Appl Psychol Health Well-Being. 2020;12:1000\u201318.","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Health Well-Being"},{"key":"5591_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao J, Ye B, Ma T. Positive information of COVID-19 and anxiety: a moderated mediation model of risk perception and intolerance of uncertainty. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.715929"},{"key":"5591_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu M, Zhang H, Huang H. Media exposure to COVID-19 information, risk perception, social and geographical proximity, and self-rated anxiety in China. BMC Public Health. 2020;20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09761-8"},{"key":"5591_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleepe.2022.100030","volume":"2","author":"FZE Abiddine","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abiddine FZE, Aljaberi MA, Gadelrab HF, Lin C-Y, Muhammed A. Mediated effects of insomnia in the association between problematic social media use and subjective well-being among university students during COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Epidemiol. 2022;2:100030.","journal-title":"Sleep Epidemiol"},{"key":"5591_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04734-8","volume":"23","author":"JL Andrews","year":"2023","unstructured":"Andrews JL, Li M, Minihan S, Songco A, Fox E, Ladouceur CD, et al. The effect of intolerance of uncertainty on anxiety and depression, and their symptom networks, during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23:261.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"5591_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2018.07.007","volume":"26","author":"EA Hebert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hebert EA, Dugas MJ. Behavioral experiments for intolerance of uncertainty: challenging the unknown in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Cogn Behav Pract. 2019;26:421\u201336.","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Pract"},{"key":"5591_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2021.1922636","volume":"30","author":"A Alsolais","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alsolais A, Alquwez N, Alotaibi KA, Alqarni AS, Almalki M, Alsolami F, et al. Risk perceptions, fear, depression, anxiety, stress and coping among Saudi nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Ment Health. 2021;30:194\u2013201.","journal-title":"J Ment Health"},{"key":"5591_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638831","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.638831","volume":"12","author":"MFY Han","year":"2021","unstructured":"Han MFY, Mahendran R, Yu J. Associations between fear of COVID-19, affective symptoms and risk perception among Community-Dwelling older adults during a COVID-19 lockdown. Front Psychol. 2021;12:638831.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"5591_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010029","volume":"11","author":"A Khanal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khanal A, GC S, Panthee S, Paudel A, Ghimire R, Neupane G, et al. Fear, risk perception, and Engagement in Preventive behaviors for COVID-19 during Nationwide Lockdown in Nepal. Vaccines. 2022;11:29.","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"5591_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2022.111135","volume":"165","author":"C Lemogne","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lemogne C, Gouraud C, Pitron V, Ranque B. Why the hypothesis of psychological mechanisms in long COVID is worth considering. J Psychosom Res. 2023;165:111135.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"5591_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.5964\/ejop.10097","volume":"18","author":"D Scharfenberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scharfenberg D, Schild A-K, Warnke C, Maier F. A Network Perspective on Neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms of the Post-COVID Syndrome. Eur J Psychol. 2022;18:350\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-024-05591-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12888-024-05591-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-024-05591-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T17:05:00Z","timestamp":1708103100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12888-024-05591-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-024-05591-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations and adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975, as revised in 2008. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (approval number: YJ-2023-16-01). All participants were presented with study-related information and asked about their consent preferences. Informed consent was obtained from all included participants in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"136"}}