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Duloxetine, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we investigated the impact of duloxetine on changes in serum proinflammatory cytokine levels among individuals diagnosed with MDD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cohort of 23 drug-na\u00efve individuals diagnosed with MDD and 23 healthy controls were included in this study. The severity of depressive symptoms was evaluated using the 24-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24). A panel of 7 proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), and interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3), were quantified using multiplex Luminex assays. The levels of serum cytokines in healthy controls and patients with MDD were compared at baseline. All patients received duloxetine at a dosage range of 40\u201360\u00a0mg\/day for a duration of 4 weeks. The HAMD-24 scores and serum cytokine levels were compared before and after duloxetine treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared with healthy controls, patients with MDD had significantly greater levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-\u03b1, and IFN-\u03b3 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Moreover, there was a significant decrease in HAMD-24 scores observed pre- and post-treatment (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200913.161,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Furthermore, after 4 weeks of treatment, the serum levels of IL-8 (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093.605,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002), IL-12 (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092.559,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.018), and IFN-\u03b3 (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093.567,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) decreased significantly. However, there were no significant differences in other cytokines, including IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1, before and after treatment (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings present compelling evidence, potentially for the first time, indicating that duloxetine treatment may effectively reduce the serum concentrations of IL-8, IL-12, and IFN-\u03b3 in individuals diagnosed with MDD. However, the precise mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear and warrant further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05910-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T10:02:16Z","timestamp":1718359336000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Effect of duloxetine on changes in serum proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with major depressive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Wenfan","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yejun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yayun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinfang","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingrong","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"5910_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ITC65","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC202105180","volume":"174","author":"R McCarron","year":"2021","unstructured":"McCarron R, Shapiro B, Rawles J, Luo J. 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