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However, the effects of chronic cannabis use (CCU) in adolescents on their immune cells have been scarcely investigated to date, although CCU is increasingly observed in this age group. <\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study, we analyzed DNA methylation and gene expression of immune cell markers in whole-blood samples of adolescent CCU-outpatients and non-cannabis-using (NCU) controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200914 vs. <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915, mean age\u2009=\u200916.1\u2009\u00b1\u20091.3 years). Site-specific DNA methylation values were used to calculate A) proportion estimates of circulating white blood cell (WBC) types and B) mean DNA methylation values of common immune cell markers (<jats:italic>CD4, CD8A, CD19, FCGR3A, CD14, FUT4, MPO<\/jats:italic>), whose gene expression levels were additionally determined.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>CCU adolescents had a lower estimated proportion of B cells compared to NCU subjects. An originally observed higher proportion of granulocytes in CCU subjects, however, was attenuated when controlling for past-year tobacco use. The observed differences in mean DNA methylation and gene expression of immune cell markers were not statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results of our explorative study indicate that CCU in adolescents is associated with altered levels of circulating WBCs. Further studies with larger cohorts are warranted to confirm our findings and to provide insights regarding their functional consequences.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-06043-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T09:01:59Z","timestamp":1728637319000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["DNA methylation and gene expression of immune cell markers in adolescents with chronic cannabis use: an exploratory study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Anne-Christine","family":"Plank","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melina","family":"Wiedmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00f6ren","family":"Kuitunen-Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan-Felipe","family":"Perez-Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Franzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charalampos","family":"Ioannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Mirtschink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veit","family":"Roessner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yulia","family":"Golub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"6043_CR1","unstructured":"UNODC: World Drug Report 2022. 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All participants and their legal guardians were informed about the projects. Written informed consent was obtained from all legal guardians.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare the following financial interests\/personal relationships which may be considered as potential conflicts of interest: VR has received payment for consulting and writing activities from Lilly, Novartis, and Shire Pharmaceuticals, lecture honoraria from Lilly, Novartis, Shire Pharmaceuticals\/Takeda, and Medice Pharma, and support for research from Shire Pharmaceuticals\/Takeda and Novartis. VR has carried out or is currently carrying out clinical trials in cooperation with the Novartis, Shire Pharmaceuticals\/Takeda, Servier and Otsuka companies. All cooperations were outside of the scope of the submitted work. WW is cofounder of Cygenia GmbH (www.cygenia.com), which provides service for epigenetic analysis to other scientists and was involved in this study. JF contributes to this company, too. ACP, MW, SKP, JP, PM and YG declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"676"}}