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Then, profiles were compared across socio-demographic and clinical characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among 109 eligible patients, three FED profiles were identified: (i) FED simplex (low eating symptoms, absence of dysfunctional personality); (ii) FED simplex-severe (high eating symptoms only); and (iii) FED complex-severe (high eating symptoms and dysfunctional personality). Despite an uneven distribution (\u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>(6)\u2009=\u200915.20, adjusted-<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.029), FED profiles did not unequivocally confirm clinical diagnoses (e.g., Anorexia Nervosa). A difference in Body Mass Index (BMI) was observed (K(2)\u2009=\u200915.06, adjusted-<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001), but lower BMI did not identify the most severe group. Profiles differed in EDI-3 overall scores (e.g., Eating Disorder Risk Composite: K(2)\u2009=\u200943.08, adjusted-<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), Body Uneasiness Test Global Severity Index (GSI: K(2)\u2009=\u200929.33, adjusted-<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), Binge Eating Scale severity (K(2)\u2009=\u200925.49, adjusted-<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), number of psychiatric (K(2)\u2009=\u20098.79, adjusted-<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.021) and personality diagnoses (K(2)\u2009=\u200911.86, adjusted-<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005), and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised GSI (F(2,103)\u2009=\u200937.68, adjusted-<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with FED complex-severe patients being generally the most severely impaired in terms of FED symptoms, body concerns, depersonalization, and psychiatric comorbidities.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Findings support the hypothesis of distinguishing FED simplex and complex phenotypes, based on the co-occurrence of dysfunctional personality, with implications for FED severity and clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-06345-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T11:27:35Z","timestamp":1733311655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Clinical heterogeneity of feeding and eating disorders: using personality psychopathology to differentiate \u201csimplex\u201d and \u201ccomplex\u201d phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Colizzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Comacchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Garzitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lavinia","family":"Bucciarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Candolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maddalena","family":"Cesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Croccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Ferreghini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosita","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Nicotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Sebastianutto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Balestrieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"6345_CR1","unstructured":"APA. 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Participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Marco Colizzi has been a consultant\/advisor to GW Pharma Limited, GW Pharma Italy SRL, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Limited, outside of this work. The other authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"888"}}