{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:45:05Z","timestamp":1776440705855,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32271135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32271135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In July 2021, the \u201cDouble Reduction\u201d policy was introduced in China, aiming to alleviate the burden of excessive homework and off-campus tutoring for students in the compulsory education stage. The purpose of this study is to explore the changes in students\u2019 insomnia symptoms and related factors after the policy implementation. Meanwhile, sex differences were further examined.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The baseline survey (T1) began in April 2021 (pre-policy), with a follow-up (T2) conducted in December 2021 (post-policy). A total of 28,398 students completed both T1 and T2 surveys and were included in this study. Insomnia symptoms were measured at both T1 and T2 using three questions from the Youth Self-Report Insomnia Scale. Demographics and anxiety and depressive symptoms were collected at T1, and policy-related indicators were assessed at T2.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The prevalence of insomnia symptoms showed a slight decrease after the \u201cDouble Reduction\u201d policy (9.9% vs. 9.2%). After controlling for demographics and anxiety and depressive symptoms, reduced homework (OR: 0.75 [0.65\u20130.86]), more family time (OR: 0.50 [0.44\u20130.57]), and reduced academic pressure (OR: 0.77 [0.71\u20130.83]) post-policy were related to a lower risk of new-onset insomnia symptoms. Additionally, more family time (OR: 0.59 [0.49\u20130.72]) and reduced academic pressure (OR:0.70 [0.56\u20130.86]) were factors against persistent insomnia symptoms. There were no significant sex differences in the associations between policy-related indicators and insomnia symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The \u201cDouble Reduction\u201d policy has somewhat improved the students\u2019 insomnia symptoms. Extending family time, and alleviating homework and academic burden are considered measures for maintaining sleep health in students.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-06414-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T15:01:02Z","timestamp":1734966062000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Changes in insomnia symptoms among compulsory education students in China after the \u201cDouble Reduction\u201d policy: a two-wave longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoxian","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meijiao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huolian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junxu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongfang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"6414_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000477","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2014.1000477","volume":"2","author":"X Zhao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhao X, Selman RL, Haste H. Academic stress in Chinese schools and a proposed preventive intervention program. Cogent Educ. 2015;2:1000477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2331186X.2014.1000477.","journal-title":"Cogent Educ"},{"key":"6414_CR2","unstructured":"General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, General Office of the State Council. Views on further reducing the burden of homework and off\u2013campus training for students at the compulsory education stage. 2021. https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/2021-07\/24\/content_5627132.htm"},{"key":"6414_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-022-00530-6","volume":"16","author":"D Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang D, Chen XY, Ma Z, Liu X, Fan F. Has the double reduction policy relieved stress? A follow-up study on Chinese adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2022;16:91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13034-022-00530-6.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"key":"6414_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898675","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.898675","volume":"13","author":"S Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu S, Wang G. Exploration of sports participation and curriculum resource utilization in primary schools before and after the double reduction. Front Psychol. 2022;13:898675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.898675.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"6414_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16873-4","volume":"23","author":"S Tan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tan S, Lou H, Liu X, Chen J. Could parental awareness of DBR influence youth off-campus sports? Test of a conditional process model. BMC Public Health. 2023;23:2063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-16873-4.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"6414_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.15683","volume":"318","author":"DJ Buysse","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buysse DJ, Rush AJ, Reynolds CF III. Clinical management of insomnia disorder. JAMA. 2017;318:1973\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2017.15683.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6414_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.04.043","volume":"309","author":"S Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu S, Zou S, Zhang D, Wang X, Wu X. Problematic internet use and academic engagement during the COVID-19 lockdown: the indirect effects of depression, anxiety, and insomnia in early, middle, and late adolescence. J Affect Disord. 2022;309:9\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2022.04.043.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"6414_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2007.09.016","volume":"42","author":"RE Roberts","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roberts RE, Roberts CR, Duong HT. Chronic insomnia and its negative consequences for health and functioning of adolescents: a 12-month prospective study. J Adolesc Health. 2008;42:294\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2007.09.016.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"6414_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00046.2019","volume":"101","author":"EJW Van Someren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Someren EJW. Brain mechanisms of insomnia: new perspectives on causes and consequences. Physiol Rev. 2021;101:995\u20131046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00046.2019.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"6414_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1160","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.11r07586","volume":"73","author":"WR Pigeon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pigeon WR, Pinquart M, Conner K. Meta-analysis of sleep disturbance and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73:e1160\u20131167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.11r07586.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"6414_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.6022","volume":"39","author":"J Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang J, Chan NY, Lam SP, Li S, Liu Y, Chan JW, Kong AP, Ma RC, Chan KC, Li AM, Wing YK. Emergence of sex differences in insomnia symptoms in adolescents: a large-scale school-based study. Sleep. 2016;39:1563\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5665\/sleep.6022.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"6414_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2020.100218","volume":"21","author":"X Chi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chi X, Liang K, Chen ST, Huang Q, Huang L, Yu Q, Jiao C, Guo T, Stubbs B, Hossain MM, Yeung A, Kong Z, Zou L. Mental health problems among Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19: the importance of nutrition and physical activity. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2021;21:100218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijchp.2020.100218.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Health Psychol"},{"key":"6414_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.114153","volume":"304","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Wang D, Zhao J, Chen XY, Chen H, Ma Z, Yu Q, Wang T, Chen Z, Jiang J, Zhu Z, Huang S, Fan F, Liu X. Insomnia and other sleep-related problems during the remission period of the COVID-19 pandemic: a large-scale survey among college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2021;304:114153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.114153.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"6414_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001538","volume":"59","author":"J Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu J, Wang H, Liu S, Hale ME, Weng X, Ahemaitijiang N, Hu Y, Suveg C, Han ZR. Relations among family, peer, and academic stress and adjustment in Chinese adolescents: a daily diary analysis. Dev Psychol. 2023;59:1346\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/dev0001538.","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"6414_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.25236\/IJNDE.2023.050507","volume":"5","author":"L Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han L. The relationship between double reduction policy and secondary school students\u2019 learning anxiety-the mediating role of academic burden. Int J New Dev Educ. 2023;5:33\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25236\/IJNDE.2023.050507.","journal-title":"Int J New Dev Educ"},{"key":"6414_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20334","volume":"25","author":"CA Essau","year":"2008","unstructured":"Essau CA, Leung PWL, Conradt J, Cheng H, Wong T. Anxiety symptoms in Chinese and German adolescents: their relationship with early learning experiences, perfectionism, and learning motivation. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25:801\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.20334.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"6414_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2020.04.011","volume":"6","author":"SC Yeo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yeo SC, Tan J, Lo JC, Chee MWL, Gooley JJ. Associations of time spent on homework or studying with nocturnal sleep behavior and depression symptoms in adolescents from Singapore. Sleep Health. 2020;6:758\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleh.2020.04.011.","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"6414_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1080\/00220973.2012.745469","volume":"81","author":"M Galloway","year":"2013","unstructured":"Galloway M, Conner J, Pope D. Nonacademic effects of homework in privileged, high-performing high schools. J Exp Educ. 2013;81:490\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00220973.2012.745469.","journal-title":"J Exp Educ"},{"key":"6414_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2010.05.003","volume":"20","author":"L Stankov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stankov L. Unforgiving confucian culture: a breeding ground for high academic achievement, test anxiety and self-doubt? Learn Individ Differ. 2010;20:555\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lindif.2010.05.003.","journal-title":"Learn Individ Differ"},{"key":"6414_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12710","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12710","volume":"27","author":"DA Kalmbach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kalmbach DA, Anderson JR, Drake CL. The impact of stress on sleep: pathogenic sleep reactivity as a vulnerability to insomnia and circadian disorders. J Sleep Res. 2018;27:e12710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.12710.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"6414_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2011.02.002","volume":"16","author":"JG Ellis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ellis JG, Gehrman P, Espie CA, Riemann D, Perlis ML. Acute insomnia: current conceptualizations and future directions. Sleep Med Rev. 2012;16:5\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2011.02.002.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"6414_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3838","volume":"37","author":"V Pillai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pillai V, Roth T, Mullins HM, Drake CL. Moderators and mediators of the relationship between stress and insomnia: stressor chronicity, cognitive intrusion, and coping. Sleep. 2014;37:1199\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5665\/sleep.3838. A.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"6414_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101565","volume":"61","author":"M Gardani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gardani M, Bradford DRR, Russell K, Allan S, Beattie L, Ellis JG, Akram U. A systematic review and meta-analysis of poor sleep, insomnia symptoms and stress in undergraduate students. Sleep Med Rev. 2022;61:101565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101565.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"6414_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.08.101","volume":"269","author":"AO Werneck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Werneck AO, Vancampfort D, Oyeyemi AL, Stubbs B, Silva DR. Associations between TV viewing, sitting time, physical activity and insomnia among 100,839 Brazilian adolescents. Psychiatry Res. 2018;269:700\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.08.101.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"6414_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsac207","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac207","volume":"45","author":"CM Morin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morin CM. Why do some people develop insomnia in response to stressful life events and others do not? Sleep. 2022;45:zsac207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsac207.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"6414_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2024.101926","volume":"75","author":"R Lok","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lok R, Qian J, Chellappa SL. Sex differences in sleep, circadian rhythms, and metabolism: implications for precision medicine. Sleep Med Rev. 2024;75:101926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2024.101926.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"6414_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.02.017","volume":"36","author":"LR Stroud","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stroud LR, Papandonatos GD, Williamson DE, Dahl RE. Sex differences in cortisol response to corticotropin releasing hormone challenge over puberty. Pittsburgh Pediatr Neurobehavioral Stud Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011;36:1226\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.02.017.","journal-title":"Pittsburgh Pediatr Neurobehavioral Stud Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"6414_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.04.007","volume":"82","author":"JJW Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu JJW, Ein N, Peck K, Huang V, Pruessner JC, Vickers K. Sex differences in salivary cortisol reactivity to the Trier Social stress test (TSST): a meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017;82:26\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.04.007.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"6414_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2024.101948","volume":"76","author":"A Riedel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Riedel A, Benz F, Deibert P, Barsch F, Frase L, Johann AF, Riemann D, Feige B. The effect of physical exercise interventions on insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2024;76:101948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2024.101948.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"6414_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s41105-019-00222-3","volume":"17","author":"X Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu X, Yang Y, Liu Z, Luo Y, Fan F, Jia C. Psychometric properties of Youth Self-Rating Insomnia Scale (YSIS) in Chinese adolescents. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2019;17:339\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41105-019-00222-3.","journal-title":"Sleep Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"6414_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.02.024","volume":"104","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Fan Y, Ma Z, Wang D, Fan F. Associations of social jetlag and insomnia symptoms with depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents: a large population-based study. Sleep Med. 2023;104:98\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.02.024.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"6414_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsx107","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsx107","volume":"40","author":"X Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu X, Chen H, Liu Z, Fan F, Jia C. Early menarche and menstrual problems are associated with sleep disturbance in a large sample of Chinese adolescent girls. Sleep. 2017;40:zsx107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sleep\/zsx107.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"6414_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1464","volume":"121","author":"X Liu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Liu X, Zhao Z, Jia C, Buysse DJ. Sleep patterns and problems among Chinese adolescents. Pediatrics. 2008;121:1165\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2007-1464.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"6414_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(09)70864-3","volume":"50","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, L\u00f6we B. An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ\u20134. Psychosomatics. 2009;50:613\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0033-3182(09)70864-3.","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"6414_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138755","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1138755","volume":"14","author":"TCT Fong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fong TCT, Ho RTH, Yip PSF. Psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 among Hong Kong young adults in 2021: associations with meaning in life and suicidal ideation. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1138755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1138755.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"6414_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2023.111352","volume":"170","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Pan Y, Ma Z, Wang D, Zou R, Fan F. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines with mental health problems among Chinese adolescents. J Psychosom Res. 2023;170:111352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2023.111352.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"6414_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.2095-4301.2023.03.008","volume":"11","author":"L Yan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yan L, Li X. Changes in activities of primary school students under double reduction policy and its effects on anxiety. J Bio-educ. 2023;11:212\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.2095-4301.2023.03.008.","journal-title":"J Bio-educ"},{"key":"6414_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.14121\/j.cnki.1008-3855.2023.20.004","volume":"43","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang X, Zhang S, Wang M, Xu Z, Zhou M. Demand and turn of family education under the double reduction policy: based on a survey of 3563 families in Shanghai. Res Educ Dev. 2023;43:67\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14121\/j.cnki.1008-3855.2023.20.004.","journal-title":"Res Educ Dev"},{"key":"6414_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2021.02.015","volume":"231","author":"M Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun M, Wang D, Jing L, Zhou L. Changes in psychotic-like experiences and related influential factors in technical secondary school and college students during COVID-19. Schizophr Res. 2021;231:3\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2021.02.015.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"6414_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2022.06.009","volume":"8","author":"A Hofman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hofman A, Voortman T, Ikram MA, Luik AI. Time spent in physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep: associations with self-rated sleep quality in middle-aged and older adults. Sleep Health. 2022;8:701\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleh.2022.06.009.","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"6414_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-00965-x","volume":"5","author":"D Kocevska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kocevska D, Lysen TS, Dotinga A, Koopman-Verhoeff ME, Luijk MPCM, Antypa N, Biermasz NR, Blokstra A, Brug J, Burk WJ, Comijs HC, Corpeleijn E, Dashti HS, de Bruin EJ, de Graaf R, Derks IPM, Dewald-Kaufmann JF, Elders PJM, Gemke RJBJ, Grievink L, Hale L, Hartman CA, Heijnen CJ, Huisman M, Huss A, Ikram MA, Jones SE, Velderman MK, Koning M, Meijer AM, Meijer K, Noordam R, Oldehinkel AJ, Groeniger JO, Penninx BWJH, Picavet HSJ, Pieters S, Reijneveld SA, Reitz E, Renders CM, Rodenburg G, Rutters F, Smith MC, Singh AS, Snijder MB, Stronks K, Ten Have M, Twisk JWR, Van de Mheen D, van der Ende J, van der Heijden KB, van der Velden PG, van Lenthe FJ, van Litsenburg RRL, van Oostrom SH, van Schalkwijk FJ, Sheehan CM, Verheij RA, Verhulst FC, Vermeulen MCM, Vermeulen RCH, Verschuren WMM, Vrijkotte TGM, Wijga AH, Willemen AM, Ter Wolbeek M, Wood AR, Xerxa Y, Bramer WM, Franco OH, Luik AI, Van Someren EJW, Tiemeier H. Sleep characteristics across the lifespan in 1.1 million people from the Netherlands, United Kingdom and United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nat Hum Behav. 2021;5:113\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-020-00965-x.","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"6414_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.033","volume":"294","author":"SJ Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen SJ, Zhang JH, Li SX, Tsang CC, Chan KCC, Au CT, Li AM, Kong APS, Wing YK, Chan NY. The trajectories and associations of eveningness and insomnia with daytime sleepiness, depression and suicidal ideation in adolescents: a 3-year longitudinal study. J Affect Disord. 2021;294:533\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.07.033.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"6414_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13817","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13817","volume":"32","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Y, Wang R, Gong R, Yu Y, Xu C, Yu X, Chang R, Wang S, Hu F, Xiang M, Cai Y. The trajectories and associations of insomnia symptoms with addictive behaviours in adolescents: a two-year longitudinal study. J Sleep Res. 2023;32:e13817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.13817.","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"6414_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2022.110795","volume":"157","author":"D Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang D, Zhao J, Zhai S, Huang S, Yang Z, Pan Y, Liu X, Fan F. Longitudinal trajectories of insomnia symptoms among college students during the COVID-19 lockdown in China. J Psychosom Res. 2022;157:110795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2022.110795.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"6414_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fernandez-Mendoza J, Lenker KP, Calhoun SL, Qureshi M, Ricci A, Bourchtein E, He F, Vgontzas AN, Liao J, Liao D, Bixler EO. Trajectories of insomnia symptoms from childhood through young adulthood. Pediatrics. 2022;149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2021-053616.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-053616"},{"key":"6414_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3728","volume":"99","author":"J Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang J, Lam SP, Li SX, Ma RC, Kong AP, Chan MH, Ho CS, Li AM, Wing YK. A community-based study on the association between insomnia and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: sex and pubertal influences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:2277\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2013-3728.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"6414_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2022.04.005","volume":"8","author":"J Tulk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tulk J, Garland SN, Howden K, Glidden C, Scott I, Chalifour K, Eaton G, Mahar A, Oberoi S. Prevalence and factors associated with insomnia symptoms in adolescents and young adults with cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Health. 2022;8:410\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleh.2022.04.005.","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"6414_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin CY, Cheung P, Imani V, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The mediating effects of eating disorder, food addiction, and insomnia in the association between psychological distress and being overweight among Iranian adolescents. Nutrients. 2020;12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12051371.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051371"},{"key":"6414_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4088\/pcc.v09n0102","volume":"9","author":"WR Yates","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yates WR, Mitchell J, John Rush A, Trivedi M, Wisniewski SR, Warden D, Bryan C, Fava M, Husain MM, Gaynes BN. Clinical features of depression in outpatients with and without co-occurring general medical conditions in STAR*D: confirmatory analysis. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;9:7\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/pcc.v09n0102.","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"6414_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.09.003","volume":"14","author":"L Staner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Staner L. Comorbidity of insomnia and depression. Sleep Med Rev. 2010;14:35\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.09.003.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"6414_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11297-4","volume":"21","author":"H W\u00e4sche","year":"2021","unstructured":"W\u00e4sche H, Niermann C, Bezold J, Woll A. Family health climate: a qualitative exploration of everyday family life and health. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11297-4.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"6414_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00848","volume":"13","author":"YP Hsieh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hsieh YP, Lu WH, Yen CF. Psychosocial determinants of insomnia in adolescents: roles of mental health, behavioral health, and social environment. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:848. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.00848.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"6414_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-023-01864-w","volume":"52","author":"MJ Zimmer-Gembeck","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zimmer-Gembeck MJ, Skinner EA, Scott RA, Ryan KM, Hawes T, Gardner AA, Duffy AL. Parental support and adolescents\u2019 coping with academic stressors: a longitudinal study of parents\u2019 influence beyond academic pressure and achievement. J Youth Adolesc. 2023;52:2464\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-023-01864-w.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"6414_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12387-z","volume":"22","author":"M Scully","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scully M, Gascoyne C, Wakefield M, Morley B. Prevalence and trends in Australian adolescents\u2019 adherence to 24-hour movement guidelines: findings from a repeated national cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-12387-z.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"6414_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.10.026","volume":"34","author":"DH Hellhammer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hellhammer DH, W\u00fcst S, Kudielka BM. Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34:163\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.10.026.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"6414_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.04.002","volume":"14","author":"D Riemann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Riemann D, Spiegelhalder K, Feige B, Voderholzer U, Berger M, Perlis M, Nissen C. The hyperarousal model of insomnia: a review of the concept and its evidence. Sleep Med Rev. 2010;14:19\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.04.002.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-024-06414-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12888-024-06414-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-024-06414-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T15:04:03Z","timestamp":1734966243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12888-024-06414-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-024-06414-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committees of South China Normal University (SCNU-PSY-2021-094). The survey was under the principle of voluntary participation. Informed consent to participate in this study was obtained from participants and their guardians.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"945"}}