{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T21:11:55Z","timestamp":1790111515277,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-06453-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T14:11:51Z","timestamp":1736172711000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Magnitude and correlates of internalised stigma among outpatient psychiatric service users in southeast central Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Teklu","family":"Abraham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teshome","family":"Kabeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yenealem","family":"Gezahegn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"6453_CR1","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Stigma and Social Identity","author":"E Goffman","year":"1963","unstructured":"E Goffman. Stigma and Social Identity. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall; 1963. p. 187."},{"issue":"1","key":"6453_CR2","first-page":"100","volume":"176","author":"B Annie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Annie B, Fox, Earnshaw VA, Taverna EC, Vogt D. Conceptualising and Measuring Mental Illness Stigma: the Mental Illness Stigma Framework and critical review of measures. Physiol Behav. 2019;176(1):100\u20136.","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"9","key":"6453_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201643041","volume":"17","author":"W R\u00f6ssler","year":"2016","unstructured":"R\u00f6ssler W. The stigma of mental disorders: a millennia-long history of social exclusion and prejudices. EMBO Rep 2016\/07\/28. 2016;17(9):1250\u20133.","journal-title":"EMBO Rep 2016\/07\/28"},{"key":"6453_CR4","unstructured":"Chan M. Mental health: central to human development. Ment Heal Dev Target People with Ment Heal Cond as a Vulnerable Gr. 2010;1\u20136."},{"issue":"3","key":"6453_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/17542863.2013.784344","volume":"7","author":"NM Monteiro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Monteiro NM, Balogun SK. Perceptions of mental illness in Ethiopia: a profile of attitudes, beliefs and practices among community members, healthcare workers and traditional healers. Int J Cult Ment Health. 2014;7(3):259\u201372.","journal-title":"Int J Cult Ment Health"},{"key":"6453_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reta Y, Tesfaye M, Girma E, Dehning S, Adorjan K. Public stigma against people with mental illness in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(11).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163103"},{"issue":"1","key":"6453_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1037\/sah0000036","volume":"2","author":"RL Pearl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pearl RL, Forgeard MJC, Rifkin L, Beard C, Bj\u00f6rgvinsson T. Internalised stigma of mental illness: changes and associations with treatment outcomes. Stigma Heal. 2017;2(1):2\u201315.","journal-title":"Stigma Heal"},{"key":"6453_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerlinger G, Hauser M, De Hert M, Lacluyse K, Wampers M, Correll CU. Personal stigma in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review of prevalence rates, correlates, impact and interventions. World Psychiatry [Internet]. 2013;12(2):155\u201364. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23737425","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20040"},{"issue":"1","key":"6453_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5463\/sra.v1i1.9","volume":"1","author":"ML West","year":"2011","unstructured":"West ML, Yanos PT, Smith SM, Roe D, Lysaker PH. Prevalence of Internalised Stigma among persons with severe Mental illness. Stigma Res Action. 2011;1(1):3\u201310.","journal-title":"Stigma Res Action"},{"key":"6453_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonso J, Buron A, Bruffaerts R, He Y, Posada-Villa J, Lepine J-P et al. Association of perceived stigma and mood and anxiety disorders: results from the World Mental Health Surveys. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008\/08\/26. 2008;118(4):305\u201314.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2008.01241.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"6453_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764010363522","volume":"57","author":"AO Adewuya","year":"2011","unstructured":"Adewuya AO, Owoeye AO, Erinfolami AO, Ola BA. Correlates of self-stigma among outpatients with Mental Illness in Lagos, Nigeria. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2011;57(4):418\u201327.","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"6453_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-239","volume":"12","author":"D Assefa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Assefa D, Shibre T, Asher L, Fekadu A. Internalised stigma among patients with schizophrenia in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional facility-based study. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12(1):239.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"6453_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0780-z","volume":"19","author":"ML Wainberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wainberg ML, Scorza P, Shultz JM, Helpman L, Mootz JJ, Johnson KA, et al. Challenges and opportunities in Global Mental Health: a research-to-practice perspective. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017;19(5):28.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"6453_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva AG, Balda\u00e7ara L, Cavalcante DA, Fasanella NA, Palha AP. The Impact of Mental Illness Stigma on Psychiatric Emergencies. Vol. 11, Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2020. p. 573.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00573"},{"issue":"1","key":"6453_CR15","first-page":"16","volume":"1","author":"PW Corrigan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Corrigan PW, Watson AC. Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry. 2002;1(1):16\u201320.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"6453_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.52.12.1621","volume":"52","author":"BG Link","year":"2001","unstructured":"Link BG, Struening EL, Neese-Todd S, Asmussen S, Phelan JC. The consequences of stigma for the self-esteem of people with mental illnesses. Psychiatr Serv. 2001;52(12):1621\u20136.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"6453_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7369542","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7369542","volume":"2020","author":"Y Alemayehu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alemayehu Y, Demilew D, Asfaw G, Asfaw H, Alemnew N, Tadesse A. Internalised Stigma and Associated Factors among patients with major depressive disorder at the Outpatient Department of Amanuel Mental Specialised Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019: a cross-sectional study. Pilc A, editor. Psychiatry J. 2020;2020:7369542.","journal-title":"Psychiatry J"},{"issue":"1","key":"6453_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.36959\/784\/420","volume":"1","author":"AE Ayenalem","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ayenalem AE, Wolde YB, Habitamu E. Internalised stigma and quality of life of people with Mental illness at Dilla University Referral Hospital, South Ethiopia., 2017: a Cross Sectional Study. J Psychiatry Treat Res. 2019;1(1):8\u201315.","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Treat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"6453_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764017743999","volume":"64","author":"MS Ran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ran MS, Zhang TM, Wong IYL, Yang X, Liu CC, Liu B, et al. Internalised stigma in people with severe mental illness in rural China. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2018;64(1):9\u201316.","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"key":"6453_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S121556","volume":"12","author":"M Holubova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holubova M, Prasko J, Matousek S, Latalova K, Marackova M, Vrbova K, et al. Comparison of self-stigma and quality of life in patients with depressive disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders - a cross-sectional study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;12:3021\u201330.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"2","key":"6453_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2013.777988","volume":"9","author":"S Rodrigues","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rodrigues S, Serper M, Novak S, Corrigan P, Hobart M, Ziedonis M, et al. Self-Stigma, Self-Esteem, and Co-occurring disorders. J Dual Diagn. 2013;9(2):129\u201333.","journal-title":"J Dual Diagn"},{"issue":"3","key":"6453_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5812\/ijhrba.61043","volume":"7","author":"L Modi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Modi L, Gedam SR, Shivji IA, Babar V, Patil PS. Comparison of total self-stigma between schizophrenia and alcohol dependence patients. Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2018;7(3):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J High Risk Behav Addict"},{"key":"6453_CR23","unstructured":"Teaching A. and Referral Hospital (ATRH). Anual Hospital Report. Unpublished; 2020."},{"issue":"21","key":"6453_CR24","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"E Girma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Girma E, Tesfaye M, Froeschl G, M\u00f6ller-Leimk\u00fchler AM, Dehning S, M\u00fcller N. Facility based cross-sectional study of self stigma among people with mental illness: towards patient empowerment approach. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2013;7(21):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"6453_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2003.08.008","volume":"121","author":"JB Ritsher","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ritsher JB, Otilingam PG, Grajales M. Internalised stigma of mental illness: psychometric properties of a new measure. Psychiatry Res. 2003;121(1):31\u201349.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"6453_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098767","volume":"9","author":"CC Chang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chang CC, Wu TH, Chen CY, Wang J, Der, Lin CY. Psychometric evaluation of the internalised stigma of mental illness scale for patients with mental illnesses: measurement invariance across time. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(6):1\u20138.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"6453_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-020-00348-9","volume":"14","author":"G Tesfaw","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tesfaw G, Kibru B, Ayano G. Prevalence and factors associated with higher levels of perceived stigma among people with schizophrenia Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2020;14(1):19.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"key":"6453_CR28","unstructured":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed, American Psychiatric Association., 2013. Availabel at: https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/psychiatrists\/practice\/dsm. Date Accessed: 2020 Dec, 16."},{"key":"6453_CR29","volume-title":"Promotion of Mental Health","author":"OS Dalgard","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dalgard OS. Community health profile as a tool for psychiatric prevention. In: Trent DR, Reeds C, Aldershot, editors. Promotion of Mental Health. United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing; 1996."},{"key":"6453_CR30","first-page":"32","volume":"22","author":"T Abiola","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abiola T, Udofia O, Zakari M. Psychometric properties of the 3-Item Oslo Social Support scale among clinical students of Bayero University Kano, Nigeria. Malaysian J Psychiatry. 2013;22:32\u201341.","journal-title":"Malaysian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"6453_CR31","unstructured":"Power M. EUROHIS: developing common instruments for health survey. In: Nosikov A, Gudex C, editors. EUROHIS: developing common instruments for health survey. IOS; 2003. pp. 145\u201359."},{"issue":"1","key":"6453_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-198601000-00007","volume":"24","author":"DE Morisky","year":"1986","unstructured":"Morisky DE, Green LW, Levine DM. Concurrent and predictive validity of a self-reported measure of medication adherence. Med Care. 1986;24(1):67\u201374.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"6453_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2126-2","volume":"17","author":"R Mayston","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mayston R, Habtamu K, Medhin G, Alem A, Fekadu A, Habtamu A, et al. Developing a measure of mental health service satisfaction for use in low income countries: a mixed methods study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17(1):183.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"6453_CR34","volume-title":"Conceiving the self","author":"M Rosenberg","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rosenberg M. Conceiving the self. 1st ed. New York: Basic Books; 1979.","edition":"1"},{"issue":"4","key":"6453_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539514545645","volume":"27","author":"TT James","year":"2015","unstructured":"James TT, Kutty VR. Assessment of internalised stigma among patients with mental disorders in Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, India. Asia-Pacific J Public Heal. 2015;27(4):439\u201349.","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific J Public Heal"},{"issue":"1","key":"6453_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2344-8","volume":"19","author":"S Maharjan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maharjan S, Panthee B. Prevalence of self-stigma and its association with self-esteem among psychiatric patients in a Nepalese teaching hospital: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1):347.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"6453_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.09.001","volume":"129","author":"E Brohan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brohan E, Gauci D, Sartorius N, Thornicroft G. Self-stigma, empowerment and perceived discrimination among people with bipolar disorder or depression in 13 European countries: the GAMIAN\u2013Europe study. J Affect Disord. 2011;129(1):56\u201363.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"6453_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2019.152134","volume":"95","author":"C Simonsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simonsen C, Aminoff SR, Vaskinn A, Barrett EA, Faerden A, Ueland T, et al. Perceived and experienced stigma in first-episode psychosis: a 1-year follow-up study. Compr Psychiatry. 2019;95:152134.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"6453_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000537","volume":"204","author":"CC Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang CC, Wu TH, Chen CY, Lin CY. Comparing self-stigma between people with different Mental disorders in Taiwan. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2016;204(7):547\u201353.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"6453_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-020-00365-8","volume":"14","author":"E Tesfaye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tesfaye E, Worku B, Girma E, Agenagnew L. Internalised stigma among patients with mood disorders in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional facility-based study. Int J Ment Heal Syst. 2020;14:32.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Heal Syst"},{"issue":"5","key":"6453_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9627.1000196","volume":"5","author":"BB Elena Lemonis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elena Lemonis BB. Effects of Internalised Stigma of Mental Disorder on quality of life and SelfEsteem in panic disorder patients. J Clin Res Bioeth. 2014;5(5):196\u2013201.","journal-title":"J Clin Res Bioeth"},{"issue":"12","key":"6453_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.52.12.1621","volume":"52","author":"BG Link","year":"2011","unstructured":"Link BG, Struening EL, Neese-Todd S, Asmussen S, Phelan JC. Stigma as a barrier to recovery: the consequences of Stigma for the self-esteem of people with Mental illnesses. Psychiatr Serv. 2011;52(12):1621\u20136.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"56","key":"6453_CR43","first-page":"1","volume":"14","author":"E Abdisa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdisa E, Fekadu G, Girma S, Shibiru T, Tilahun T, Mohamed H, et al. Self-stigma and medication adherence among patients with mental illness treated at Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2020;14(56):1\u201313.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"issue":"12","key":"6453_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.09.030","volume":"71","author":"JD Livingston","year":"2010","unstructured":"Livingston JD, Boyd JE. Correlates and consequences of internalised stigma for people living with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71(12):2150\u201361.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"6453_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.10.016","volume":"220","author":"C Brain","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brain C, Sameby B, Allerby K, Quinlan P, Joas E, Lindstr\u00f6m E, et al. Stigma, discrimination and medication adherence in schizophrenia: results from the Swedish COAST study. Psychiatry Res. 2014;220(3):811\u20137.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"6453_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1987581","volume":"2018","author":"B Asrat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Asrat B, Ayenalem AE, Yimer T. Internalised stigma among patients with Mental Illness Attending Psychiatric Follow-Up at Dilla University Referral Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. Psychiatry J. 2018;2018:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Psychiatry J"},{"issue":"1","key":"6453_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.05.014","volume":"62","author":"B Mueller","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mueller B, Nordt C, Lauber C, Rueesch P, Meyer PC, Roessler W. Social support modifies perceived stigmatisation in the first years of mental illness: a longitudinal approach. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62(1):39\u201349.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-024-06453-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12888-024-06453-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-024-06453-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T15:05:03Z","timestamp":1736175903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12888-024-06453-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-024-06453-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Jimma University before conducting the study. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant. Participants were provided adequate information about the study, potential benefits, and risks. Participation was voluntary, and confidentiality was maintained.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18"}}