{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:41:34Z","timestamp":1790746894610,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-07006-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T09:38:47Z","timestamp":1748252327000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of child abuse and common mental comorbidity among university of Khartoum medical students, Khartoum, Sudan"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Tafawol","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed H.","family":"Elbadawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Yousif","family":"Elamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba Moneer","family":"Taifour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Hemmeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"7006_CR1","unstructured":"Statista [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jan 10]. Global population of children 2100. Available from: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/678737\/total-number-of-children-worldwide\/"},{"key":"7006_CR2","unstructured":"Child maltreatment [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jan 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/child-maltreatment"},{"key":"7006_CR3","unstructured":"Gonzalez D, Bethencourt Mirabal A, McCall JD. Child Abuse and Neglect. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 [cited 2025 Jan 10]. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK459146\/"},{"key":"7006_CR4","unstructured":"First-time maltreatment. in children ages 2\u201310 with and without specific birth defects: A population-based study - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jan 10]. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30053644\/"},{"key":"7006_CR5","unstructured":"Childhood, Maltreatment. Emotional Dysregulation, and Psychiatric Comorbidities - PMC [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jan 10]. Available from: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC4091823\/"},{"key":"7006_CR6","unstructured":"Enduring neurochemical effects of early maternal separation on. limbic structures - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jan 10]. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10415699\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"7006_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04692","volume":"70","author":"JD Ford","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ford JD, Elhai JD, Ruggiero KJ, Frueh BC. Refining posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis: evaluation of symptom criteria with the National survey of adolescents. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(5):748\u201355.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"7006_CR8","unstructured":"Complex trauma among psychiatrically. impaired children: a cross-sectional, chart-review study - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jan 10]. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19573498\/"},{"key":"7006_CR9","unstructured":"Posttraumatic stress as. a mediator of the relationship between trauma and mental health problems among juvenile delinquents - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jan 10]. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19669901\/"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"7006_CR10","first-page":"22","volume":"61","author":"KT Brady","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brady KT, Killeen TK, Brewerton T, Lucerini S. Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(Suppl 7):22\u201332.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"7006_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713-20050501-07","volume":"35","author":"JD Ford","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ford JD. Treatment implications of altered affect regulation and information processing following child maltreatment. Psychiatr Ann. 2005;35(5):410\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Ann"},{"key":"7006_CR12","unstructured":"Child Abuse. Violence Against Children in Africa by Oluwaseun Ikusika. \u2013 Leading Ladies Africa [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jan 10]. Available from: https:\/\/leadingladiesafrica.org\/2023\/11\/27\/child-abuse-violence-against-children-in-africa-by-oluwaseun-ikusika\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"7006_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.592","volume":"166","author":"MA Cortina","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cortina MA, Sodha A, Fazel M, Ramchandani PG. Prevalence of child mental health problems in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166(3):276\u201381.","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"7006_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.093062","volume":"200","author":"KM Keyes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Keyes KM, Eaton NR, Krueger RF, McLaughlin KA, Wall MM, Grant BF, et al. Childhood maltreatment and the structure of common psychiatric disorders. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci. 2012;200(2):107\u201315.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci"},{"key":"7006_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Using. the GHQ-12 to screen for mental health problems among primary care patients: psychometrics and practical considerations| International Journal of Mental Health Systems| Full Text [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jan 10]. Available from: https:\/\/ijmhs.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13033-020-00397-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-020-00397-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"7006_CR16","first-page":"e2023009","volume":"114","author":"A Comotti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Comotti A, Fattori A, Greselin F, Bordini L, Brambilla P, Bonzini M. Psychometric evaluation of GHQ-12 as a screening tool for psychological impairment of healthcare workers facing COVID-19 pandemic. Med Lav. 2023;114(1):e2023009.","journal-title":"Med Lav"},{"key":"7006_CR17","unstructured":"Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. A retrospective self-report manual| Semantic Scholar [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jan 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Childhood-Trauma-Questionnaire%3A-A-retrospective-Bernstein-Fink\/4d8f82aed3fefeb318c04295985fa0362d0c1672"},{"key":"7006_CR18","unstructured":"Minimization of Childhood Maltreatment Is Common and Consequential. Results from a Large, Multinational Sample Using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jan 10]. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26815788\/"},{"key":"7006_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.002","volume":"92","author":"G Spies","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spies G, Kidd M, Seedat S. A factor analytic study of the childhood trauma Questionnaire-Short form in an all-female South African sample with and without HIV infection. Child Abuse Negl. 2019;92:157\u201366.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"10","key":"7006_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0205808","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205808","volume":"13","author":"H Fu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fu H, Feng T, Qin J, Wang T, Wu X, Cai Y, et al. Reported prevalence of childhood maltreatment among Chinese college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(10):e0205808.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7006_CR21","unstructured":"Childhood maltreatment. A predictor of mental health problems among adolescents and young adults - PubMed [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jan 10]. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29609135\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"7006_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/0272684X19861578","volume":"40","author":"SS Abbas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abbas SS, Jabeen T. Prevalence of child abuse among the university students: A retrospective Cross-Sectional study in university of the Punjab, Pakistan. Int Q Community Health Educ. 2020;40(2):125\u201334.","journal-title":"Int Q Community Health Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"7006_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-018-1154-2","volume":"47","author":"LE Prino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prino LE, Longobardi C, Settanni M. Young adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: prevalence of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse in Italy. Arch Sex Behav. 2018;47(6):1769\u201378.","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"13\u201314","key":"7006_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8593","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605231156418","volume":"38","author":"CR Emery","year":"2023","unstructured":"Emery CR, Abdullah A, Jordan LP. Protective community norms and mental health risks for severe physical abuse: lessons from a nationally representative study of Ghana. J Interpers Violence. 2023;38(13\u201314):8593\u2013618.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"7","key":"7006_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01992-9","volume":"56","author":"B Myers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Myers B, Bantjes J, Lochner C, Mortier P, Kessler RC, Stein DJ. Maltreatment during childhood and risk for common mental disorders among first year university students in South Africa. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2021;56(7):1175\u201387.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"7006_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867420909524","volume":"54","author":"R Pandey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pandey R, Gupta S, Upadhyay A, Gupta RP, Shukla M, Mishra RC, et al. Childhood maltreatment and its mental health consequences among Indian adolescents with a history of child work. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2020;54(5):496\u2013508.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"7006_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(96)00084-1","volume":"20","author":"R Famularo","year":"1996","unstructured":"Famularo R, Fenton T, Kinscherff R, Augustyn M. Psychiatric comorbidity in childhood post traumatic stress disorder. Child Abuse Negl. 1996;20(10):953\u201361.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"4","key":"7006_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22814","volume":"35","author":"TL Taillieu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Taillieu TL, Sareen J, Afifi TO. Associations among child abuse history, deployment-related traumatic events, mental disorders, and suicidal behaviors in Canadian regular force personnel. J Trauma Stress. 2022;35(4):1060\u201371.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"1","key":"7006_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19010020","volume":"177","author":"ETC Lippard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lippard ETC, Nemeroff CB. The devastating clinical consequences of child abuse and neglect: increased disease vulnerability and poor treatment response in mood disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2020;177(1):20\u201336.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"7006_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.05.019","volume":"47","author":"LJ Harpur","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harpur LJ, Polek E, Van Harmelen AL. The role of timing of maltreatment and child intelligence in pathways to low symptoms of depression and anxiety in adolescence. Child Abuse Negl. 2015;47:24\u201337.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"7006_CR31","first-page":"S26","volume":"218","author":"JG Scott","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scott JG, Malacova E, Mathews B, Haslam DM, Pacella R, Higgins DJ, et al. The association between child maltreatment and mental disorders in the Australian child maltreatment study. Med J Aust. 2023;218(Suppl 6):S26\u201333.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"4","key":"7006_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20200438","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-0438","volume":"146","author":"L Strathearn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Strathearn L, Giannotti M, Mills R, Kisely S, Najman J, Abajobir A. Long-term cognitive, psychological, and health outcomes associated with child abuse and neglect. Pediatrics. 2020;146(4):e20200438.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"7006_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wsif.2018.04.004","volume":"69","author":"A Jayapalan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jayapalan A, Wong LP, Aghamohammadi N. A qualitative study to explore Understanding and perception of sexual abuse among undergraduate students of different ethnicities. Women\u2019s Stud Int Forum. 2018;69:26\u201332.","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Stud Int Forum"},{"issue":"1","key":"7006_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.1.49","volume":"64","author":"CS Widom","year":"2007","unstructured":"Widom CS, DuMont K, Czaja SJ. A prospective investigation of major depressive disorder and comorbidity in abused and neglected children grown up. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(1):49\u201356.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"7006_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norman RE et al. (2012). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med, 9(11), e1001349.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001349"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07006-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07006-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07006-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T09:38:50Z","timestamp":1748252330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07006-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07006-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written Informed consent was taken from all participants in this study and they agreed also to publish these results.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was taken from department of community, faculty of medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan. All methods used in this research was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki for human ethics.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"535"}}