{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:43:54Z","timestamp":1791945834506,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32300926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32300926"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Growing data indicated that individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) had widespread inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysregulation. The objective of our study was to detect alterations in lipids of individuals with MDD, with the ultimate aim of developing potential biomarkers that may contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of MDD.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The current study was a single-center cross-sectional case-control design. Serum samples were obtained from 107 individuals diagnosed with MDD and 97 healthy controls (HC) aged 18 to 60 years. Lipidomics analysis was performed using an Ultimate 3000 UHPLC system coupled with a Q-Exactive HF MS platform. All data were processed using the specialized online software Metaboanalyst 5.0.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Based on the filtering criteria of false discovery rate (FDR) -adjusted <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05, variable importance in projection (VIP)\u2009&gt;\u20091.5, and fold change (FC)\u2009&gt;\u20092.0 or &lt;\u20090.5, a total of 40 lipids were identified as significantly different. In patients with MDD, we observed an increase in 11 types of oxidized fatty acids (OxFAs) and a decrease in 5 types of OxFAs. Additionally, we found that 8 types of acyl-carnitines (CARs) decreased, primarily comprising singular carbon chain structures, while 3 types of CARs increased, all with numerical carbon chain patterns. Lipid profiles yield a high area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for differentiating MDD, with the most prominent ROC ranking being mostly attributed to OxFAs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our research found significant variations in lipid levels, specifically increased OxFAs and decreased CARs, in individuals with MDD compared to HCs. Supplementation with PUFAs and acyl-carnitines warrants further investigation as a potential strategy for the management of MDD. Nevertheless, further investigation is necessary, and exercise prudence is required when examining and implementing their forms and proportions.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-07191-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T12:01:16Z","timestamp":1754049676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Lipidomic analyses reveal the dysregulation of oxidized fatty acids (OxFAs) and acyl-carnitines (CARs) in major depressive disorder: a case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junwei","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoliang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"7191_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trivedi MH. Major depressive disorder in primary care: strategies for identification. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020;81(2):UT17042BR1C.","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.UT17042BR1C"},{"key":"7191_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21062148","author":"SG Kang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kang SG, Cho SE. Neuroimaging biomarkers for predicting treatment response and recurrence of major depressive disorder. Int J Mol Sci. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21062148.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"7191_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30099-7","volume":"7","author":"E Schramm","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schramm E, Klein DN, Elsaesser M, Furukawa TA, Domschke K. Review of dysthymia and persistent depressive disorder: history, correlates, and clinical implications. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(9):801\u201312.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10128","key":"7191_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32802-7","volume":"391","author":"A Cipriani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Chaimani A, Atkinson LZ, Ogawa Y, Leucht S, Ruhe HG, Turner EH, Higgins JPT, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018;391(10128):1357\u201366.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"7191_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhdanava M, Pilon D, Ghelerter I, Chow W, Joshi K, Lefebvre P, Sheehan JJ. The prevalence and National burden of Treatment-Resistant depression and major depressive disorder in the united States. J Clin Psychiatry. 2021;82(2):20m13699.","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.20m13699"},{"issue":"11","key":"7191_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.10030434","volume":"167","author":"V Krishnan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krishnan V, Nestler EJ. Linking molecules to mood: new insight into the biology of depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(11):1305\u201320.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"7191_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0585-z","volume":"25","author":"M Kennis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kennis M, Gerritsen L, van Dalen M, Williams A, Cuijpers P, Bockting C. Prospective biomarkers of major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25(2):321\u201338.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"7191_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b00144","volume":"14","author":"X Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu X, Zheng P, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Hu C, Li J, Zhao J, Zhou J, Xie P, Xu G. Discovery and validation of plasma biomarkers for major depressive disorder classification based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res. 2015;14(5):2322\u201330.","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"7191_CR9","first-page":"e23009","volume":"14","author":"FGC Ln","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ln FGC, Carneiro BA, Alves GS, Lins Silva DH, Faria Guimaraes D, Souza LS, Bandeira ID, Beanes G, Miranda Scippa A, Quarantini LC. Metabolomics of major depressive disorder: a systematic review of clinical studies. Cureus. 2022;14(3):e23009.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"7191_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.02.008","volume":"213","author":"A Dinoff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dinoff A, Herrmann N, Lanctot KL. Ceramides and depression: A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2017;213:35\u201343.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"7191_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.04.002","volume":"95","author":"N Brunkhorst-Kanaan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brunkhorst-Kanaan N, Klatt-Schreiner K, Hackel J, Schroter K, Trautmann S, Hahnefeld L, Wicker S, Reif A, Thomas D, Geisslinger G, et al. Targeted lipidomics reveal derangement of ceramides in major depression and bipolar disorder. Metabolism. 2019;95:65\u201376.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"7191_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.02.479","volume":"43","author":"EEM Knowles","year":"2017","unstructured":"Knowles EEM, Huynh K, Meikle PJ, Goring HHH, Olvera RL, Mathias SR, Duggirala R, Almasy L, Blangero J, Curran JE, et al. The lipidome in major depressive disorder: shared genetic influence for ether-phosphatidylcholines, a plasma-based phenotype related to inflammation, and disease risk. Eur Psychiatry. 2017;43:44\u201350.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"7191_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.11.001","volume":"47","author":"A Demirkan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Demirkan A, Isaacs A, Ugocsai P, Liebisch G, Struchalin M, Rudan I, Wilson JF, Pramstaller PP, Gyllensten U, Campbell H, et al. Plasma phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin concentrations are associated with depression and anxiety symptoms in a Dutch family-based lipidomics study. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(3):357\u201362.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"7191_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.4350","volume":"80","author":"A Tkachev","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tkachev A, Stekolshchikova E, Vanyushkina A, Zhang H, Morozova A, Zozulya S, Kurochkin I, Anikanov N, Egorova A, Yushina E, et al. Lipid alteration signature in the blood plasma of individuals with schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder. JAMA Psychiatr. 2023;80(3):250\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatr"},{"key":"7191_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S229505","volume":"15","author":"J Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou J, Li Q. Plasma metabolomics and lipidomics reveal perturbed metabolites in different disease stages of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2020;15:553\u201365.","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"issue":"W1","key":"7191_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W251","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv380","volume":"43","author":"J Xia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xia J, Sinelnikov IV, Han B, Wishart DS. Metaboanalyst 3.0\u2013making metabolomics more meaningful. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;43(W1):W251-257.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"7191_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2023.107153","volume":"230","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu Y, Li S, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Ouyang J, Li S, Wang J, Tan L, Zou L. Serum metabolomic analyses reveal the potential metabolic biomarkers for prediction of amatoxin poisoning. Toxicon. 2023;230:107153.","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"7191_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1320567","volume":"14","author":"YQ Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li YQ, Yan XY, Xiao XJ, Ma PT, Wang SQ, Liu HL, Zhang W, Chen M, Yao JP, Li Y. The gut microbiome and metabolites are altered and interrelated in patients with functional constipation. Front Microbiol. 2023;14: 1320567.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7191_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0353-x","volume":"9","author":"B Cao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cao B, Wang D, Pan Z, Brietzke E, McIntyre RS, Musial N, Mansur RB, Subramanieapillai M, Zeng J, Huang N, et al. Characterizing acyl-carnitine biosignatures for schizophrenia: a longitudinal pre- and post-treatment study. Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9(1): 19.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"7191_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parekh A, Smeeth D, Milner Y, Thure S. The role of lipid biomarkers in major depression. Healthc (Basel). 2017;5(1):5.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare5010005"},{"issue":"6","key":"7191_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2011.05.002","volume":"164","author":"M Guichardant","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guichardant M, Chen P, Liu M, Calzada C, Colas R, Vericel E, Lagarde M. Functional lipidomics of oxidized products from polyunsaturated fatty acids. Chem Phys Lipids. 2011;164(6):544\u20138.","journal-title":"Chem Phys Lipids"},{"issue":"2","key":"7191_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.03.018","volume":"68","author":"PY Lin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lin PY, Huang SY, Su KP. A meta-analytic review of polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions in patients with depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;68(2):140\u20137.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"7191_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2017.01.001","volume":"66","author":"E Messamore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Messamore E, Almeida DM, Jandacek RJ, McNamara RK. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and recurrent mood disorders: phenomenology, mechanisms, and clinical application. Prog Lipid Res. 2017;66:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"7191_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00206-0","volume":"43","author":"M Peet","year":"1998","unstructured":"Peet M, Murphy B, Shay J, Horrobin D. Depletion of omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;43(5):315\u20139.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"7191_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e756","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.29","volume":"6","author":"RJ Mocking","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mocking RJ, Harmsen I, Assies J, Koeter MW, Ruhe HG, Schene AH. Meta-analysis and meta-regression of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2016;6(3):e756.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"7191_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02656-3","volume":"20","author":"XD Luo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luo XD, Feng JS, Yang Z, Huang QT, Lin JD, Yang B, Su KP, Pan JY. High-dose omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation might be more superior than low-dose for major depressive disorder in early therapy period: a network meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):248.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"7191_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.993193","volume":"13","author":"J Feng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feng J, Wang Y, Li W, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Yao X, Liu S, Yu P, Li R. High levels of oxidized fatty acids in HDL impair the antioxidant function of HDL in patients with diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13: 993193.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"4","key":"7191_CR28","first-page":"2767","volume":"19","author":"K Iuchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iuchi K, Ema M, Suzuki M, Yokoyama C, Hisatomi H. Oxidized unsaturated fatty acids induce apoptotic cell death in cultured cells. Mol Med Rep. 2019;19(4):2767\u201373.","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"7191_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200500063","volume":"49","author":"I Staprans","year":"2005","unstructured":"Staprans I, Pan XM, Rapp JH, Feingold KR. The role of dietary oxidized cholesterol and oxidized fatty acids in the development of atherosclerosis. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2005;49(11):1075\u201382.","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"7191_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5466","volume":"20","author":"N Santoro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Santoro N, Caprio S, Giannini C, Kim G, Kursawe R, Pierpont B, Shaw MM, Feldstein AE. Oxidized fatty acids: a potential pathogenic link between fatty liver and type 2 diabetes in obese adolescents? Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014;20(2):383\u20139.","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"issue":"3","key":"7191_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3896-y","volume":"37","author":"C Charles-Schoeman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Charles-Schoeman C, Meriwether D, Lee YY, Shahbazian A, Reddy ST. High levels of oxidized fatty acids in HDL are associated with impaired HDL function in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2018;37(3):615\u201322.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"7191_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018810375656","volume":"1","author":"V Vangaveti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vangaveti V, Baune BT, Kennedy RL. Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids: novel regulators of macrophage differentiation and atherogenesis. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2010;1(2):51\u201360.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"7191_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2174\/187231210791698438","volume":"4","author":"S Imaizumi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Imaizumi S, Grijalva V, Navab M, Van Lenten BJ, Wagner AC, Anantharamiah GM, Fogelman AM, Reddy ST. L-4F differentially alters plasma levels of oxidized fatty acids resulting in more anti-inflammatory HDL in mice. Drug Metab Lett. 2010;4(3):139\u201348.","journal-title":"Drug Metab Lett"},{"key":"7191_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.02.005","volume":"53","author":"SM Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang SM, Han C, Lee SJ, Patkar AA, Masand PS, Pae CU. A review of current evidence for acetyl-l-carnitine in the treatment of depression. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;53:30\u20137.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"7191_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2025.343856","volume":"1351","author":"X Gao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gao X, Liu C, Zhao X. Isomer-resolved characterization of acylcarnitines reveals alterations in type 2 diabetes. Anal Chim Acta. 2025;1351: 343856.","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"issue":"34","key":"7191_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8627","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1801609115","volume":"115","author":"C Nasca","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nasca C, Bigio B, Lee FS, Young SP, Kautz MM, Albright A, Beasley J, Millington DS, Mathe AA, Kocsis JH, et al. Acetyl-l-carnitine deficiency in patients with major depressive disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115(34):8627\u201332.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"34","key":"7191_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8475","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1811389115","volume":"115","author":"RM Post","year":"2018","unstructured":"Post RM. Myriad of implications of acetyl-L-carnitine deficits in depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115(34):8475\u20137.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"7191_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.4991","volume":"35","author":"LJ Nie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nie LJ, Liang J, Shan F, Xu YY, Yan CY, Zhou X, Cheng ZY, Xia QR. A UPLC-MS\/MS method for determination of endogenous l-carnitine and acetyl-l-carnitine in serum of patients with depression. Biomed Chromatogr. 2021;35(3): e4991.","journal-title":"Biomed Chromatogr"},{"issue":"3","key":"7191_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2010.06807.x","volume":"114","author":"S Scafidi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scafidi S, Fiskum G, Lindauer SL, Bamford P, Shi D, Hopkins I, McKenna MC. Metabolism of acetyl-L-carnitine for energy and neurotransmitter synthesis in the immature rat brain. J Neurochem. 2010;114(3):820\u201331.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"7191_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.11.025","volume":"285","author":"W Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang W, Lu Y, Xue Z, Li C, Wang C, Zhao X, Zhang J, Wei X, Chen X, Cui W, et al. Rapid-acting antidepressant-like effects of acetyl-l-carnitine mediated by PI3K\/AKT\/BDNF\/VGF signaling pathway in mice. Neuroscience. 2015;285:281\u201391.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"7191_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21295","volume":"77","author":"WH Moos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moos WH, Maneta E, Pinkert CA, Irwin MH, Hoffman ME, Faller DV, Steliou K. Epigenetic treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders: autism and schizophrenia. Drug Dev Res. 2016;77(2):53\u201372.","journal-title":"Drug Dev Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"7191_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.2174\/1570180814666170216102632","volume":"14","author":"K Tashiro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tashiro K, Kaida Y, Yamagishi SI, Tanaka H, Yokoro M, Yano J, Sakai K, Kurokawa Y, Taguchi K, Nakayama Y, et al. L-Carnitine supplementation improves Self-Rating depression scale scores in uremic male patients undergoing Hemodialysis. Lett Drug Des Discov. 2017;14(6):737\u201342.","journal-title":"Lett Drug Des Discov"},{"issue":"2","key":"7191_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000537","volume":"80","author":"N Veronese","year":"2018","unstructured":"Veronese N, Stubbs B, Solmi M, Ajnakina O, Carvalho AF, Maggi S. Acetyl-L-carnitine supplementation and the treatment of depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2018;80(2):154\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"7191_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172300140X","volume":"54","author":"AEK Ait Tayeb","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ait Tayeb AEK, Colle R, Chappell K, El-Asmar K, Acquaviva-Bourdain C, David DJ, Trabado S, Chanson P, Feve B, Becquemont L, et al. Metabolomic profiles of 38 acylcarnitines in major depressive episodes before and after treatment. Psychol Med. 2024;54(2):289\u201398.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"7191_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01176-0","volume":"26","author":"HU Zacharias","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zacharias HU, Hertel J, Johar H, Pietzner M, Lukaschek K, Atasoy S, Kunze S, Volzke H, Nauck M, Friedrich N, et al. A metabolome-wide association study in the general population reveals decreased levels of serum laurylcarnitine in people with depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(12):7372\u201383.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"7191_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.853058","volume":"9","author":"T Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu T, Deng K, Xue Y, Yang R, Yang R, Gong Z, Tang M. Carnitine and depression. Front Nutr. 2022;9: 853058.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"7191_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2013.10.045","volume":"89","author":"S Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen S, Wei C, Gao P, Kong H, Jia Z, Hu C, Dai W, Wu Y, Xu G. Effect of Allium macrostemon on a rat model of depression studied by using plasma lipid and acylcarnitine profiles from liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2014;89:122\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"issue":"10","key":"7191_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2020.183382","volume":"1862","author":"RJ Clarke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clarke RJ, Hossain KR, Cao K. Physiological roles of transverse lipid asymmetry of animal membranes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA). 2020;1862(10): 183382.","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)"},{"issue":"39","key":"7191_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36543","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c05504","volume":"8","author":"S Ye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ye S, Hu YP, Zhou Q, Zhang H, Xia ZZ, Zhao SZ, Wang Z, Wang SY, Wang XY, Zhang YK, et al. Lipidomics profiling reveals serum phospholipids associated with albuminuria in early type 2 diabetic kidney disease. ACS Omega. 2023;8(39):36543\u201352.","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"7191_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28217430","author":"M Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu M, Ma W, He Y, Sun Z, Yang J. Recent progress in mass spectrometry-based metabolomics in major depressive disorder research. Molecules. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28217430.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"7191_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsacl.2023.02.002","volume":"28","author":"A Sens","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sens A, Rischke S, Hahnefeld L, Dorochow E, Schafer SMG, Thomas D, Kohm M, Geisslinger G, Behrens F, Gurke R. Pre-analytical sample handling standardization for reliable measurement of metabolites and lipids in LC-MS-based clinical research. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab. 2023;28:35\u201346.","journal-title":"J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07191-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07191-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07191-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T12:51:12Z","timestamp":1757335872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07191-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07191-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008. All procedures involving human subjects\/patients were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Zhumadian Second People\u2019s Hospital in Henan Province (Approval no. IRB-2021-006-02). The MDD cases and controls were informed written consent form before they participated in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"752"}}