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Many studies have thus observed significant impacts on frontline healthcare workers\u2019 mental health and wellbeing, however, few studies have explored the evolving nature of healthcare roles and its impacts on healthcare workers. This study retrospectively explored the changing nature of frontline healthcare roles over the last three years of the pandemic, and its impact on stressors and supports related to frontline healthcare workers\u2019 mental health and wellbeing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 11 Victorian (Australia) frontline healthcare workers from frontline wards participated in retrospective semi-structured interviews between March 2023 to April 2023. Data was analysed using thematic analysis, using a reflective approach to identify patterns across participant narratives and experiences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three superordinate and nine subordinate themes were identified. Themes revolved around (1) COVID-19 anxiety and work related stressors in the initial and later stages of the pandemic, (2) The great resignation of healthcare workers that led to workforce issues, fatigue and exhaustion, which subsequently impacted team dynamics, workplace culture, engagement at work, and patient care, and (3) Strained social connections and work to family spillover effects during the COVID-19 era, as well as the key relational supports that helped healthcare workers manage stressors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic appears to have amplified existing challenges in healthcare provision and highlighted the psychological burden of healthcare roles on staff. Workplace demands have shifted from crisis management of acute risk of COVID-19 infections to now managing staffing shortages, presenting new challenges that require innovative solutions to ensure frontline HCWs\u2019 mental health are protected. There is thus a need to adapt staff supports to manage the excessive demand on staff now, and the findings here offer recommendations for governments, health organisations, and healthcare leaders to design policies and supports that meets the needs of frontline HCW\u2019s mental health and wellbeing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-07348-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T10:24:58Z","timestamp":1761819898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Three years of pandemic stress and staffing challenges: a retrospective qualitative study of COVID-19 impacts on frontline healthcare workers\u2019 mental health and wellbeing"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Brian En Chyi","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanne","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig A.","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah Michelle LaFontaine","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jade","family":"Sheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"7348_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyrbye LN, Thomas MR, Shanafelt TD. 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Eur J Pub Health. 2023;33(Supplement2):ckad160707.","journal-title":"Eur J Pub Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07348-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07348-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07348-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T12:04:13Z","timestamp":1761825853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07348-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7348"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07348-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Human ethics approval was provided by Deakin University High Risk Ethics Committee (HEAG 2020\u2009\u2212\u2009296), Eastern Health\u2019s Ethics Committee, and all partnering healthcare associations prior to commencement of this study. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1036"}}