{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T13:06:16Z","timestamp":1793279176897,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Schizophrenia (SCZ) is an intricate multi-systemic mental illness which has been linked to alterations of the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota via the bidirectional network known as the gut-brain axis (GBA). However, the specific microbial signatures characterizing SCZ remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed the gut microbiome composition of 57 Romanian adults, 30 SCZ, and 27 healthy controls (HCs), using amplicon sequencing on the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene isolated from stool samples. DNA was extracted with an optimized enzymatic and mechanical lysis protocol. Sequence profiling was performed using DADA2. Counts were variance\u2011stabilized (DESeq2 VST) for Bray\u2013Curtis and weighted UniFrac distance calculation, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). To account for data compositionality, counts were also centered log\u2011ratio (CLR)\u2013transformed for principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised sparse partial least square linear discriminant analysis (sPLS\u2011DA). Differential abundance was tested using Wilcoxon rank\u2011sum (false discovery rate - FDR corrected) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) (LDA\u2009&gt;\u20094, FDR\u2009&lt;\u20090.01).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SCZ patients exhibited decreased\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0187),\n                      <jats:italic>Blautia<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and\n                      <jats:italic>Eubacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.00120) abundances compared to HCs. Additionally, SCZ patients showed higher Faith\u2019s phylogenetic diversity both before (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.049) and after rarefaction (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0022), while Shannon and Simpson indices were not significantly different between the two study groups. PCoA on Bray-Curtis and weighted UniFrac distances revealed clear SCZ-HC separation, with unadjusted PERMANOVA attributing 13\u201315% of variance to SCZ status alone (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). After adjusting for smoking, diet, lifestyle, metabolic and comorbidity covariates, SCZ status remained the only significant term which contributed to variance in microbiome composition (R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009~\u20094.4%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). Within the SCZ group, only risperidone use (not age, sex, body mass index - BMI, glycaemia, lipids, or other medication use) was significantly associated with community structure (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). PCA and sPLS-DA revealed that the principal drivers for group separation after taking into account the compositional nature of data were\n                      <jats:italic>Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-003<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Anaerostipes<\/jats:italic>\n                      in HCs and\n                      <jats:italic>Holdemanella<\/jats:italic>\n                      in SCZ (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our integrative analyses provide evidence of gut microbiome alterations in SCZ and reveal that risperidone use modulates community structure, underscoring the need to consider the GI effects of antipsychotics when choosing appropriate regimens for patients, while at the same time highlight the GBA as a promising target for future therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-07461-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T10:26:04Z","timestamp":1761819964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Exploring gut microbiota profile induced by antipsychotics in schizophrenic patients: insights from an Eastern European pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ilinca-Bianca","family":"Nita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina-Cezara","family":"V\u0103c\u0103rean-Trandafir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana-Maria","family":"Am\u0103randi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ovidiu-Dumitru","family":"Ilie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petru-Romeo","family":"Dobrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea-Cristina","family":"Bejenariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iuliu-Cristian","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Doroftei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"7461_CR1","unstructured":"Hany M, Rehman B. Schizophrenia. Treasure Island (FL) : StatPearls Publishing. 2024. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK539864\/"},{"key":"7461_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01730-X","volume":"399","author":"S Jauhar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jauhar S, Johnstone M, McKenna PJ. Schizophrenia. Lancet (London England). 2022;399:473\u201386.","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"7461_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1808803","volume":"381","author":"SR Marder","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marder SR, Cannon TD, Schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1753\u201361.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"7461_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Global regional. and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The lancet Psychiatry. 2022;9:137\u201350. https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/MED\/35026139","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00395-3"},{"key":"7461_CR5","first-page":"357","volume":"12","author":"HY Chong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chong HY, Teoh SL, Wu DB-C, Kotirum S, Chiou C-F, Chaiyakunapruk N. Global economic burden of schizophrenia: a systematic review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;12:357\u201373.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"7461_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d5422","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5422","volume":"343","author":"U Hoang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hoang U, Stewart R, Goldacre MJ. Mortality after hospital discharge for people with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: retrospective study of linked english hospital episode statistics, 1999\u20132006. BMJ. 2011;343:d5422.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"7461_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153657","volume":"10","author":"TM Laursen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laursen TM, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB. Excess early mortality in schizophrenia. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2014;10:425\u201348.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"7461_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20994","volume":"21","author":"CU Correll","year":"2022","unstructured":"Correll CU, Solmi M, Croatto G, Schneider LK, Rohani-Montez SC, Fairley L, et al. Mortality in people with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of relative risk and aggravating or attenuating factors. World Psychiatry. 2022;21:248\u201371.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"7461_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby058","volume":"44","author":"FJ Charlson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Charlson FJ, Ferrari AJ, Santomauro DF, Diminic S, Stockings E, Scott JG, et al. Global epidemiology and burden of schizophrenia: findings from the global burden of disease study 2016. Schizophr Bull. 2018;44:1195\u2013203.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"7461_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61611-6","volume":"382","author":"HA Whiteford","year":"2013","unstructured":"Whiteford HA, Degenhardt L, Rehm J, Baxter AJ, Ferrari AJ, Erskine HE, et al. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2013;382:1575\u201386.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"7461_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15067","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.67","volume":"1","author":"RS Kahn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kahn RS, Sommer IE, Murray RM, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Weinberger DR, Cannon TD, et al. Schizophrenia Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2015;1:15067.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Prim"},{"key":"7461_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01121-6","volume":"388","author":"MJ Owen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Owen MJ, Sawa A, Mortensen PB, Schizophrenia. Lancet (London England). 2016;388:86\u201397.","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"7461_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e100823","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2022-100823","volume":"35","author":"X Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li X, Zhou W, Yi Z. A glimpse of gender differences in schizophrenia. Gen Psychiatry. 2022;35:e100823.","journal-title":"Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"7461_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.269","volume":"70","author":"P Fusar-Poli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fusar-Poli P, Borgwardt S, Bechdolf A, Addington J, Riecher-R\u00f6ssler A, Schultze-Lutter F, et al. The psychosis high-risk state: a comprehensive state-of-the-art review. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70:107\u201320.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"7461_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104894","volume":"142","author":"MJ Rantala","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rantala MJ, Luoto S, Borr\u00e1z-Le\u00f3n JI, Krams I. Schizophrenia: the new etiological synthesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;142:104894.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"7461_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.125","volume":"18","author":"R Birnbaum","year":"2017","unstructured":"Birnbaum R, Weinberger DR. Genetic insights into the neurodevelopmental origins of schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017;18:727\u201340.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"7461_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1801490","volume":"379","author":"JA Lieberman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lieberman JA, First MB. Psychotic disorders. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:270\u201380.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"7461_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0174-4","volume":"15","author":"K Pape","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pape K, Tamouza R, Leboyer M, Zipp F. Immunoneuropsychiatry - novel perspectives on brain disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 2019;15:317\u201328.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"7461_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116305","volume":"232","author":"X Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li X, Wei N, Song J, Liu J, Yuan J, Song R, et al. The global burden of schizophrenia and the impact of urbanization during 1990\u20132019: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019. Environ Res. 2023;232:116305.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"7461_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1091-3","volume":"21","author":"SA Stilo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stilo SA, Murray RM. Non-Genetic factors in schizophrenia. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2019;21:100.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"7461_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13595","volume":"511","author":"S Ripke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ripke S, Neale BM, Corvin A, Walters JTR, Farh K-H, Holmans PA, et al. Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature. 2014;511:421\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"7461_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.940","volume":"43","author":"S Ripke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ripke S, Sanders AR, Kendler KS, Levinson DF, Sklar P, Holmans PA, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies five new schizophrenia loci. Nat Genet. 2011;43:969\u201376.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"7461_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04434-5","volume":"604","author":"V Trubetskoy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trubetskoy V, Pardi\u00f1as AF, Qi T, Panagiotaropoulou G, Awasthi S, Bigdeli TB, et al. Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia. Nature. 2022;604:502\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"7461_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31135-3","volume":"394","author":"M Huhn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huhn M, Nikolakopoulou A, Schneider-Thoma J, Krause M, Samara M, Peter N, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 32 oral antipsychotics for the acute treatment of adults with multi-episode schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019;394:939\u201351.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"7461_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20567","volume":"17","author":"TS Stroup","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stroup TS, Gray N. Management of common adverse effects of antipsychotic medications. World Psychiatry. 2018;17:341\u201356.","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"7461_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.09.143","volume":"10","author":"SK Hill","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hill SK, Bishop JR, Palumbo D, Sweeney JA. Effect of second-generation antipsychotics on cognition: current issues and future challenges. Expert Rev Neurother. 2010;10:43\u201357.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"7461_CR27","unstructured":"Chokhawala K, Stevens L. Antipsychotic medications. Treasure Island (FL). 2024. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519503\/"},{"key":"7461_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3360","volume":"77","author":"RA McCutcheon","year":"2020","unstructured":"McCutcheon RA, Reis Marques T, Howes OD. Schizophrenia\u2014An overview. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77:201\u201310.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"7461_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbz134","volume":"46","author":"K Allott","year":"2020","unstructured":"Allott K, van-der-EL K, Bryce S, Parrish EM, McGurk SR, Hetrick S, et al. Compensatory interventions for cognitive impairments in psychosis: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2020;46:869\u201383.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"7461_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbab102","volume":"48","author":"R Loewy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Loewy R, Fisher M, Ma S, Carter C, Ragland JD, Niendam TA, et al. Durable cognitive gains and symptom improvement are observed in individuals with Recent-Onset schizophrenia 6 months after a randomized trial of auditory training completed remotely. Schizophr Bull. 2022;48:262\u201372.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"7461_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.10060855","volume":"168","author":"T Wykes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wykes T, Huddy V, Cellard C, McGurk SR, Czobor P. A Meta-Analysis of cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: methodology and effect sizes. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168:472\u201385.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"7461_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.18com12123","volume":"80","author":"JM Kane","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kane JM, Agid O, Baldwin ML, Howes O, Lindenmayer J-P, Marder S, et al. Clinical guidance on the identification and management of treatment-resistant schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019;80:2783.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"7461_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-023-00356-x","volume":"9","author":"J Guo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guo J, Lv X, Liu Y, Kong L, Qu H, Yue W. Influencing factors of medication adherence in schizophrenic patients: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia. 2023;9:31.","journal-title":"Schizophrenia"},{"key":"7461_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"di Hou M, Santoro V, Biondi A, Shergill SS, Premoli I. A systematic review of TMS and neurophysiological biometrics in patients with schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2021;46:E675 LP-E701. https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/10.1503\/jpn.210006","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.210006"},{"key":"7461_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-015-0574-0","volume":"17","author":"EG Severance","year":"2015","unstructured":"Severance EG, Prandovszky E, Castiglione J, Yolken RH. Gastroenterology issues in schizophrenia: why the gut matters. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015;17:27.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"7461_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07465.x","volume":"98","author":"NJ Talley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Talley NJ, Jones M, Nuyts G, Dubois D. Risk factors for chronic constipation based on a general practice sample. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:1107\u201311.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"7461_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.08.016","volume":"131","author":"FCJ Nucifora","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nucifora FCJ, Woznica E, Lee BJ, Cascella N, Sawa A. Treatment resistant schizophrenia: Clinical, biological, and therapeutic perspectives. Neurobiol Dis. 2019;131:104257.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"7461_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105722","volume":"162","author":"S Frileux","year":"2024","unstructured":"Frileux S, Boltri M, Dor\u00e9 J, Leboyer M, Roux P. Cognition and gut microbiota in schizophrenia spectrum and mood disorders: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2024;162:105722.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"7461_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00025-1","volume":"10","author":"S Halstead","year":"2023","unstructured":"Halstead S, Siskind D, Amft M, Wagner E, Yakimov V, Shih-Jung Liu Z, et al. Alteration patterns of peripheral concentrations of cytokines and associated inflammatory proteins in acute and chronic stages of schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2023;10:260\u201371.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"7461_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2018_88","volume":"44","author":"R Upthegrove","year":"2020","unstructured":"Upthegrove R, Khandaker GM. Cytokines, oxidative stress and cellular markers of inflammation in schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2020;44:49\u201366.","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"7461_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3346","volume":"13","author":"JF Cryan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13:701\u201312.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"7461_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0307-y","volume":"8","author":"J Lloyd-Price","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lloyd-Price J, Abu-Ali G, Huttenhower C. The healthy human Microbiome. Genome Med. 2016;8:51.","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"7461_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.06.014","volume":"85","author":"MG Codagnone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Codagnone MG, Spichak S, O\u2019Mahony SM, O\u2019Leary OF, Clarke G, Stanton C, et al. Programming bugs: microbiota and the developmental origins of brain health and disease. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;85:150\u201363.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"7461_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2023.03.005","volume":"255","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Z, Qing Y, Cui G, Li M, Liu T, Zeng Y, et al. Shotgun metagenomics reveals abnormal short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria and glucose and lipid metabolism of the gut microbiota in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2023;255:59\u201366.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"7461_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977538","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.977538","volume":"13","author":"H Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng H, Ouyang L, Li D, Li Z, Yuan L, Fan L, et al. Short-chain fatty acids in patients with schizophrenia and ultra-high risk population. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:977538.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"7461_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724664","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.724664","volume":"12","author":"X Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li X, Fan X, Yuan X, Pang L, Hu S, Wang Y, et al. The role of Butyric acid in treatment response in Drug-Na\u00efve first episode schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:724664.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"7461_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.11.016","volume":"135","author":"EG Severance","year":"2020","unstructured":"Severance EG, Yolken RH. Deciphering Microbiome and neuroactive immune gene interactions in schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis. 2020;135:104331.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"7461_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2018_84","volume":"44","author":"EG Severance","year":"2020","unstructured":"Severance EG, Yolken RH. From infection to the microbiome: an evolving role of microbes in schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2020;44:67\u201384.","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"7461_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000519","volume":"79","author":"TG Dinan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Brain-Gut-Microbiota axis and mental health. Psychosom Med. 2017;79:920\u20136.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"7461_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.01.013","volume":"99","author":"TT Nguyen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nguyen TT, Kosciolek T, Eyler LT, Knight R, Jeste DV. Overview and systematic review of studies of Microbiome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;99:50\u201361.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"7461_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.02.010","volume":"234","author":"JR Kelly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kelly JR, Minuto C, Cryan JF, Clarke G, Dinan TG. The role of the gut Microbiome in the development of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2021;234:4\u201323.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"7461_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.027","volume":"167","author":"G Sharon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sharon G, Sampson TR, Geschwind DH, Mazmanian SK. The central nervous system and the gut Microbiome. Cell. 2016;167:915\u201332.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"7461_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.12.015","volume":"38","author":"Y Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang Y, Kasper LH. The role of Microbiome in central nervous system disorders. Brain Behav Immun. 2014;38:1\u201312.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"7461_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722000897","volume":"52","author":"J Borkent","year":"2022","unstructured":"Borkent J, Ioannou M, Laman JD, Haarman BCM, Sommer IEC. Role of the gut Microbiome in three major psychiatric disorders. Psychol Med. 2022;52:1222\u201342.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"7461_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01456-3","volume":"27","author":"AJ McGuinness","year":"2022","unstructured":"McGuinness AJ, Davis JA, Dawson SL, Loughman A, Collier F, O\u2019Hely M, et al. A systematic review of gut microbiota composition in observational studies of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:1920\u201335.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"7461_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.03.003","volume":"23","author":"MT Treadway","year":"2019","unstructured":"Treadway MT, Cooper JA, Miller AH. Can\u2019t or won\u2019t? Immunometabolic constraints on dopaminergic drive. Trends Cogn Sci. 2019;23:435\u201348.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"7461_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22084","volume":"30","author":"AH Miller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miller AH, Haroon E, Raison CL, Felger JC. Cytokine targets in the brain: impact on neurotransmitters and neurocircuits. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30:297\u2013306.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"7461_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j5145","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5145","volume":"360","author":"JC Clemente","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clemente JC, Manasson J, Scher JU. The role of the gut Microbiome in systemic inflammatory disease. BMJ. 2018;360:j5145.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"7461_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2024.07.053","volume":"274","author":"W Cheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheng W, Zhao M, Zhang X, Zhou X, Yan J, Li R, et al. Schizophrenia and antipsychotic medications present distinct and shared gut microbial composition: A meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2024;274:257\u201368.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"7461_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.07.019","volume":"95","author":"A Minichino","year":"2024","unstructured":"Minichino A, Preston T, Fanshawe JB, Fusar-Poli P, McGuire P, Burnet PWJ, et al. Psycho-Pharmacomicrobiomics: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Biol Psychiatry. 2024;95:611\u201328.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"7461_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107561","volume":"211","author":"S Kamath","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kamath S, Sokolenko E, Collins K, Chan NSL, Mills N, Clark SR, et al. IUPHAR themed review: the gut Microbiome in schizophrenia. Pharmacol Res. 2025;211:107561.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"7461_CR62","first-page":"1322","volume":"37","author":"PC Austin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Austin PC, White IR, Lee DS, van Buuren S. Missing data in clinical research: A tutorial on multiple imputation. Can J Cardiol. 2021;37:1322\u201331.","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"7461_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/39.2.187","volume":"39","author":"JE Overall","year":"1984","unstructured":"Overall JE, Beller SA. The brief psychiatric rating scale (BPRS) in geropsychiatric research: I. Factor structure on an inpatient unit. J Gerontol. 1984;39:187\u201393.","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"key":"7461_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1962.10.3.799","volume":"10","author":"JE Overall","year":"1962","unstructured":"Overall JE, Gorham DR. The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychol Rep. 1962;10:799\u2013812.","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"7461_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0126685","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126685","volume":"10","author":"DI Tedjo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tedjo DI, Jonkers DMAE, Savelkoul PH, Masclee AA, van Best N, Pierik MJ, et al. The effect of sampling and storage on the fecal microbiota composition in healthy and diseased subjects. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0126685.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7461_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-158","volume":"12","author":"S Cardona","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cardona S, Eck A, Cassellas M, Gallart M, Alastrue C, Dore J, et al. Storage conditions of intestinal microbiota matter in metagenomic analysis. BMC Microbiol. 2012;12:158.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"7461_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16350","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16350","volume":"5","author":"JM Choo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choo JM, Leong LEX, Rogers GB. Sample storage conditions significantly influence faecal Microbiome profiles. Sci Rep. 2015;5:16350.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7461_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1519-2","volume":"19","author":"S Moossavi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moossavi S, Engen PA, Ghanbari R, Green SJ, Naqib A, Bishehsari F, et al. Assessment of the impact of different fecal storage protocols on the microbiota diversity and composition: a pilot study. BMC Microbiol. 2019;19:145.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"7461_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0429722","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04297-22","volume":"11","author":"X-M Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li X-M, Shi X, Yao Y, Shen Y-C, Wu X-L, Cai T, et al. Effects of stool sample preservation methods on gut microbiota biodiversity: new original data and systematic review with Meta-Analysis. Microbiol Spectr. 2023;11:e0429722.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"7461_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468645","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1468645","volume":"14","author":"IC V\u0103c\u0103rean-Trandafir","year":"2024","unstructured":"V\u0103c\u0103rean-Trandafir IC, Am\u0103randi R-M, Ivanov IC, Drago\u0219 LM, Men\u021bel M, Iacob \u015e, et al. Impact of antibiotic prophylaxis on gut microbiota in colorectal surgery: insights from an Eastern European stewardship study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024;14:1468645.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"7461_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"V\u0103c\u0103rean-Trandafir IC, Am\u0103randi R-M, Ivanov IC, Iacob \u015e, Mu\u015fin\u0103 A-M, B\u0103rg\u0103oanu E-R et al. The impact of Cefuroxime prophylaxis on human intestinal microbiota in surgical oncological patients. Front Microbiomes. 2023;1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frmbi.2022.1092771","DOI":"10.3389\/frmbi.2022.1092771"},{"key":"7461_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033865","volume":"7","author":"S Yuan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yuan S, Cohen DB, Ravel J, Abdo Z, Forney LJ. Evaluation of methods for the extraction and purification of DNA from the human microbiome. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e33865.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7461_CR73","unstructured":"Illumina. 16S metagenomic sequencing library preparation guide. 2013. https:\/\/support.illumina.com\/documents\/documentation\/chemistry_documentation\/16s\/16s-metagenomic-library-prep-guide-15044223-b.pdf"},{"key":"7461_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks808","volume":"41","author":"A Klindworth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Klindworth A, Pruesse E, Schweer T, Peplies J, Quast C, Horn M, et al. Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41:e1\u20131.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"7461_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8986.2","volume":"5","author":"BJ Callahan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Callahan BJ, Sankaran K, Fukuyama JA, McMurdie PJ, Holmes SP. Bioconductor workflow for Microbiome data analysis: from Raw reads to community analyses. F1000Research. 2016;5:1492.","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"7461_CR76","unstructured":"McLaren MR, Callahan BJ. Silva 138.1 prokaryotic SSU taxonomic training data formatted for DADA2. Zenodo. 2021. https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/4587955"},{"issue":"Database issue","key":"7461_CR77","first-page":"D590","volume":"41","author":"C Quast","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, Gerken J, Schweer T, Yarza P, et al. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41(Database issue):D590\u20136.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"7461_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217","volume":"8","author":"PJ McMurdie","year":"2013","unstructured":"McMurdie PJ, Holmes S. Phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e61217.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7461_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. 2009. https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-98141-3"},{"key":"7461_CR80","unstructured":"Oksanen J, Simpson G, Blanchet FG, Kindt R, Legendre P, Minchin P et al. vegan community ecology package version 2.6-2 April 2022. 2022. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/360782912_vegan_community_ecology_package_version_26-2_April_2022"},{"key":"7461_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq166","volume":"26","author":"SW Kembel","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kembel SW, Cowan PD, Helmus MR, Cornwell WK, Morlon H, Ackerly DD, et al. Picante: R tools for integrating phylogenies and ecology. Bioinformatics. 2010;26:1463\u20134.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"7461_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","volume":"15","author":"MI Love","year":"2014","unstructured":"Love MI, Huber W, Anders S. Moderated Estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol. 2014;15:550.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"7461_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003531","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003531","volume":"10","author":"PJ McMurdie","year":"2014","unstructured":"McMurdie PJ, Holmes S. Waste Not, want not: why rarefying Microbiome data is inadmissible. PLOS Comput Biol. 2014;10:e1003531.","journal-title":"PLOS Comput Biol"},{"key":"7461_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts342","volume":"28","author":"J Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen J, Bittinger K, Charlson ES, Hoffmann C, Lewis J, Wu GD, et al. Associating Microbiome composition with environmental covariates using generalized UniFrac distances. Bioinformatics. 2012;28:2106\u201313.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"7461_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02224","volume":"8","author":"GB Gloor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gloor GB, Macklaim JM, Pawlowsky-Glahn V, Egozcue JJ. Microbiome datasets are compositional: and this is not optional. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:2224.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"7461_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005752","volume":"13","author":"F Rohart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rohart F, Gautier B, Singh A, L\u00ea Cao K-A, mixOmics. An R package for \u2018omics feature selection and multiple data integration. PLoS Comput Biol. 2017;13:e1005752.","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"7461_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4027","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btac438","volume":"38","author":"Y Cao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cao Y, Dong Q, Wang D, Zhang P, Liu Y, Niu C. MicrobiomeMarker: an R\/bioconductor package for microbiome marker identification and visualization. Bioinformatics. 2022;38:4027\u20139.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"7461_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3283366643","volume":"23","author":"G Winterer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Winterer G. Why do patients with schizophrenia smoke? Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2010;23:112\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"7461_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02407","volume":"10","author":"AD Willis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Willis AD. Rarefaction. Alpha diversity, and statistics. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:2407.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"7461_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0107-9","volume":"8","author":"LM Olde Loohuis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olde Loohuis LM, Mangul S, Ori APS, Jospin G, Koslicki D, Yang HT, et al. Transcriptome analysis in whole blood reveals increased microbial diversity in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8:96.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"7461_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112374","volume":"379","author":"X Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang X, Pan L, Zhang Z, Zhou Y, Jiang H, Ruan B. Analysis of gut mycobiota in first-episode, drug-na\u00efve Chinese patients with schizophrenia: A pilot study. Behav Brain Res. 2020;379:112374.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"7461_CR92","first-page":"44","volume":"10","author":"N Wei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wei N, Ju M, Su X, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Rao X, et al. Transplantation of gut microbiota derived from patients with schizophrenia induces schizophrenia-like behaviors and dysregulated brain transcript response in mice. Schizophr (Heidelberg Ger. 2024;10:44.","journal-title":"Schizophr (Heidelberg Ger"},{"key":"7461_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04328-w","volume":"22","author":"F Yan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yan F, Xia L, Xu L, Deng L, Jin G. A comparative study to determine the association of gut Microbiome with schizophrenia in Zhejiang, China. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22:731.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"7461_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113260","volume":"291","author":"R Pan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pan R, Zhang X, Gao J, Yi W, Wei Q, Su H. Analysis of the diversity of intestinal Microbiome and its potential value as a biomarker in patients with schizophrenia: A cohort study. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113260.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"7461_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9574","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9574","volume":"8","author":"S Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li S, Zhuo M, Huang X, Huang Y, Zhou J, Xiong D, et al. Altered gut microbiota associated with symptom severity in schizophrenia. PeerJ. 2020;8:e9574.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"7461_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.06.039","volume":"85","author":"R Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu R, Wu B, Liang J, He F, Gu W, Li K, et al. Altered gut microbiota and mucosal immunity in patients with schizophrenia. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;85:120\u20137.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"7461_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04255-w","volume":"22","author":"H Deng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deng H, He L, Wang C, Zhang T, Guo H, Zhang H, et al. Altered gut microbiota and its metabolites correlate with plasma cytokines in schizophrenia inpatients with aggression. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22:629.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"7461_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.09.014","volume":"204","author":"TT Nguyen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nguyen TT, Kosciolek T, Maldonado Y, Daly RE, Martin AS, McDonald D, et al. Differences in gut Microbiome composition between persons with chronic schizophrenia and healthy comparison subjects. Schizophr Res. 2019;204:23\u20139.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"7461_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.02.005","volume":"123","author":"X Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma X, Asif H, Dai L, He Y, Zheng W, Wang D, et al. Alteration of the gut Microbiome in first-episode drug-na\u00efve and chronic medicated schizophrenia correlate with regional brain volumes. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;123:136\u201344.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"7461_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.01.002","volume":"197","author":"Y Shen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shen Y, Xu J, Li Z, Huang Y, Yuan Y, Wang J, et al. Analysis of gut microbiota diversity and auxiliary diagnosis as a biomarker in patients with schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study. Schizophr Res. 2018;197:470\u20137.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"7461_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366311","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1366311","volume":"15","author":"Z Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Z, Tao X, Wang D, Pu J, Liu Y, Gui S, et al. Alterations of the gut microbiota in patients with schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1366311.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"7461_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930626","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.930626","volume":"9","author":"Y Du","year":"2022","unstructured":"Du Y, Li X, An Y, Song Y, Lu Y. Association of gut microbiota with sort-chain fatty acids and inflammatory cytokines in diabetic patients with cognitive impairment: A cross-sectional, non-controlled study. Front Nutr. 2022;9:930626.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"7461_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-020-00239-8","volume":"8","author":"PK Jena","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jena PK, Sheng L, Nguyen M, Di Lucente J, Hu Y, Li Y, et al. Dysregulated bile acid receptor-mediated signaling and IL-17A induction are implicated in diet-associated hepatic health and cognitive function. Biomark Res. 2020;8:59.","journal-title":"Biomark Res"},{"key":"7461_CR104","first-page":"e21734","volume":"35","author":"M Roman\u00ed-P\u00e9rez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roman\u00ed-P\u00e9rez M, L\u00f3pez-Almela I, Bullich-Vilarrubias C, Rueda-Ruzafa L, G\u00f3mez Del Pulgar EM, Ben\u00edtez-P\u00e1ez A, et al. Holdemanella biformis improves glucose tolerance and regulates GLP-1 signaling in obese mice. FASEB J Off Publ Fed Am Soc Exp Biol. 2021;35:e21734.","journal-title":"FASEB J Off Publ Fed Am Soc Exp Biol"},{"key":"7461_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0649-5","volume":"5","author":"E Zagato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zagato E, Pozzi C, Bertocchi A, Schioppa T, Saccheri F, Guglietta S, et al. Endogenous murine microbiota member faecalibaculum rodentium and its human homologue protect from intestinal tumour growth. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5:511\u201324.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"7461_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321173","volume":"70","author":"J Pujo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pujo J, Petitfils C, Le Faouder P, Eeckhaut V, Payros G, Maurel S, et al. Bacteria-derived long chain fatty acid exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in colitis. Gut. 2021;70:1088\u201397.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"7461_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05533-9","volume":"22","author":"Z Ling","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ling Z, Lan Z, Cheng Y, Liu X, Li Z, Yu Y, et al. Altered gut microbiota and systemic immunity in Chinese patients with schizophrenia comorbid with metabolic syndrome. J Transl Med. 2024;22:729.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"7461_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12102924","author":"TS Dong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dong TS, Gupta A, Jacobs JP, Lagishetty V, Gallagher E, Bhatt RR, et al. Improvement in uncontrolled eating behavior after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is associated with alterations in the Brain\u2013Gut\u2013Microbiome axis in obese women. Nutrients. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12102924.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"7461_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10946","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10946","volume":"9","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Zou R, Guo M, Duan M, Li Q, Zheng H. Comparison of gut microbiota between adults with autism spectrum disorder and obese adults. PeerJ. 2021;9:e10946.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"7461_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36430-z","volume":"9","author":"S Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu S, Li E, Sun Z, Fu D, Duan G, Jiang M, et al. Altered gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder. Sci Rep. 2019;9:287.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7461_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1159\/000526947","volume":"22","author":"P Wanapaisan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wanapaisan P, Chuansangeam M, Nopnipa S, Mathuranyanon R, Nonthabenjawan N, Ngamsombat C, et al. Association between gut microbiota with mild cognitive impairment and alzheimer\u2019s disease in a Thai population. Neurodegener Dis. 2022;22:43\u201354.","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis"},{"key":"7461_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106081","volume":"180","author":"J Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li J, Zhu S, Wang Y, Fan M, Dai J, Zhu C, et al. Metagenomic association analysis of cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults. Neurobiol Dis. 2023;180:106081.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"7461_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3390\/gidisord5030024","volume":"5","author":"A Kovaleva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kovaleva A, Poluektova E, Maslennikov R, Zolnikova O, Shifrin O, Kudryavtseva A, et al. Structure and metabolic activity of the gut microbiota in Diarrhea-Predominant irritable bowel syndrome combined with functional dyspepsia. Gastrointestinal Disorders. 2023;5:296\u2013309.","journal-title":"Gastrointestinal Disorders"},{"key":"7461_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14641","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14641","volume":"36","author":"M El-Salhy","year":"2024","unstructured":"El-Salhy M, Gilja OH, Hatlebakk JG. Factors affecting the outcome of fecal microbiota transplantation for patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2024;36:e14641.","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"7461_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2024.107208","volume":"171","author":"A Misera","year":"2025","unstructured":"Misera A, Kaczmarczyk M, \u0141oniewski I, Li\u015bkiewicz P, Podsiad\u0142o K, Misiak B, et al. Comparative analysis of gut microbiota in major depressive disorder and schizophrenia during hospitalisation - the case-control, post hoc study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2025;171:107208.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"7461_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.06.051","volume":"151","author":"D Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li D, Achkar J-P, Haritunians T, Jacobs JP, Hui KY, D\u2019Amato M, et al. A pleiotropic missense variant in SLC39A8 is associated with crohn\u2019s disease and human gut Microbiome composition. Gastroenterology. 2016;151:724\u201332.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1 Suppl 1","key":"7461_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14044","volume":"29","author":"Y-H Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen Y-H, Zhou C-H, Yu H, Wu W-J, Wang Y-W, Liu L, et al. Gut microbial signatures and differences in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia of emerging adulthood. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2023;29(Suppl 1 Suppl 1):5\u201317.","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"7461_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275719","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1275719","volume":"15","author":"L Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang L, Yuan X, Li X, Zhang X, Mao Y, Hu S, et al. Gut microbial diversity moderates polygenic risk of schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1275719.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"7461_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-019-00098-8","volume":"41","author":"H Singh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh H, Torralba MG, Moncera KJ, DiLello L, Petrini J, Nelson KE, et al. Gastro-intestinal and oral Microbiome signatures associated with healthy aging. GeroScience. 2019;41:907\u201321.","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"7461_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645060","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.645060","volume":"9","author":"J Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu J, Wang M, Chen W, Ma J, Peng Y, Zhang M, et al. Altered gut microbiota taxonomic compositions of patients with sepsis in a pediatric intensive care unit. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:645060.","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"7461_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-024-02125-6","volume":"299","author":"Y-F Qiu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qiu Y-F, Ye J, Xie J-J, Mao X-T, Liu Y-L, Fang Q, et al. Pancreatitis affects gut microbiota via metabolites and inflammatory cytokines: an exploratory two-step Mendelian randomisation study. Mol Genet Genomics. 2024;299:36.","journal-title":"Mol Genet Genomics"},{"key":"7461_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087326","author":"Y Ait Chait","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ait Chait Y, Mottawea W, Tompkins TA, Hammami R. Evidence of the dysbiotic effect of psychotropics on gut microbiota and capacity of probiotics to alleviate related dysbiosis in a model of the human colon. Int J Mol Sci. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24087326.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"7461_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.08.015","volume":"106","author":"Y-C Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen Y-C, Lin H-Y, Chien Y, Tung Y-H, Ni Y-H, Gau SS-F. Altered gut microbiota correlates with behavioral problems but not Gastrointestinal symptoms in individuals with autism. Brain Behav Immun. 2022;106:161\u201378.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"7461_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0306582","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0306582","volume":"19","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Y, Bi S, Li X, Zhong Y, Qi D. Perturbations in gut microbiota composition in schizophrenia. PLoS ONE. 2024;19:e0306582.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"7461_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00713","volume":"7","author":"C Engels","year":"2016","unstructured":"Engels C, Ruscheweyh H-J, Beerenwinkel N, Lacroix C, Schwab C. The common gut microbe Eubacterium Hallii also contributes to intestinal propionate formation. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:713.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"7461_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02261-z","volume":"20","author":"Y Liang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liang Y, Shi X, Shen Y, Huang Z, Wang J, Shao C, et al. Enhanced intestinal protein fermentation in schizophrenia. BMC Med. 2022;20:67.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"7461_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116601","volume":"175","author":"Y Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang Y, Wang YF, Miao J, Zheng RF, Li JY. Short-chain fatty acids: important components of the gut-brain axis against AD. Biomed Pharmacother. 2024;175:116601.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"7461_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907239","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.907239","volume":"12","author":"Q Zhong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhong Q, Chen J-J, Wang Y, Shao W-H, Zhou C-J, Xie P. Differential gut microbiota compositions related with the severity of major depressive disorder. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:907239.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"7461_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2021.11.009","volume":"56","author":"S Malan-Muller","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malan-Muller S, Valles-Colomer M, Foxx CL, Vieira-Silva S, van den Heuvel LL, Raes J, et al. Exploring the relationship between the gut Microbiome and mental health outcomes in a posttraumatic stress disorder cohort relative to trauma-exposed controls. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2022;56:24\u201338.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"7461_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1140","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1140","volume":"3","author":"E Castro-Nallar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Castro-Nallar E, Bendall ML, P\u00e9rez-Losada M, Sabuncyan S, Severance EG, Dickerson FB, et al. Composition, taxonomy and functional diversity of the oropharynx Microbiome in individuals with schizophrenia and controls. PeerJ. 2015;3:e1140.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"7461_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.08.026","volume":"234","author":"TT Nguyen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nguyen TT, Hathaway H, Kosciolek T, Knight R, Jeste DV. Gut Microbiome in serious mental illnesses: A systematic review and critical evaluation. Schizophr Res. 2021;234:24\u201340.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"7461_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.2573","volume":"78","author":"VL Nikolova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nikolova VL, Hall MRB, Hall LJ, Cleare AJ, Stone JM, Young AH. Perturbations in gut microbiota composition in psychiatric disorders: A review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78:1343\u201354.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"7461_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17020167","author":"S Alvarez-Herrera","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alvarez-Herrera S, Rosel Vales M, P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez G, Becerril-Villanueva E, Flores-Medina Y, Maldonado-Garc\u00eda JL, et al. Risperidone decreases expression of serotonin receptor-2A (5-HT2A) and serotonin transporter (SERT) but not dopamine receptors and dopamine transporter (DAT) in PBMCs from patients with schizophrenia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph17020167.","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"7461_CR134","first-page":"28","volume":"17","author":"J Appleton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Appleton J. The gut-brain axis: influence of microbiota on mood and mental health. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2018;17:28\u201332.","journal-title":"Integr Med (Encinitas)"},{"key":"7461_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00031-18","author":"D McDonald","year":"2018","unstructured":"McDonald D, Hyde E, Debelius JW, Morton JT, Gonzalez A, Ackermann G, et al. American gut: an open platform for citizen science microbiome research. mSystems. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mSystems.00031-18.","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"7461_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11053","volume":"486","author":"T Yatsunenko","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yatsunenko T, Rey FE, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Dominguez-Bello MG, Contreras M, et al. Human gut Microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature. 2012;486:222\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"7461_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0531-y","volume":"15","author":"GE Flores","year":"2014","unstructured":"Flores GE, Caporaso JG, Henley JB, Rideout JR, Domogala D, Chase J, et al. Temporal variability is a personalized feature of the human Microbiome. Genome Biol. 2014;15:531.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07461-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07461-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07461-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:24:05Z","timestamp":1781612645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07461-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"references-count":137,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07461-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved by the \u201cSocola\u201d Institute of Psychiatry of Iasi (no. 7523\/7.03.2023) and \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi (no. 404\/28.02.2024). The participants, including patients, provided their written informed consent to participate in this study before enrollment under applicable guidelines and regulations. Clinical Trial Number: Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1037"}}