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The aim of present study is to investigate the association between childhood-onset depression and newly diagnosed chronic diseases after age 65.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>12,314 respondents\u2019 data were from fifteen waves (1992\u20132018) of the Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (HRS). The association was estimated using the RR (risk ratio) and their 95% CI (confident interval). The chronic disease outcomes included eight chronic diseases (Hypertension, Diabetes, Cancer, Chronic lung disease, Heart problems, Stroke, Emotional\/psychiatric problem, Arthritis) newly diagnosed after age 65.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The findings showed that after age 65, the risk of having newly diagnosed chronic diseases was significantly higher in people with childhood-onset depression than without it\n                      <jats:italic>(RR 1.31<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>95% CI 1.12\u20131.52<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), and the newly diagnosed of two specific chronic diseases including chronic lung diseases (RR 1.53, 95% CI 1.04\u20132.16, p-value (Bonferroni)\u2009=\u20090.002) and emotional\/psychiatric problem (RR 2.17, 95% CI 1.34\u20133.31, p-value (Bonferroni)\u2009=\u20090.006) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05\/8 is significant) after age 65 were found to be significantly associated with childhood-onset depression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Childhood-onset depression would increase the risk of newly diagnosed chronic diseases, specifically chronic lung diseases, and emotional\/psychiatric problem in the elderly. Future clinical research and health policy should be targeted at the root cause to explore the causal pathway between childhood-onset depression and later-life chronic diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-07494-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T12:58:21Z","timestamp":1761569901000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Childhood-onset depression and newly diagnosed chronic diseases after age 65: a large longitudinal cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Zhishuang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheran","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaxin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhigong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rendong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruidan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingchen","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"7494_CR1","unstructured":"Global Health Data Exchange. 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