{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:17:46Z","timestamp":1791346666399,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007051","name":"Uppsala University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007051","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is characterized by symptoms of irritability, affective lability, anxiety, and depression, which occur only in the luteal phase of ovulatory menstrual cycles. This offers an ideal model to assess the neural correlates of the on and off switch of mood symptoms. Recently, we highlighted differences in grey matter volume between individuals with PMDD and healthy controls during the luteal phase, depicting smaller volumes in those diagnosed with the condition. However, it is unknown whether such alterations represent state-like changes specific to the symptomatic phase, or trait-like characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, 28 patients with PMDD and 26 controls underwent anatomical magnetic resonance imaging during the mid-follicular and the late-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. For each time point, we assessed grey matter volumes over the whole brain using voxel-based morphometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found no group-by-phase interaction effect on grey matter volumes, but a main effect of group across menstrual cycle phases, suggesting trait rather than state structural markers of PMDD. Patients displayed smaller volumes compared to controls, primarily in the cerebellum and cuneus, and at a trend-level in ventral occipito-temporal, parietal, paracentral and orbitofrontal areas, as well as the putamen (Cohen\u2019s d range: 0.4\u20131.1).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that the differences in grey matter volumes found in PMDD are stable across the menstrual cycle and could represent trait-like, vulnerability markers of PMDD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-07533-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T08:16:25Z","timestamp":1764663385000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Trait- versus state- grey matter volume alterations in premenstrual dysphoric disorder"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Louise","family":"Stiernman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manon","family":"Dubol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inger","family":"Sundstr\u00f6m-Poromaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Bixo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Comasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"7533_CR1","first-page":"DSM","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"A.P.A","year":"2013","unstructured":"A.P.A. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th. 2013. p. DSM-5.","edition":"5th"},{"key":"7533_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.01.066","volume":"349","author":"TJ Reilly","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reilly TJ, Patel S, Unachukwu IC, Knox CL, Wilson CA, Craig MC, et al. The prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2024;349:534\u201340.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"7533_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20230860","volume":"181","author":"DR Rubinow","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rubinow DR. Suicide and the menstrual cycle. Am J Psychiatry. 2024;181(1):11\u201313.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"7533_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-023-01004-9","volume":"37","author":"I Sundstrom-Poromaa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sundstrom-Poromaa I, Comasco E. New pharmacological approaches to the management of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. CNS Drugs. 2023;37(5):371\u201379.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"7533_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.02.007","volume":"103","author":"L di Scalea T","year":"2019","unstructured":"di Scalea T L, Pearlstein T. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Med Clin N Am. 2019;103(4):613\u201328.","journal-title":"Med Clin N Am"},{"key":"7533_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105168","volume":"149","author":"L Hantsoo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hantsoo L, Payne JL. Towards understanding the biology of premenstrual dysphoric disorder: from genes to GABA. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2023;149:105168.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"7533_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.06.038","volume":"146","author":"SM Berman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berman SM, London ED, Morgan M, Rapkin AJ. Elevated gray matter volume of the emotional cerebellum in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. J Affect Disord. 2013;146(2):266\u201371.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"7533_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.02.010","volume":"140","author":"HG Jeong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jeong HG, Ham BJ, Yeo HB, Jung IK, Joe SH. Gray matter abnormalities in patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: an optimized voxel-based morphometry. J Affect Disord. 2012;140(3):260\u201367.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"7533_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00301","volume":"8","author":"SK Syan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Syan SK, Minuzzi L, Smith M, Costescu D, Allega OR, Hall GBC, et al. Brain structure and function in women with comorbid bipolar and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:301.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"7533_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20468","volume":"18","author":"X Protopopescu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Protopopescu X, Butler T, Pan H, Root J, Altemus M, Polanecsky M, et al. Hippocampal structural changes across the menstrual cycle. Hippocampus. 2008;18(10):985\u201388.","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"issue":"1","key":"7533_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02017-6","volume":"12","author":"M Dubol","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dubol M, Stiernman L, Wikstrom J, Lanzenberger R, Neill Epperson C, Sundstrom-Poromaa I, et al. Differential grey matter structure in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: evidence from brain morphometry and data-driven classification. Transl Psychiatry. 2022;12(1):250.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"7533_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.03.049","volume":"138","author":"E Bora","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bora E, Fornito A, Pantelis C, Y\u00fccel M. Gray matter abnormalities in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of voxel based morphometry studies. J Affect Disord. 2012;138(1\u20132):9\u201318.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"7533_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93432","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093432","volume":"9","author":"J Shang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shang J, Fu Y, Ren Z, Zhang T, Du M, Gong Q, et al. The common traits of the ACC and PFC in anxiety disorders in the DSM-5: meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e93432.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"7533_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubol M, Neill Epperson C, Lanzenberger R, Sundstrom-Poromaa I, Comasco E. Neuroimaging premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a systematic and critical review. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2020;100838.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2020.100838"},{"issue":"1","key":"7533_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5996","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07109-3","volume":"12","author":"M Dubol","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dubol M, Wikstrom J, Lanzenberger R, Epperson CN, Sundstrom-Poromaa I, Comasco E. Grey matter correlates of affective and somatic symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):5996.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7533_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2020.100878","volume":"60","author":"M Dubol","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dubol M, Epperson CN, Sacher J, Pletzer B, Derntl B, Lanzenberger R, et al. Neuroimaging the menstrual cycle: a multimodal systematic review. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2021;60:100878.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"7533_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/s44220-023-00125-w","volume":"1","author":"RG Zsido","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zsido RG, Williams AN, Barth C, Serio B, Kurth L, Mildner T, et al. Ultra-high-field 7T MRI reveals changes in human medial temporal lobe volume in female adults during menstrual cycle. Nat Ment Health. 2023;1(10):761\u201371.","journal-title":"Nat Ment Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"7533_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2018.20.3\/drubinow","volume":"20","author":"DR Rubinow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rubinow DR, Schmidt PJ. Is there a role for reproductive steroids in the etiology and treatment of affective disorders? Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2018;20(3):187\u201396.","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"7533_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, GPower BA. 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175\u201391.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"7533_CR20","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Rev. ed. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.","edition":"Rev. ed"},{"issue":"20","key":"7533_CR21","first-page":"22\u201333;quiz 4","volume":"59","author":"DV Sheehan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, et al. The mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(20):22\u201333;quiz 4\u201357.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"7533_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-005-0103-y","volume":"9","author":"J Endicott","year":"2006","unstructured":"Endicott J, Nee J, Harrison W. Daily record of severity of problems (DRSP): reliability and validity. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2006;9(1):41\u201349.","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"7533_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2021.105426","volume":"133","author":"T Backstrom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Backstrom T, Ekberg K, Hirschberg AL, Bixo M, Epperson CN, Briggs P, et al. A randomized, double-blind study on efficacy and safety of sepranolone in premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2021;133:105426.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"10","key":"7533_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.1472","volume":"72","author":"KA Yonkers","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yonkers KA, Kornstein SG, Gueorguieva R, Merry B, Van Steenburgh K, Altemus M. Symptom-onset dosing of sertraline for the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiarty. 2015;72(10):1037\u201344.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiarty"},{"key":"7533_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2020.100856","volume":"59","author":"I Sundstrom-Poromaa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sundstrom-Poromaa I, Comasco E, Sumner R, Luders E. Progesterone - friend or foe? Front Neuroendocrinol. 2020;59:100856.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"6 Pt 1","key":"7533_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0582","volume":"11","author":"J Ashburner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ashburner J, Friston KJ. Voxel-based morphometry-the methods. Neuroimage. 2000;11(6 Pt 1):805\u201321.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"7533_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubol M, Stiernman L, Sundstrom-Poromaa I, Bixo M, Comasco E. Cortical morphology variations during the menstrual cycle in individuals with and without premenstrual dysphoric disorder. J Affect Disord. 2024.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.03.130"},{"issue":"1","key":"7533_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02424-3","volume":"13","author":"L Stiernman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stiernman L, Dubol M, Comasco E, Sundstrom-Poromaa I, Boraxbekk CJ, Johansson M, et al. Emotion-induced brain activation across the menstrual cycle in individuals with premenstrual dysphoric disorder and associations to serum levels of progesterone-derived neurosteroids. Transl Psychiatry. 2023;13(1):124.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"7533_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.025","volume":"53","author":"J Barnes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barnes J, Ridgway GR, Bartlett J, Henley SM, Lehmann M, Hobbs N, et al. Head size, age and gender adjustment in MRI studies: a necessary nuisance? Neuroimage. 2010;53(4):1244\u201355.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"5","key":"7533_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0164-4","volume":"43","author":"I Garcia-Garcia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garcia-Garcia I, Michaud A, Dadar M, Zeighami Y, Neseliler S, Collins DL, et al. Neuroanatomical differences in obesity: meta-analytic findings and their validation in an independent dataset. Int J Obes (Lond). 2019;43(5):943\u201351.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"7533_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.03.061","volume":"44","author":"SM Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith SM, Nichols TE. Threshold-free cluster enhancement: addressing problems of smoothing, threshold dependence and localisation in cluster inference. Neuroimage. 2009;44(1):83\u201398.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"5","key":"7533_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.03.002","volume":"21","author":"L Pessoa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pessoa L. A network model of the emotional brain. Trends Cogn Sci. 2017;21(5):357\u201371.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"7533_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2008.04.003","volume":"44","author":"CJ Fox","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fox CJ, Iaria G, Barton JJ. Disconnection in prosopagnosia and face processing. Cortex. 2008;44(8):996\u20131009.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"11","key":"7533_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1341","volume":"7","author":"P Vuilleumier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vuilleumier P, Richardson MP, Armony JL, Driver J, Dolan RJ. Distant influences of amygdala lesion on visual cortical activation during emotional face processing. Nat Neurosci. 2004;7(11):1271\u201378.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"7533_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.09.033","volume":"583","author":"A Frick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frick A, Engman J, Alaie I, Bj\u00f6rkstrand J, Faria V, Gingnell M, et al. Enlargement of visual processing regions in social anxiety disorder is related to symptom severity. Neurosci Lett. 2014;583:114\u201319.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"7533_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couvy-Duchesne B, Strike LT, de Zubicaray GI, McMahon KL, Thompson PM, Hickie IB, et al. Lingual gyrus surface area is associated with anxiety-depression severity in young adults: a genetic clustering approach. eNeuro. 2018;5(1).","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0153-17.2017"},{"key":"7533_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.06.013","volume":"21","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Chen L, Zhang W, Xiao Y, Shah C, Zhu H, et al. Gray matter abnormalities in non-comorbid medication-naive patients with major depressive disorder or social anxiety disorder. EBioMedicine. 2017;21:228\u201335.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"7533_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3341-08.2009","volume":"29","author":"M Desseilles","year":"2009","unstructured":"Desseilles M, Balteau E, Sterpenich V, Dang-Vu TT, Darsaud A, Vandewalle G, et al. Abnormal neural filtering of irrelevant visual information in depression. J Neurosci. 2009;29(5):1395\u2013403.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"7533_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-016-0815-8","volume":"16","author":"M Adamaszek","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adamaszek M, D\u2019Agata F, Ferrucci R, Habas C, Keulen S, Kirkby KC, et al. Consensus paper: cerebellum and emotion. Cerebellum. 2017;16(2):552\u201376.","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"issue":"2","key":"7533_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3934\/Neuroscience2014.2.120","volume":"1","author":"AJ Rapkin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rapkin AJ, Berman SM, London ED. The cerebellum and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Aims Neurosci. 2014;1(2):120\u201341.","journal-title":"Aims Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"7533_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.09.029","volume":"69","author":"AJ Rapkin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rapkin AJ, Berman SM, Mandelkern MA, Silverman DH, Morgan M, London ED. Neuroimaging evidence of cerebellar involvement in premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;69(4):374\u201380.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"7533_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3045","volume":"15","author":"RJ Zatorre","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zatorre RJ, Fields RD, Johansen-Berg H. Plasticity in gray and white: neuroimaging changes in brain structure during learning. Nat Neurosci. 2012;15(4):528\u201336.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"7533_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4450","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22486","volume":"35","author":"E Comasco","year":"2014","unstructured":"Comasco E, Hahn A, Ganger S, Gingnell M, Bannbers E, Oreland L, et al. Emotional fronto-cingulate cortex activation and brain derived neurotrophic factor polymorphism in premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014;35(9):4450\u201358.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"7533_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2020.104782","volume":"124","author":"R Dan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dan R, Reuveni I, Canetti L, Weinstock M, Segman R, Goelman G, et al. Trait-related changes in brain network topology in premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Horm Behav. 2020;124:104782.","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"7533_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.04.001","volume":"94","author":"I Reuveni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reuveni I, Dan R, Canetti L, Bick AS, Segman R, Azoulay M, et al. Aberrant intrinsic brain network functional connectivity during a face-matching task in women diagnosed with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2023;94(6):492\u2013500.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"7533_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20030286","volume":"178","author":"E Comasco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Comasco E, Kopp Kallner H, Bixo M, Hirschberg AL, Nyback S, de Grauw H, et al. Ulipristal acetate for treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2021;178(3):256\u201365.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"7533_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2022.10.002","volume":"65","author":"E Kaltsouni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaltsouni E, Dubol M, Wikstrom J, Lanzenberger R, Sundstrom-Poromaa I, Comasco E. Grey matter morphology in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder treated with a selective progesterone receptor modulator. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2022;65:35\u201343.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"7902","key":"7533_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04492-9","volume":"603","author":"S Marek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marek S, Tervo-Clemmens B, Calabro FJ, Montez DF, Kay BP, Hatoum AS, et al. Reproducible brain-wide association studies require thousands of individuals. Nature. 2022;603(7902):654\u201360.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"7533_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32833","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32833","volume":"6","author":"C Barth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barth C, Steele CJ, Mueller K, Rekkas VP, Arelin K, Pampel A, et al. In-vivo dynamics of the human hippocampus across the menstrual cycle. Sci Rep. 2016;6:32833.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"7533_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117125","volume":"220","author":"CM Taylor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taylor CM, Pritschet L, Olsen RK, Layher E, Santander T, Grafton ST, et al. Progesterone shapes medial temporal lobe volume across the human menstrual cycle. Neuroimage. 2020;220:117125.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"7533_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00519","volume":"8","author":"EB Johnson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Johnson EB, Gregory S, Johnson HJ, Durr A, Leavitt BR, Roos RA, et al. Recommendations for the use of automated gray matter segmentation tools: evidence from Huntington\u2019s disease. Front Neurol. 2017;8:519.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07533-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07533-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07533-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T14:53:31Z","timestamp":1781621611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07533-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7533"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07533-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Ume\u00e5 (2016\u2013111-31\u2009M, 2017\u2013266-32\u2009M). All participants provided written informed consent to participate in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1139"}}