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The present study investigated long-term associations of both risk factors on the offspring\u2019s hair cortisol concentration (HCC) in childhood and adolescence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The HCC of\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200994 children was assessed at primary school age (T1,\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097.7 years,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.81) and in early adolescence (T2,\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200913.3 years,\n                      <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.30). PAE was operationalized by maternal self-report and the meconium alcohol metabolite ethyl glucuronide (EtG), applying two cut-off values, EtG\u2009\u2265\u200910 ng\/g (EtG\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      +:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 18) and EtG\u2009\u2265\u2009154 ng\/g (EtG\n                      <jats:sub>154<\/jats:sub>\n                      +:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099). The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to screen for prenatal maternal depressive symptoms (EPDS\u2009\u2265\u200910:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200924). The clinical relevance of the results was assessed by correlating the HCC with children\u2019s emotional and behavioral problems as measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The EtG\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      +\u2009and the EtG\n                      <jats:sub>154<\/jats:sub>\n                      +\u2009group showed lower HCC at T1 than the respective control groups, with a significant difference observed for the EtG\n                      <jats:sub>154<\/jats:sub>\n                      risk group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.032). This difference was attenuated at T2. Children and adolescents whose mothers reported prenatal depressive symptoms did not show any significant differences in HCC at any time.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study provides further evidence of long-term effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy on the HPA axis development of the child, as manifested in distinct trajectories of HCC from primary school age to early adolescence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-07559-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T15:07:47Z","timestamp":1762355267000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of prenatal alcohol exposure and prenatal depressive symptoms with offspring hair cortisol in childhood and adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Anne-Christine","family":"Plank","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Panaseth-Gehle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Mestermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Fasching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias W.","family":"Beckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Kratz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunther H.","family":"Moll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Lenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Kornhuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Eichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"IMAC-Mind Konsortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"7559_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.13075\/ijomeh.1896.00424","volume":"28","author":"K Polanska","year":"2015","unstructured":"Polanska K, Jurewicz J, Hanke W. 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