{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T01:10:37Z","timestamp":1779153037685,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This exploratory study aimed to compare frailty characteristics between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls, and to investigate the association between frailty severity and immune-inflammatory markers in individuals with schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recruited 27 community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia (mean age 39.9\u2009\u00b1\u20097.8\u2009years) and 14 age-matched healthy controls (mean age 37.1\u2009\u00b1\u20098.4\u2009years). Frailty was assessed using the Frailty Index-Laboratory (FI-Lab), the Edmonton Frail Scale (EFS), and the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS). Immune-inflammatory markers were analyzed using flow cytometry. Statistical analyses examined group differences and associations with frailty severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared to healthy controls, patients with schizophrenia showed significantly higher scores on FI-Lab, EFS, and CFS. Several immune cell subsets, including memory (CD45RO\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) \u03b3\/\u03b4 T\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      Th17 and regulatory \u03b3\/\u03b4 T\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      Th cells, were significantly elevated in the schizophrenia group. Within this group, FI-Lab scores were positively associated with memory (CD45RO\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) \u03b3\/\u03b4 T\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      Tc levels. No significant differences were observed for hs-CRP or homocysteine.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that younger patients with schizophrenia may exhibit early signs of frailty and altered immune cell profiles. While limited by sample size and cross-sectional design, these findings highlight potential immune correlates of frailty-related vulnerability in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-026-08032-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T01:48:03Z","timestamp":1775872083000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Frailty-related vulnerability and immune cell profiles in younger adults with schizophrenia: an exploratory study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shan","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shang-Ying","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiou-Feng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5570-3972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuo-Hsuan","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"8032_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong HY, Teoh SL, Wu DB-C, Kotirum S, Chiou C-F, Chaiyakunapruk N. 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