{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:54:41Z","timestamp":1781650481024,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The longitudinal course of hoarding behavior (HB) in children and adolescents, as well as the predictors of its outcome, remain unknown. This prospective longitudinal study aims to evaluate the four-year course of HB and identify predictors of progression to hoarding disorder (HD) and the persistence of hoarding symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children and adolescents with HB underwent a clinical assessment after a four-year follow-up period. The assessment included a one-on-one psychiatric interview, an HD clinical interview based on DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL), a semi-structured diagnostic interview for comorbid diagnoses, and the Children\u2019s Saving Inventory (CSI) to assess hoarding symptom severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Over the 4-year follow-up period, 42.2% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200919) of participants progressed to HD, 20% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099) persisted in HB, and 37.8% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200917) no longer displayed hoarding symptoms. Baseline hoarding symptom severity significantly predicted progression to HD and was also associated with persistence of hoarding symptoms. In exploratory models, current psychiatric comorbidity and female gender were associated with persistence but not progression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings provide precious insights into the longitudinal course of HB and predictors. The results also suggest the importance of early identification and monitoring of HB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-026-08055-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T11:55:25Z","timestamp":1776340525000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnostic progression to hoarding disorder: the longitudinal course of hoarding behavior"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6436-4394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Akif","family":"Ak\u0131nc\u0131","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1190-9589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahad\u0131r","family":"Turan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2457-5832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esen","family":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Demird\u00f6\u011fen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8359-6131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Bozkurt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2796-2950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Ali","family":"Donbalo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4173-9065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fcls\u00fcm Tu\u011fba","family":"Korkmaz \u00dcr\u00fck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5598-2097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130brahim Sel\u00e7uk","family":"Esin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2990-9851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onur Burak","family":"Dursun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"8055_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2008.04.004","volume":"46","author":"JF Samuels","year":"2008","unstructured":"Samuels JF, Bienvenu OJ, Grados MA, Cullen B, Riddle MA, Liang K-y, Eaton WW, Nestadt G. Prevalence and correlates of hoarding behavior in a community-based sample. Behav Res Ther. 2008;46(7):836\u201344.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"8055_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029966","volume":"25","author":"KR Timpano","year":"2013","unstructured":"Timpano KR, Broman-Fulks JJ, Glaesmer H, Exner C, Rief W, Olatunji BO, Keough ME, Riccardi CJ, Br\u00e4hler E, Wilhelm S. A taxometric exploration of the latent structure of hoarding. Psychol Assess. 2013;25(1):194.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"8055_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association D. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5, vol 5. vol 5. American psychiatric association Washington, DC. 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"issue":"10","key":"8055_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-021-01847-x","volume":"31","author":"MA Ak\u0131nc\u0131","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ak\u0131nc\u0131 MA, Turan B, Esin \u0130S, Dursun OB. Prevalence and correlates of hoarding behavior and hoarding disorder in children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022;31(10):1623\u201334.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"8055_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.06.004","volume":"256","author":"A Postlethwaite","year":"2019","unstructured":"Postlethwaite A, Kellett S, Mataix-Cols D. Prevalence of hoarding disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2019;256:309\u201316.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"8055_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2015.1033684","volume":"20","author":"ME Dozier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dozier ME, Porter B, Ayers CR. Age of onset and progression of hoarding symptoms in older adults with hoarding disorder. Aging Ment Health. 2016;20(7):736\u201342.","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"8055_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054712455845","volume":"20","author":"LE Hacker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hacker LE, Park JM, Timpano KR, Cavitt MA, Alvaro JL, Lewin AB, Murphy TK, Storch EA. Hoarding in children with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2016;20(7):617\u201326.","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"8055_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2007.03.001","volume":"48","author":"EA Storch","year":"2007","unstructured":"Storch EA, Lack CW, Merlo LJ, Geffken GR, Jacob ML, Murphy TK, Goodman WK. Clinical features of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder and hoarding symptoms. Compr Psychiatr. 2007;48(4):313\u20138.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatr"},{"key":"8055_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2015.07.006","volume":"36","author":"RJ Hamblin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hamblin RJ, Lewin AB, Salloum A, Crawford EA, McBride NM, Storch EA. Clinical characteristics and predictors of hoarding in children with anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord. 2015;36:9\u201314.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"8055_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01527-2","volume":"30","author":"VZ Ivanov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ivanov VZ, Mataix-Cols D, Serlachius E, Brander G, Elmquist A, Enander J, R\u00fcck C. The developmental origins of hoarding disorder in adolescence: a longitudinal clinical interview study following an epidemiological survey. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021;30:415\u201325.","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"8055_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20693","volume":"27","author":"D Mataix-Cols","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mataix-Cols D, Frost RO, Pertusa A, Clark LA, Saxena S, Leckman JF, Stein DJ, Matsunaga H, Wilhelm S. Hoarding disorder: A new diagnosis for DSM-V? Depress Anxiety. 2010;27(6):556\u201372.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"1","key":"8055_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2023.2287755","volume":"28","author":"D C\u00f3rcoles","year":"2024","unstructured":"C\u00f3rcoles D, Guerrero L, Malagon A, Bellsol\u00e0 M, Gonzalez AM, Le\u00f3n J, Sabat\u00e9 A, P\u00e9rez V, Bulbena A, Mart\u00edn LM. Hoarding behaviour: special features and complications in real-world clinical practice. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2024;28(1):17\u201326.","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"8055_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","volume":"36","author":"J Kaufman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U, Flynn C, Moreci P, Williamson D, Ryan N. Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(7):980\u20138.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"8055_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00dcnal F, \u00d6ktem F, \u00c7etin \u00c7uhadaro\u011flu F, \u00c7engel K\u00fclt\u00fcr SE, AKDEM\u0130 D, Foto \u00d6zdemir D, \u00c7ak HT, \u00dcnal D, TIRA\u015e K, Aslan C. Reliability and validity of the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version, DSM-5 November 2016-Turkish adaptation (K-SADS-PL-DSM-5-T). Turkish J Psychiatry. 2019;30(1).","DOI":"10.5080\/u23408"},{"key":"8055_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-010-0207-0","volume":"42","author":"EA Storch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Storch EA, Muroff J, Lewin AB, Geller D, Ross A, McCarthy K, Morgan J, Murphy TK, Frost R, Steketee G. Development and preliminary psychometric evaluation of the Children\u2019s Saving Inventory. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2011;42:166\u201382.","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"8055_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.5152\/eurasianjmed.2023.23102","volume":"55","author":"MA Ak\u0131nc\u0131","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ak\u0131nc\u0131 MA, Turan B, \u00c7ak\u0131r A, Esin \u0130S, Storch EA, Dursun OB. Psychometric Properties of the Turkish Version of the Children\u2019s Saving Inventory in a Clinical Sample. Eurasian J Med. 2023;55(3):243.","journal-title":"Eurasian J Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"8055_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7273","volume":"36","author":"R Puhr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Puhr R, Heinze G, Nold M, Lusa L, Geroldinger A. Firth\u2019s logistic regression with rare events: accurate effect estimates and predictions? Stat Med. 2017;36(14):2302\u201317.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"8055_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02367.x","volume":"52","author":"M Rutter","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rutter M. Research review: Child psychiatric diagnosis and classification: Concepts, findings, challenges and potential. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2011;52(6):647\u201360.","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"8055_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Church MJ, Mangen KH, Spencer SD. Hoarding in Youth. In: A Clinician\u2019s Guide to Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. Routledge. 2025:pp 183\u2013201.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003517429-11"},{"issue":"5","key":"8055_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2005.07.004","volume":"20","author":"JR Grisham","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grisham JR, Frost RO, Steketee G, Kim H-J, Hood S. Age of onset of compulsive hoarding. J Anxiety Disord. 2006;20(5):675\u201386.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"8055_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20684","volume":"27","author":"DF Tolin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tolin DF, Meunier SA, Frost RO, Steketee G. Course of compulsive hoarding and its relationship to life events. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27(9):829\u201338.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"7","key":"8055_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e69140","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069140","volume":"8","author":"VZ Ivanov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ivanov VZ, Mataix-Cols D, Serlachius E, Lichtenstein P, Anckars\u00e4ter H, Chang Z, Gumpert CH, Lundstr\u00f6m S, L\u00e5ngstr\u00f6m N, R\u00fcck C. Prevalence, comorbidity and heritability of hoarding symptoms in adolescence: a population based twin study in 15-year olds. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(7):e69140.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"8055_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.01.017","volume":"58","author":"M Rozenman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rozenman M, McGuire J, Wu M, Ricketts E, Peris T, O\u2019Neill J, Bergman RL, Chang S, Piacentini J. Hoarding symptoms in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Clinical features and response to cognitive-behavioral therapy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;58(8):799\u2013805.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"8055_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2310","volume":"25","author":"CR Ayers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ayers CR, Saxena S, Golshan S, Wetherell JL. Age at onset and clinical features of late life compulsive hoarding. Int J Geriatric Psychiatry: J psychiatry late life allied Sci. 2010;25(2):142\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatric Psychiatry: J psychiatry late life allied Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"8055_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4057","volume":"29","author":"CR Ayers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ayers CR, Ly P, Howard I, Mayes T, Porter B, Iqbal Y. Hoarding severity predicts functional disability in late-life hoarding disorder patients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;29(7):741\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"8055_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22222","volume":"31","author":"J Muroff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Muroff J, Steketee G, Frost RO, Tolin DF. Cognitive behavior therapy for hoarding disorder: Follow-up findings and predictors of outcome. Depress Anxiety. 2014;31(12):964\u201371.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"8055_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hombali A, Sagayadevan V, Tan WM, Chong R, Weng YH, Vaingankar J, Chong SA, Subramaniam M. A narrative synthesis of possible causes and risk factors of hoarding behaviours. Asian journal of psychiatry; 2019.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2019.04.001"},{"issue":"2","key":"8055_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2010.12.002","volume":"49","author":"DF Tolin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tolin DF, Villavicencio A. Inattention, but not OCD, predicts the core features of hoarding disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2011;49(2):120\u20135.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"8055_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.047","volume":"193","author":"MG Wheaton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wheaton MG, Abramowitz JS, Jacoby RJ, Zwerling J, Rodriguez CI. An investigation of the role of intolerance of uncertainty in hoarding symptoms. J Affect Disord. 2016;193:208\u201314.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"8055_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2024.04.010","volume":"64","author":"PE Kambanis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kambanis PE, Tabri N, McPherson I, Gydus JE, Kuhnle M, Stern CM, Asanza E, Becker KR, Breithaupt L, Freizinger M. Prospective 2-year course and predictors of outcome in avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2025;64(2):262\u201375.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"8055_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.01.018","volume":"247","author":"RC Bosman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bosman RC, Ten Have M, de Graaf R, Muntingh AD, van Balkom AJ, Batelaan NM. Prevalence and course of subthreshold anxiety disorder in the general population: A three-year follow-up study. J Affect Disord. 2019;247:105\u201313.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12888-026-08055-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-026-08055-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-026-08055-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T22:12:43Z","timestamp":1781647963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12888-026-08055-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-026-08055-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical committee approval was received from the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of Atat\u00fcrk University (Approval Number: B.30.2.ATA. 0.01.00\/477; Date: 02.06.2022) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants and their parents.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"423"}}