{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T23:07:26Z","timestamp":1779923246570,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Quzhou City Science and Technology Research Project","award":["2024k124, 2024k120, 2024k121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024k124, 2024k120, 2024k121"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-026-08083-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T08:55:44Z","timestamp":1776416144000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Non-suicidal self-injury ideation among Chinese secondary vocational and junior college students: a latent profile analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"XiaoLei","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ShuLin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"WeiYe","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"WenShun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AnNa","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LiNa","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ShuangLi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"8083_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-019-09630-w","volume":"12","author":"S Gaspar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gaspar S, Reis M, Sampaio D, Guerreiro D, Matos MG. Non-suicidal self-injuries and adolescents high risk behaviours: Highlights from the Portuguese HBSC study. Child Indic Res. 2019;12:2137\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12187-019-09630-w.","journal-title":"Child Indic Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"8083_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029429","volume":"80","author":"K Guan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guan K, Fox KR, Prinstein MJ. Nonsuicidal self-injury as a time-invariant pre-dictor of adolescent suicide ideation and attempts in a diverse community sample. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2012;80(5):842\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0029429.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"8083_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002245","volume":"18","author":"G Kiekens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kiekens G, Haasking P, Bruffaerts R, Alonso J, Auberbach PP, Bantjel J, et al. Non-suicidal self-injury among first-year college students and its association with mental disorders: results from the World Mental Health International College Student (WMH-ICS) initiative. Psychol Med. 2021;18:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291721002245.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"8083_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/13591045221115289","volume":"28","author":"R Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou R, Zhang JJ, Liu YD, Chen HB, Wang SB, Jia FJ, et al. Internet Addiction In Adolescent Psychiatric Patient Population: A Hospital-Based Study From China. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2023;28:199\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13591045221115289.","journal-title":"Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"8083_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-4642(19)30373-6","volume":"4","author":"K Hawton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hawton K, Bale L, Brand F, Ellen T, Jennifer N, Keith W, et al. Mortality In Children and Adolescents Following Presentation to Hospital After Non-Fatal Self-Harm In the Multicentre Study of Self-Harm: A Prospective Observa-tional Cohort Study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4:111\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2352-4642(19)30373-6.","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"8083_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3928\/0279-3695-19950601-08","volume":"33","author":"P Faye","year":"1995","unstructured":"Faye P. Addictive characteristics of the behavior of self-mutilation. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 1995;33(6):36\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/0279-3695-19950601-08.","journal-title":"J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv"},{"issue":"6","key":"8083_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.12510","volume":"97","author":"MJ Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li MJ, Liu FL, Han XX, Wang JC, Li NN. The Association Between Internet Addiction and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. J Adolesc. 2025;97(6):1433\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jad.12510.","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"key":"8083_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhu J, Chen Y, Su B. Non-suicidal self-injury in adolescence: longitudinal evidence of recursive associations with adolescent depression and parental rejection. J Adolesc. 2020;84:36\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2020.08.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2020.08.002"},{"key":"8083_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fan T, Twayigira M, Song L, Luo X, Huang C, Gao X, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of internet addiction among Chinese adolescents: association with childhood trauma. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1172109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1283106.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1283106"},{"issue":"6","key":"8083_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e206863","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.6863","volume":"3","author":"J Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang J, Ma Y, Lewis SP, Chen R, Clifford A, Ammerman BA, et al. Association of Internet Addiction With Nonsuicidal Self-injury Among Adolescents in China. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(6):e206863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.6863.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"8083_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004737","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004737","volume":"22","author":"N Hoertel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hoertel N, Olfson M, Blanco C, Biscond M, Limosin F, Sanchez-Rico M, et al. Impact of excessive social media use on adolescent depression and its consequences in France: An individual-based microsimulation model. PLoS Med. 2025;22(10):e1004737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004737.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"8083_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-026-10256-9","volume":"27","author":"V Baldini","year":"2026","unstructured":"Baldini V, Varallo G, Pisano G, Gnazzo M, Ronchi DD, Tubbs A, et al. Problematic internet use and associated high-risk behavior in an adolescent clinical sample. Psychiatr Q. 2026;27:349\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11126-026-10256-9.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"8083_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hsieh KY, Hsiao RC, Yang YH, Liu TL, Yen CF. Predictive effects of sex, age, depression, and problematic behaviors on the incidence and remission of internet addiction in college students: a prospective study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(12). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15122861.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122861"},{"key":"8083_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2020.12.003","volume":"87","author":"E Weinstein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weinstein E, Kleiman EM, Franz PJ, Joyce VW, Nash CC, Buonopane RJ, et al. Positive and negative uses of social media among adolescents hospitalized for suicidal behavior. J Adolesc. 2021;87:63\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2020.12.003.","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"key":"8083_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mancinelli E, Ruocco E, Napolitano S, Salcuni S. A network analysis on self-harming and problematic smartphone use: the role of self-control, internalizing and externalizing problems in a sample of self-harming adolescents. Compr Psychiatry. 2022;112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2021.152285.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2021.152285"},{"key":"8083_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ho RC, Zhang MW, Tsang TY, Toh AH, Pan F, Lu Y, et al. The association between internet addiction and psychiatric co-morbidity: a meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-244X-14-183.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-183"},{"issue":"4","key":"8083_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.4.2015.043","volume":"4","author":"SW Choi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Choi SW, Kim DJ, Choi JS, Ahn H, Choi EJ, Song WY, et al. Comparison of risk and protective factors associated with smartphone addiction and Internet addiction. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(4):308\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/2006.4.2015.043.","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"8083_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pp87","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-023-00626-7","volume":"171","author":"K Chemnad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chemnad K, Aziz M, Abdelmoneium AO, Al-Harahsheh S, Baghdady A, Al Motawaa FY, et al. Adolescents\u2019 internet addiction: does it all begin with their environment? Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2023;171:pp87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13034-023-00626-7.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"key":"8083_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.03.050","volume":"287","author":"L Guo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guo L, Shi G, Du X, Wang W, Guo Y, Lu C. Associations of emotional and behavioral problems with internet use among Chinese young adults: the role of academic performance. J Affect Disord Elsevier. 2021;287:214\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.03.050.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord Elsevier"},{"key":"8083_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zeng Y. Relationship between loneliness and internet addiction: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2024;24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18366-4.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18366-4"},{"key":"8083_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025665","volume":"49","author":"M Brendgen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brendgen M, Vitaro F, Barker ED, Girard A, Dionne G, Tremblay RE, et al. Do other people\u2019s plights matter? A genetically informed twin study of the role of social context in the link between peer victimization and children\u2019s aggression and depression symptoms. Dev Psychol. 2013;49:327\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0025665.","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"8083_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.09.017","volume":"230","author":"M Van Gee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Van Gee M, Goemans A, Vedder P. A meta-analysis on the relation between peer victimization and adolescent non-suicidal self-injury. Psychiatry Res. 2015;230:364\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.09.017.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"8083_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001359","volume":"209","author":"TR Pritchard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pritchard TR, Fedchenko CA, Lewis SP. Self-Injury is my drug: the functions of describing nonsuicidal self-injury as an addiction. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2021;209(9):628\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001359.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"8083_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.07.007","volume":"314","author":"AK Ibrahim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ibrahim AK, Fouad I, Kelly SJ, El Fawal B, Ahmed GK. Prevalence and determinants of internet addiction among medical students and its association with depression. J Affect Disord. 2023;314:94\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2022.07.007.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"8083_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu P, Hao X, Luo D, Lai M, Sun X, Xu J. Problematic internet gaming and nonsuicidal self-injury in Chinese adolescents: moderating and mediating roles of anxiety. Compr Psychiatry. 2023;125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2023.152398.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2023.152398"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"8083_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3864","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221109903","volume":"38","author":"HL Gu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gu HL, Fang LL. Peer Victimization and Adolescent NonSuicidal Self-Injury: The Mediating Role of Alienation and Moderating Role of Mindfulness. J interpers Violence. 2023;38(3\u20134):3864\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605221109903.","journal-title":"J interpers Violence"},{"key":"8083_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Young B, Nayeem N, John J, McHugh C, Messias E, Lin P. Mediating roles of bullying and depression in the link between body weight and suicidality in adolescents. J Affect Disord. 2025;1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119820.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119820"},{"key":"8083_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.03.006","volume":"64","author":"CS Andreassen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andreassen CS, Pallesen S, Griffiths MD. The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: findings from a large national survey. Addict Behav. 2017;64:287\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.03.006.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"8083_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peng P, Liao YH. Six addiction components of problematic social media use in relation to depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms: a latent profile analysis and network analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-023-04837-2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04837-2"},{"key":"8083_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02202939","volume":"16","author":"GC Armsden","year":"1987","unstructured":"Armsden GC, Greenberg MT. The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment: Individual Differences and Their Relationship to Psychological Well- Being in Adolescence. J Youth Adolesc. 1987;16:427\u201354. 10.1007\/. BF022 02939.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"8083_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1000-6729.2011.01.0152011","volume":"25","author":"YL Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang YL, Zhang YL, Zhang YX, Wang LJ, Huang CY. Reliability and Validity of Chinese Version of Revised Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment in Junior Students. Chin Mental Health J. 2011;25:66\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1000-6729.2011.01.0152011.","journal-title":"Chin Mental Health J"},{"issue":"10","key":"8083_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Lowe B. A brief measure forassessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"8083_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","volume":"16","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RLL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"8083_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1007-3256.2014.04.021","volume":"27","author":"XC Hu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hu XC, Zhang YL, Liang W, Zhang HM, Yang SC. Reliability and validity of the patient health questionnaire-9 in Chinese adolescents. Sichuan Mental Health. 2014;27:357\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3969\/j.issn.1007-3256.2014.04.021.","journal-title":"Sichuan Mental Health"},{"key":"8083_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yu LL, Ji WD, Song L, Wei YC, Yang FR, Yang J. Development of the adolescent non-suicidal self-injury ideation scale and its reliability and validity. 2025;33(8):1222\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13342\/j.cnki.cjhp.2025.08.020.","DOI":"10.13342\/j.cnki.cjhp.2025.08.020"},{"issue":"11","key":"8083_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.20043\/j.cnki.mpm.2021.11.021","volume":"48","author":"ZY Lei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lei ZY, Jin TL, TN W. Potential profiles and influencing factors of suicidal ideation among college students in Hohhot. Mod Prev Med. 2021;48(11):2010\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20043\/j.cnki.mpm.2021.11.021.","journal-title":"Mod Prev Med"},{"key":"8083_CR37","volume-title":"Principle and technology of the latent class model","author":"HZ Qiu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Qiu HZ. Principle and technology of the latent class model. Beijing: Educational Science; 2008."},{"issue":"1","key":"8083_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","volume":"112","author":"J Cohen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992;112(1):155\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"8083_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jeong JY, Kim DH. Gender differences in the prevalence of and factors related to non-suicidal self-injury among middle and high school students in South Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18115965.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115965"},{"key":"8083_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nixon MK, Levesque C, Preyde M, Vanderkooy J, Cloutier PF. The ottawa self-injury inventory: evaluation of an assessment measure of nonsuicidal self-injury in an inpatient sample of adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2015;9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13034-015-0056-5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-015-0056-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"8083_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-023-01636-4","volume":"274","author":"W Ying","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ying W, Shen YD, Ou JJ, Chen H, Jiang FR, Yang FR, et al. Identifying clinical risk factors correlated with addictive features of non-suicidal self-injury among a consecutive psychiatric outpatient sample of adolescents and young adults. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2024;274(2):291\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-023-01636-4.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"8083_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao L, Wang SJ, Li JY, Kong LH, Zheng DD, Yang Y. Network analysis of the relationship between self-injury addiction, attachment, and anxiety in adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury. BMC Psychiatry. 2025;25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-025-07129-z.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-07129-z"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12888-026-08083-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-026-08083-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-026-08083-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T22:39:23Z","timestamp":1779921563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12888-026-08083-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-026-08083-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participants provided written informed consent before participating in the study, which was approved by the Human Participant Review Committee of Quzhou Third Municipal Hospital [approval number: SY-2023-23]. Data confidentiality and anonymity were ensured, and participation in the study was voluntary for all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"428"}}