{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T04:02:32Z","timestamp":1784952152325,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":64,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"2025 Health Commission of Guizhou Province Project","award":["gzwkj2025-045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["gzwkj2025-045"]}]},{"name":"2025 Health Commission of Guizhou Province Project","award":["gzwkj2025-488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["gzwkj2025-488"]}]},{"name":"2024 Health Commission of Guizhou Province Project","award":["gzwkj2024-475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["gzwkj2024-475"]}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Research Project of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Guizhou Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["QZYY-2025-048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QZYY-2025-048"]}]},{"name":"Key Advantageous Discipline Construction Project of Guizhou Provincial Health Commission in 2025"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted coordinate-based anisotropy effect size signed differential mapping (AES-SDM) meta-analyses to identify task-general and domain-specific (working memory, reward, and emotion processing) activation abnormalities in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that compared patients with MDD with healthy controls (HCs) up to December 3, 2024. Differences in brain activity were evaluated using AES-SDM software across all task types, including emotion-processing, working memory, and reward-processing domains, to compare MDD patients with HCs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty-six studies (11 on working memory, 12 on reward processing, and 23 on emotion processing) involving 1,558 patients with MDD and 1,468 HCs were included. Across all task types, patients with MDD showed greater activation in the left lenticular nucleus\/putamen, right rolandic operculum, left anterior cingulate\/paracingulate gyri, and right inferior frontal gyrus. In the emotion-processing domains, MDD was associated with hyperactivation in the right amygdala and left striatum. No clusters survived the primary corrected threshold in the working memory or reward-processing domains. Jackknife analyses supported the robustness of the main clusters, and Egger\u2019s test did not indicate significant publication bias (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Meta-regression did not reveal significant effects of age or illness duration on the results.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This meta-analysis demonstrated task-general hyperactivation across salience\/control-related regions in patients with MDD and domain-specific hyperactivation in the amygdala\u2013striatal circuitry during emotion processing. The absence of corrected findings in working memory and reward processing highlights the need for more standardized paradigms and larger datasets to clarify domain-specific abnormalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-026-08154-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T16:42:09Z","timestamp":1779208929000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Meta-analysis of neural correlates of working memory, reward, and emotion processing in major depressive disorder using AES-SDM"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongzhe","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xizhao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"8154_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.5756","volume":"332","author":"GE Simon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Simon GE, Moise N, Mohr DC. Management of Depression in Adults. Rev JAMA. 2024;332(2):141\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2024.5756.","journal-title":"Rev JAMA"},{"key":"8154_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796024000295","volume":"33","author":"ZY Mo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mo ZY, Qin ZZ, Ye JJ, et al. The long-term spatio-temporal trends in burden and attributable risk factors of major depressive disorder at global, regional and national levels during 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for GBD 2019. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2024;33:e28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S2045796024000295.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"key":"8154_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102443","volume":"100","author":"J Rong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rong J, Cheng P, Li D, et al. Global, regional, and national temporal trends in prevalence for depressive disorders in older adults, 1990\u20132019: An age-period-cohort analysis based on the global burden of disease study 2019. Ageing Res Rev. 2024;100:102443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102443.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"10357","key":"8154_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01774-3","volume":"400","author":"The Lancet","year":"2022","unstructured":"The Lancet. Waking up to the importance of sleep. Lancet. 2022;400(10357):973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01774-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"8154_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02398-2","volume":"13","author":"K Keskin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Keskin K, Eker M\u00c7, G\u00f6n\u00fcl AS, et al. Abnormal global signal topography of self modulates emotion dysregulation in major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2023;13(1):107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-023-02398-2. Published 2023 Apr 3.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"8154_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2794","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291724001235","volume":"54","author":"X Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao X, Wu S, Li X, et al. Common neural deficits across reward functions in major depression: a meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Psychol Med. 2024;54(11):2794\u2013806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291724001235.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"8154_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001894","volume":"12","author":"K Matsuo","year":"2007","unstructured":"Matsuo K, Glahn DC, Peluso MA, et al. Prefrontal hyperactivation during working memory task in untreated individuals with major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2007;12(2):158\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.mp.4001894.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"8154_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711001097","volume":"42","author":"R Kerestes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kerestes R, Ladouceur CD, Meda S, et al. Abnormal prefrontal activity subserving attentional control of emotion in remitted depressed patients during a working memory task with emotional distracters. Psychol Med. 2012;42(1):29\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291711001097.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"8154_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.104","volume":"23","author":"J Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith J, Browning M, Conen S, et al. Vortioxetine reduces BOLD signal during performance of the N-back working memory task: a randomised neuroimaging trial in remitted depressed patients and healthy controls. Mol Psychiatry. 2018;23(5):1127\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mp.2017.104.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"8154_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.09.048","volume":"136","author":"GS Dichter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dichter GS, Kozink RV, McClernon FJ, Smoski MJ. Remitted major depression is characterized by reward network hyperactivation during reward anticipation and hypoactivation during reward outcomes. J Affect Disord. 2012;136(3):1126\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2011.09.048.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"8154_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2011.06.012","volume":"194","author":"MJ Smoski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Smoski MJ, Rittenberg A, Dichter GS. Major depressive disorder is characterized by greater reward network activation to monetary than pleasant image rewards. Psychiatry Res. 2011;194(3):263\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2011.06.012.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"8154_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.06.039","volume":"151","author":"WN Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang WN, Chang SH, Guo LY, et al. The neural correlates of reward-related processing in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. J Affect Disord. 2013;151(2):531\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2013.06.039.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"8154_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0644-x","volume":"9","author":"TH Ng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ng TH, Alloy LB, Smith DV. Meta-analysis of reward processing in major depressive disorder reveals distinct abnormalities within the reward circuit. Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9(1):293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-019-0644-x.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"8154_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.01.034","volume":"118","author":"MJ Smoski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smoski MJ, Felder J, Bizzell J, et al. fMRI of alterations in reward selection, anticipation, and feedback in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2009;118(1\u20133):69\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2009.01.034.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"8154_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2020.0859","volume":"11","author":"S Tak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tak S, Lee S, Park CA, et al. Altered Effective Connectivity within the Fronto-Limbic Circuitry in Response to Negative Emotional Task in Female Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. Brain Connect. 2021;11(4):264\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/brain.2020.0859.","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"issue":"11","key":"8154_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2024.07.005","volume":"9","author":"J Schr\u00e4der","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schr\u00e4der J, Herzberg L, Jo HG, et al. Neurophysiological Pathways of Unconscious Emotion Processing in Depression: Insights From a Simultaneous Electroencephalography-Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measurement. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2024;9(11):1121\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2024.07.005.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"8154_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.05.008)","volume":"7","author":"H Lemke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lemke H, Probst S, Warneke A, et al. The Course of Disease in Major Depressive Disorder Is Associated With Altered Activity of the Limbic System During Negative Emotion Processing. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2022;7(3):323\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.05.008).","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"8","key":"8154_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24185","volume":"39","author":"K Koch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koch K, Stegmaier S, Schwarz L, et al. Neural correlates of processing emotional prosody in unipolar depression. Hum Brain Mapp. 2018;39(8):3419\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.24185.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"7","key":"8154_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsac003","volume":"17","author":"S Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang S, Zhang Y, Ma W, et al. Neural correlates of negative emotion processing in subthreshold depression. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2022;17(7):655\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nsac003.","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"8154_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.07.037","volume":"257","author":"GL Alders","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alders GL, Davis AD, MacQueen G, et al. Reduced accuracy accompanied by reduced neural activity during the performance of an emotional conflict task by unmedicated patients with major depression: A CAN-BIND fMRI study. J Affect Disord. 2019;257:765\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2019.07.037.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"8154_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00013","volume":"5","author":"J Radua","year":"2014","unstructured":"Radua J, Rubia K, Canales-Rodr\u00edguez EJ, Pomarol-Clotet E, Fusar-Poli P, Mataix-Cols D. Anisotropic kernels for coordinate-based meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies. Front Psychiatry. 2014;5:13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00013. Published 2014 Feb 10.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"8154_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00013","volume":"5","author":"J Radua","year":"2014","unstructured":"Radua J, Rubia K, Canales-Rodriguez EJ. Anisotropic kernels for coordinate-based meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies. Front Psychol. 2014;5:13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00013.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"8154_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.048","volume":"26","author":"PO Harvey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Harvey PO, Fossati P, Pochon JB, et al. Cognitive control and brain resources in major depression: an fMRI study using the n-back task. NeuroImage. 2005;26(3):860\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.048.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"6","key":"8154_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708004443","volume":"39","author":"N Vasic","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vasic N, Walter H, Sambataro F, et al. Aberrant functional connectivity of dorsolateral prefrontal and cingulate networks in patients with major depression during working memory processing. Psychol Med. 2009;39(6):977\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291708004443.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"8154_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2012.04.010","volume":"213","author":"TW Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee TW, Liu HL, Wai YY, et al. Abnormal neural activity in partially remitted late-onset depression: an fMRI study of one-back working memory task. Psychiatry Res. 2013;213(2):133\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2012.04.010.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"8154_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.01.004","volume":"14","author":"TM Le","year":"2017","unstructured":"Le TM, Borghi JA, Kujawa AJ, et al. Alterations in visual cortical activation and connectivity with prefrontal cortex during working memory updating in major depressive disorder. Neuroimage Clin. 2017;14:43\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.01.004.","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"8154_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00060","volume":"10","author":"P Goodin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goodin P, Lamp G, Hughes ME, et al. Decreased Response to Positive Facial Affect in a Depressed Cohort in the Dorsal Striatum During a Working Memory Task-A Preliminary fMRI Study. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00060.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"16","key":"8154_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5217","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25611","volume":"42","author":"W Cao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cao W, Liao H, Cai S, et al. Increased functional interaction within frontoparietal network during working memory task in major depressive disorder. Hum Brain Mapp. 2021;42(16):5217\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.25611.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"8154_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671574","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.671574","volume":"12","author":"M Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma M, Zhang X, Zhang Y, et al. Childhood Maltreatment Was Correlated With the Decreased Cortical Function in Depressed Patients Under Social Stress in a Working Memory Task: A Pilot Study. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:671574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.671574.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"8154_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103401","volume":"38","author":"MK Schwefel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schwefel MK, Kaufmann C, Gutmann G, et al. Physical fitness is associated with neural activity during working memory performance in major depressive disorder. Neuroimage Clin. 2023;38:103401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103401.","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"8154_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hempel M, Barnhofer T, Domke AK et al. Aberrant associations between neuronal resting-state fluctuations and working memory-induced activity in major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2025.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02647-w"},{"issue":"2","key":"8154_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.06.016","volume":"151","author":"CE Schiller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schiller CE, Minkel J, Smoski MJ, et al. Remitted major depression is characterized by reduced prefrontal cortex reactivity to reward loss. J Affect Disord. 2013;151(2):756\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2013.06.016.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"8154_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nst155","volume":"9","author":"DG Dillon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dillon DG, Dobbins IG, Pizzagalli DA. Weak reward source memory in depression reflects blunted activation of VTA\/SN and parahippocampus. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2014;9(10):1576\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nst155.","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"8154_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-013-0437-9","volume":"264","author":"GB Hall","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hall GB, Milne AM, Macqueen GM. An fMRI study of reward circuitry in patients with minimal or extensive history of major depression. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;264(3):187\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00406-013-0437-9.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"16","key":"8154_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3549","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001452","volume":"45","author":"B Ubl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ubl B, Kuehner C, Kirsch P, et al. Neural reward processing in individuals remitted from major depression. Psychol Med. 2015;45(16):3549\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291715001452.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"8154_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.07.006","volume":"79","author":"M Takamura","year":"2017","unstructured":"Takamura M, Okamoto Y, Okada G, et al. Patients with major depressive disorder exhibit reduced reward size coding in the striatum. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2017;79(Pt B):317\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.07.006.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"8154_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563475","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.563475","volume":"11","author":"C Martin-Soelch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martin-Soelch C, Guillod M, Gaillard C, Recabarren RE, et al. Increased Reward-Related Activation in the Ventral Striatum During Stress Exposure Associated With Positive Affect in the Daily Life of Young Adults With a Family History of Depression. Preliminary Findings. Front Psychiatry. 2021;11:563475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.563475.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"8154_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719003799","volume":"51","author":"S Rupprechter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rupprechter S, Stankevicius A, Huys QJM, et al. Abnormal reward valuation and event-related connectivity in unmedicated major depressive disorder. Psychol Med. 2021;51(5):795\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291719003799.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"8154_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723001617","volume":"54","author":"C Mielacher","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mielacher C, Scheele D, Kiebs M, et al. Altered reward network responses to social touch in major depression. Psychol Med. 2024;54(2):308\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291723001617.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"8154_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.07.024","volume":"95","author":"CT Taylor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Taylor CT, Stein MB, Simmons AN, et al. Amplification of Positivity Treatment for Anxiety and Depression: A Randomized Experimental Therapeutics Trial Targeting Social Reward Sensitivity to Enhance Social Connectedness. Biol Psychiatry. 2024;95(5):434\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.07.024.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"8154_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000220132.32091.9f","volume":"17","author":"M Beauregard","year":"2006","unstructured":"Beauregard M, Paquette V, L\u00e9vesque J. Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotional self-regulation in major depressive disorder. NeuroReport. 2006;17(8):843\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.wnr.0000220132.32091.9f.","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"issue":"10","key":"8154_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10060853","volume":"168","author":"HJ Aizenstein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aizenstein HJ, Andreescu C, Edelman KL, et al. fMRI correlates of white matter hyperintensities in late-life depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(10):1075\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10060853.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"8154_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.09.030","volume":"130","author":"ZN Mannie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mannie ZN, Taylor MJ, Harmer CJ, et al. Frontolimbic responses to emotional faces in young people at familial risk of depression. J Affect Disord. 2011;130(1\u20132):127\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2010.09.030.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"8154_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.09.007","volume":"45","author":"M Ritchey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ritchey M, Dolcos F, Eddington KM, et al. Neural correlates of emotional processing in depression: changes with cognitive behavioral therapy and predictors of treatment response. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45(5):577\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.09.007.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"8154_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.08.034","volume":"527","author":"Y Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang Y, Xu C, Cao X, et al. Effects of an antidepressant on neural correlates of emotional processing in patients with major depression. Neurosci Lett. 2012;527(1):55\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.08.034.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"2","key":"8154_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v3.i2.8","volume":"3","author":"S Aust","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aust S, Filip K, Koelsch S, et al. Music in depression: Neural correlates of emotional experience in remitted depression. World J Psychiatry. 2013;3(2):8\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5498\/wjp.v3.i2.8.","journal-title":"World J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"8154_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.01.013","volume":"149","author":"N Chechko","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chechko N, Augustin M, Zvyagintsev M, et al. Brain circuitries involved in emotional interference task in major depression disorder. J Affect Disord. 2013;149(1\u20133):136\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2013.01.013.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"8154_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2012.11.010","volume":"212","author":"M Feeser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Feeser M, Schlagenhauf F, Sterzer P, et al. Context insensitivity during positive and negative emotional expectancy in depression assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Psychiatry Res. 2013;212(1):28\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2012.11.010.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"8154_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamapsychiatry.60","volume":"70","author":"ML Furey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Furey ML, Drevets WC, Hoffman EM, et al. Potential of pretreatment neural activity in the visual cortex during emotional processing to predict treatment response to scopolamine in major depressive disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(3):280\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/2013.jamapsychiatry.60.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"8154_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.252","volume":"38","author":"MS Korgaonkar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Korgaonkar MS, Grieve SM, Etkin A, et al. Using standardized fMRI protocols to identify patterns of prefrontal circuit dysregulation that are common and specific to cognitive and emotional tasks in major depressive disorder: first wave results from the iSPOT-D study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38(5):863\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2012.252.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"10","key":"8154_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1017\/S146114571300062X","volume":"16","author":"TA Victor","year":"2013","unstructured":"Victor TA, Furey ML, Fromm SJ, et al. Changes in the neural correlates of implicit emotional face processing during antidepressant treatment in major depressive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;16(10):2195\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S146114571300062X.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"8154_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714002542","volume":"45","author":"KW Miskowiak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miskowiak KW, Glerup L, Vestbo C, et al. Different neural and cognitive response to emotional faces in healthy monozygotic twins at risk of depression. Psychol Med. 2015;45(7):1447\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291714002542.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"8154_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsz054","volume":"14","author":"CM Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang CM, Fan YT, Lee SH, et al. Cognitive reserve-mediated neural modulation of emotional control and regulation in people with late-life depression. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2019;14(8):849\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nsz054.","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"8154_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715898","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.715898","volume":"12","author":"M Keller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keller M, Zweerings J, Klasen M, et al. fMRI Neurofeedback-Enhanced Cognitive Reappraisal Training in Depression: A Double-Blind Comparison of Left and Right vlPFC Regulation. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:715898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.715898.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"8154_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.07.010","volume":"155","author":"Z Fang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fang Z, Lynn E, Huc M, et al. Simultaneous EEG\u2009+\u2009fMRI study of brain activity during an emotional Stroop task in individuals in remission from depression. Cortex. 2022;155:237\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.07.010.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"8154_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2022.108426","volume":"175","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Wu J, Pei C, et al. Altered functional connectivity in emotional subregions of the anterior cingulate cortex in young and middle-aged patients with major depressive disorder: A resting-state fMRI study. Biol Psychol. 2022;175:108426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2022.108426.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"8154_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02429-4","volume":"29","author":"M Klug","year":"2024","unstructured":"Klug M, Enneking V, Borgers T, et al. Persistence of amygdala hyperactivity to subliminal negative emotion processing in the long-term course of depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2024;29(5):1501\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-024-02429-4.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"8154_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2025.12.035","volume":"36","author":"JN Oh","year":"2026","unstructured":"Oh JN, Amemori S, Inoue KI, Kimura K, Takada M, Amemori KI. Motivation under aversive conditions is regulated by a striatopallidal pathway in primates. Curr biology: CB. 2026;36(3):692\u2013e7066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2025.12.035.","journal-title":"Curr biology: CB"},{"issue":"1","key":"8154_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000002232","volume":"37","author":"Z Xu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Xu Z, Chen L, Luo Z, Wang Y, Suo X, Ouyang F, Lu X, Zeng X, Hu M. Abnormal functional connectivity density in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. NeuroReport. 2026;37(1):11\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNR.0000000000002232.","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"8154_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.121139","volume":"400","author":"KR Patel","year":"2026","unstructured":"Patel KR, Hernandez BN, Parker AJ, Dougherty LR, Wiggins JL. Inhibitory control-related neural pathways of early adversity to internalizing problems in preadolescence. J Affect Disord. 2026;400:121139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2025.121139.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"8154_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2024.2449382","volume":"136","author":"J Zhu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhu J, Gu R, Ji F. Independent component analysis of brain network in drug-resistant epilepsy patients with vagus nerve stimulators. Int J Neurosci. 2026;136(1):77\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207454.2024.2449382.","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"8154_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.2136","volume":"81","author":"T Erdmann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Erdmann T, Berwian IM, Stephan KE, Seifritz E, Walter H, Huys QJM. Amygdala Reactivity, Antidepressant Discontinuation, and Relapse. JAMA Psychiatry. 2024;81(11):1081\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2024.2136.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"8154_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-020-00299-2","volume":"15","author":"X Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li X, Wang J. Abnormal neural activities in adults and youths with major depressive disorder during emotional processing: a meta-analysis. Brain Imaging Behav. 2021;15(2):1134\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11682-020-00299-2.","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"8154_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.10.085","volume":"345","author":"Y Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma Y, Guo C, Luo Y, et al. Altered neural activity in the reward-related circuit associated with anhedonia in mild to moderate major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2024;345:216\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2023.10.085.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"8154_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-020-00804-6","volume":"20","author":"A Borsini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Borsini A, Wallis ASJ, Zunszain P, et al. Characterizing anhedonia: A systematic review of neuroimaging across the subtypes of reward processing deficits in depression. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2020;20(4):816\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13415-020-00804-6.","journal-title":"Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"8154_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4424","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722001222","volume":"53","author":"L Murray","year":"2023","unstructured":"Murray L, Israel ES, Balkind EG, et al. Multi-modal assessment of reward functioning in adolescent anhedonia. Psychol Med. 2023;53(10):4424\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291722001222.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"8154_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S367839","volume":"18","author":"S Liang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liang S, Wu Y, Hanxiaoran L, et al. Anhedonia in Depression and Schizophrenia: Brain Reward and Aversion Circuits. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2022;18:1385\u201396.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"8154_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06969-x","volume":"7","author":"S Peng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peng S, Cui Z, Zhong S, Zhang Y, Cohen AL, Fox MD, Gong G. Heterogenous brain activations across individuals localize to a common network. Commun biology. 2024;7(1):1270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-024-06969-x.","journal-title":"Commun biology"},{"issue":"13","key":"8154_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3445","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0136-17.2017","volume":"37","author":"MB Brosnan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brosnan MB, Wiegand I. The Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex, a Dynamic Cortical Area to Enhance Top-Down Attentional Control. J Neurosci. 2017;37(13):3445\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0136-17.2017.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"8154_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2142\/biophysico.bppb-v19.0014","volume":"19","author":"E Ito","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ito E, Oka K, Koshikawa F. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex sensing analgesia. Biophys Physicobiol. 2022;19:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2142\/biophysico.bppb-v19.0014.","journal-title":"Biophys Physicobiol"},{"key":"8154_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120440","volume":"283","author":"M Ulrich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ulrich M, R\u00fcger A, Durner V, et al. Reward is not reward: Differential impacts of primary and secondary rewards on expectation, outcome, and prediction error in the human brain\u2019s reward processing regions. NeuroImage. 2023;283:120440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120440.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"9","key":"8154_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsaa128","volume":"15","author":"Z Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Z, Li Q, Nie L, Zheng Y. Neural dynamics of monetary and social reward processing in social anhedonia. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2020;15(9):991\u20131003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nsaa128.","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"8154_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qian H, Johnson GW, Hughes NC et al. Depression attenuates caudate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex alpha and beta power response to reward [J]. bioRxiv. 2024: 2024.02.05.578848.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.02.05.578848"},{"issue":"9","key":"8154_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2016.0446","volume":"6","author":"SH Waheed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Waheed SH, Mirbagheri S, Agarwal S, Kamali A, Yahyavi-Firouz-Abadi N, Chaudhry A, DiGianvittorio M, Gujar SK, Pillai JJ, Sair HI. Reporting of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging preprocessing methodologies. Brain Connect. 2016;6(9):663\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/brain.2016.0446.","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"issue":"1","key":"8154_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12713","volume":"74","author":"S Montagna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Montagna S, Wager T, Barrett LF, Johnson TD, Nichols TE. Spatial Bayesian latent factor regression modeling of coordinate-based meta-analysis data. Biometrics. 2018;74(1):342\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/biom.12713.","journal-title":"Biometrics"}],"container-title":["BMC Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12888-026-08154-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-026-08154-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12888-026-08154-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T03:39:24Z","timestamp":1784950764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12888-026-08154-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-026-08154-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-244X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-244X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was a meta-analysis based on previously published studies. All data were obtained from the published literature, and no individual participant data were collected or analyzed. Therefore, ethical approval and informed consent were not required.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"543"}}