{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:21:55Z","timestamp":1791994915006,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,21]],"date-time":"2015-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421798400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1376-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,20]],"date-time":"2015-01-20T12:05:55Z","timestamp":1421755555000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Tuberculosis risk factors among tuberculosis patients in Kampala, Uganda: implications for tuberculosis control"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bruce J","family":"Kirenga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willy","family":"Ssengooba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Muwonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Nakiyingi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Kyaligonza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Kasozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Mugabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Boeree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Joloba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alphonse","family":"Okwera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1376_CR1","unstructured":"Global TB control report 2012. Available at [ http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/75938\/1\/9789241564502_eng.pdf ]. Accessed 12 December 17, 2014."},{"key":"1376_CR2","unstructured":"Uganda; City population. Available at http:\/\/www.citypopulation.de\/Uganda.html . Accessed on 12 December 17, 2014."},{"key":"1376_CR3","unstructured":"UNdata | country profile | Uganda. Available at [ http:\/\/data.un.org\/CountryProfile.aspx?crName \u2009=\u2009Uganda]. Accessed on 12 December 17, 2014"},{"key":"1376_CR4","unstructured":"Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey 2011 - Key findings Available at [ http:\/\/health.go.ug\/docs\/UAIS_2011_KEY_FINDINGS.pdf ]. Accessed on 12 December 17, 2014."},{"key":"1376_CR5","unstructured":"THE GLOBAL PLAN TO STOP TB 2011\u20132015. Available at [ http:\/\/stoptb.org\/assets\/documents\/global\/plan\/TB_GlobalPlanToStopTB2011-2015.pdf ]. Accessed on 12 December 17, 2014."},{"issue":"4","key":"1376_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi100","volume":"34","author":"C Lienhardt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lienhardt C, Fielding K, Sillah J, Bah B, Gustafson P, Warndorff D, et al. Investigation of the risk factors for tuberculosis: a case\u2013control study in three countries in West Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2005;34(4):914\u201323.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1376_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200212-1483OC","volume":"168","author":"C Lienhardt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lienhardt C, Fielding K, Sillah J, Tunkara A, Donkor S, Manneh K, et al. Risk factors for tuberculosis infection in Sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(4):448\u201355.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1376_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4081\/monaldi.2005.656","volume":"63","author":"P Davies","year":"2005","unstructured":"Davies P. Risk factors for tuberculosis. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2005;63(1):37\u201346.","journal-title":"Monaldi Arch Chest Dis"},{"issue":"7533","key":"1376_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38684.687940.80","volume":"332","author":"R Coker","year":"2006","unstructured":"Coker R, McKee M, Atun R, Dimitrova B, Dodonova E, Kuznetsov S, et al. Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in Russia: case\u2013control study. BMJ. 2006;332(7533):85\u20137.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"1376_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/24.3.637","volume":"24","author":"MR Cleeff van","year":"1995","unstructured":"van Cleeff MR, Chum HJ. The proportion of tuberculosis cases in Tanzania attributable to human immunodeficiency virus. Int J Epidemiol. 1995;24(3):637\u201342.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1376_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/22.6.1159","volume":"22","author":"J Broek Van den","year":"1993","unstructured":"Van den Broek J, Borgdorff MW, Pakker NG, Chum HJ, Klokke AH, Senkoro KP, et al. HIV-1 infection as a risk factor for the development of tuberculosis: a case\u2013control study in Tanzania. Int J Epidemiol. 1993;22(6):1159\u201365.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1376_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0962-8479(95)90572-3","volume":"76","author":"SB Richards","year":"1995","unstructured":"Richards SB, St Louis ME, Nieburg P, Coulibaly IM, Coulibaly D, Abouya L, et al. Impact of the HIV epidemic on trends in tuberculosis in Abidjan, Cote d\u2019Ivoire. Tuber Lung Dis. 1995;76(1):11\u20136.","journal-title":"Tuber Lung Dis"},{"key":"1376_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbett EL, Bandason T, Cheung YB, Munyati S, Godfrey-Faussett P, Hayes R, et al. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence population provided with enhanced diagnosis of symptomatic disease. PLoS Med 2007;4(1).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040022"},{"issue":"4","key":"1376_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.4.335","volume":"167","author":"MN Bates","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bates MN, Khalakdina A, Pai M, Chang L, Lessa F, Smith KR. Risk of tuberculosis from exposure to tobacco smoke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(4):335\u201342.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1376_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inhe.2010.07.001","volume":"2","author":"HS Gambhir","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gambhir HS, Kaushik RM, Kaushik R, Sindhwani G. Tobacco smoking-associated risk for tuberculosis: a case\u2013control study. Int Health. 2010;2(3):216\u201322.","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"1376_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70282-8","volume":"9","author":"KE Dooley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dooley KE, Chaisson RE. Tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: convergence of two epidemics. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(12):737\u201346.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"1376_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basu S, Stuckler D, Bitton A, Glantz SA. Projected effects of tobacco smoking on worldwide tuberculosis control: mathematical modelling analysis. Bmj 2011;4(343).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5506"},{"issue":"7","key":"1376_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0050152","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050152","volume":"5","author":"CY Jeon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jeon CY, Murray MB. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of active tuberculosis: a systematic review of 13 observational studies. PLoS Med. 2008;5(7):0050152.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1376_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00084310","volume":"37","author":"J Creswell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Creswell J, Raviglione M, Ottmani S, Migliori GB, Uplekar M, Blanc L, et al. Tuberculosis and noncommunicable diseases: neglected links and missed opportunities. Eur Respir J. 2011;37(5):1269\u201382.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"1376_CR20","series-title":"Uganda National TB and Leprosy Program","volume-title":"Cohort data","author":"NTLP","year":"2010","unstructured":"NTLP. Cohort data, Uganda National TB and Leprosy Program. 2010."},{"key":"1376_CR21","volume-title":"Department of Health EAW","author":"CDC","year":"1985","unstructured":"CDC. Public health mycobacteriology: a guide for the level III laboratory control CFD. In: Department of Health EAW. Atlanta, Georgia: Public Health Service; 1985."},{"key":"1376_CR22","volume-title":"MGIT Procedure Manual; For BACTEC MGIT 960 TB System, Specially Prepared for FIND MGIT demonstration Project","author":"SH Siddiqi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Siddiqi SH. MGIT Procedure Manual; For BACTEC MGIT 960 TB System, Specially Prepared for FIND MGIT demonstration Project. 2006. Available; http:\/\/www.finddiagnostics.org\/export\/sites\/default\/resource-centre\/find_reports\/pdfs\/mgit_manual_nov_2007.pdf ."},{"key":"1376_CR23","volume-title":"Uganda National policy guidelines for HIV counseling and testing","author":"Uganda Ministry of Health","year":"2003","unstructured":"Uganda Ministry of Health. Uganda National policy guidelines for HIV counseling and testing. Kampala, Uganda: Ugandan Ministry of Health; 2003. http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/guidelines\/uganda_art.pdf lines\/uganda_art.pdf Accessed November 2012."},{"key":"1376_CR24","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Alcohol, gender and drinking problems","author":"NM Tumwesigye","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tumwesigye NM, Kasirye R. Gender and the major consequences of alcohol consumption in Uganda. In: Obot I, Robin R, editors. Alcohol, gender and drinking problems. World Health Organization: Geneva; 2006. p. 189\u2013208."},{"issue":"2","key":"1376_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/wber\/lhp007","volume":"23","author":"M Ravallion","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ravallion M, Chen S, Sangraula P. Dollar a day revisited. World Bank Econ Rev. 2009;23(2):163\u201384.","journal-title":"World Bank Econ Rev"},{"key":"1376_CR26","unstructured":"Overcrowding. World Health Organisation. Available at [ http:\/\/cdrwww.who.int\/ceh\/indicators\/overcrowding.pdf ]. Accessed on 12 December 17, 2014"},{"key":"1376_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2010, 33(1):dc10-S062.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-S062"},{"issue":"4","key":"1376_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-6553(98)70046-X","volume":"26","author":"EC Cole","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cole EC, Cook CE. Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26(4):453\u201364.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"8","key":"1376_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70763","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070763","volume":"8","author":"D Lukoye","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lukoye D, Adatu F, Musisi K, Kasule GW, Were W, Odeke R, et al. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance among new and previously treated sputum smear-positive tuberculosis patients in Uganda: results of the first national survey. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e70763.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1376_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan H, Trosclair A, Gfroerer J. Adult current smoking: differences in definitions and prevalence estimates\u2014NHIS and NSDUH, 2008. J Environ Public Health 2012;91:83\u201368.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/918368"},{"issue":"1031","key":"1376_CR31","first-page":"1471","volume":"13","author":"GM Louwagie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Louwagie GM, Ayo-Yusuf OA. Tobacco use patterns in tuberculosis patients with high rates of human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in South Africa. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1031):1471\u20132458.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"292","key":"1376_CR32","first-page":"1471","volume":"9","author":"J Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang J, Shen H. Review of cigarette smoking and tuberculosis in China: intervention is needed for smoking cessation among tuberculosis patients. BMC Public Health. 2009;9(292):1471\u20132458.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1376_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1186\/1617-9625-8-3","volume":"8","author":"A Awaisu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Awaisu A, Nik Mohamed MH, Abd Aziz N, Syed Sulaiman SA, Mohamad Noordin N, Muttalif AR, et al. Tobacco use prevalence, knowledge, and attitudes among newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients in Penang State and Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tob Induc Dis. 2010;8(1):1617\u20139625.","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"issue":"122","key":"1376_CR34","first-page":"1471","volume":"13","author":"D Kibirige","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kibirige D, Ssekitoleko R, Mutebi E, Worodria W. Overt diabetes mellitus among newly diagnosed Ugandan tuberculosis patients: a cross sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13(122):1471\u20132334.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1376_CR35","first-page":"165","volume":"13","author":"EM Nturibi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nturibi EM, Akinsola AK, McCurdy SA. Smoking prevalence and tobacco control measures in Kenya, Uganda, the Gambia and Liberia: a review. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;13(2):165\u201370.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"1376_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2010.114595","volume":"66","author":"F Young","year":"2012","unstructured":"Young F, Wotton CJ, Critchley JA, Unwin NC, Goldacre MJ. Increased risk of tuberculosis disease in people with diabetes mellitus: record-linkage study in a UK population. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012;66(6):519\u201323.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"1376_CR37","unstructured":"Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population). The world Bank Available at [ http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SI.POV.DDAY ]. Accessed on 12 December 17, 2014."},{"issue":"2","key":"1376_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a000807","volume":"23","author":"C Lienhardt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lienhardt C. From exposure to disease: the role of environmental factors in susceptibility to and development of tuberculosis. Epidemiol Rev. 2001;23(2):288\u2013301.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"1376_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1086\/523109","volume":"196","author":"VJ Cook","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cook VJ, Sun SJ, Tapia J, Muth SQ, Arguello DF, Lewis BL, et al. Transmission network analysis in tuberculosis contact investigations. J Infect Dis. 2007;196(10):1517\u201327.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12 Suppl 3","key":"1376_CR40","first-page":"S353","volume":"7","author":"RM Webb","year":"2003","unstructured":"Webb RM, Holcombe M, Pearson MM. Tuberculosis contact investigation in a rural state. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2003;7(12 Suppl 3):S353\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1376_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00070812","volume":"41","author":"GJ Fox","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fox GJ, Barry SE, Britton WJ, Marks GB. Contact investigation for tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2013;41(1):140\u201356.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"7","key":"1376_CR42","first-page":"693","volume":"29","author":"C Xu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Xu C, Hu B. Prevalence of active pulmonary tuberculosis among household contacts of recently diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients with positive sputum-smear. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2008;29(7):693\u20135.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"1376_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh J, Sankar MM, Kumar S, Gopinath K, Singh N, Mani K, et al. Incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis among household contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in a peri-urban population of South Delhi, India. PloS one 2013, 8(7).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069730"},{"issue":"5","key":"1376_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1205.050789","volume":"12","author":"AC Crampin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Crampin AC, Glynn JR, Traore H, Yates MD, Mwaungulu L, Mwenebabu M, et al. Tuberculosis transmission attributable to close contacts and HIV status. Malawi Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(5):729\u201335.","journal-title":"Malawi Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"450","key":"1376_CR45","first-page":"1471","volume":"9","author":"J Rehm","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rehm J, Samokhvalov AV, Neuman MG, Room R, Parry C, Lonnroth K, et al. The association between alcohol use, alcohol use disorders and tuberculosis (TB). A systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2009;9(450):1471\u20132458.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1376_CR46","first-page":"17","volume":"13","author":"E Nava-Aguilera","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nava-Aguilera E, Andersson N, Harris E, Mitchell S, Hamel C, Shea B, et al. Risk factors associated with recent transmission of tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;13(1):17\u201326.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1376_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16130","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016130","volume":"6","author":"L Deus","year":"2011","unstructured":"Deus L, Frank GJC, Nicholas E, Samuel K, Adatu FE, Lule JK, et al. Rates of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in Kampala-Uganda are low and not associated with HIV infection. PLoS One. 2011;6(1):e16130.","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-015-1376-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-015-1376-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-015-1376-3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-015-1376-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]],"date-time":"2019-08-19T18:26:08Z","timestamp":1566239168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-015-1376-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,21]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1376"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-015-1376-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 March 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2015","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2015","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"13"}}