{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T17:05:05Z","timestamp":1793034305331,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,5]],"date-time":"2016-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473033600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003107","name":"The German Federal Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003107","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Robert Koch Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3545-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,5]],"date-time":"2016-09-05T12:02:42Z","timestamp":1473076962000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["High variability of HIV and HCV seroprevalence and risk behaviours among people who inject drugs: results from a cross-sectional study using respondent-driven sampling in eight German cities (2011\u201314)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"name":"the DRUCK Study group","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Wenz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stine","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyna","family":"Gassowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Santos-H\u00f6vener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Stefan","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus-Thomas","family":"Bock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris-Alexander","family":"Ratsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"K\u00fccherer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Bannert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviane","family":"Bremer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamah","family":"Hamouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Marcus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3545_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813000940","volume":"142","author":"VD Hope","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hope VD, Eramova I, Capurro D, Donoghoe MC. Prevalence and estimation of hepatitis B and C infections in the WHO European region: a review of data focusing on the countries outside the European union and the European free trade association. Epidemiol Infect. 2014;142(2):270\u201386.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"3545_CR2","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS). UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2013. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS); 2013."},{"key":"3545_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiessing L, Guarita B, Giraudon I, Brummer-Korvenkontio H, Salminen M, Cowan S. European monitoring of notifications of hepatitis C virus infection in the general population and among injecting drug users (IDUs)-the need to improve quality and comparability. Euro Surveill. 2008;13(21). Available online: http:\/\/www.eurosurveillance.org\/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=18884 .","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.13.21.18884-en"},{"issue":"48","key":"3545_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.16.48.20031-en","volume":"16","author":"L Wiessing","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wiessing L, Likatavicius G, Hedrich D, Guarita B, van de Laar MJ, Vicente J. Trends in HIV and hepatitis C virus infections among injecting drug users in Europe, 2005 to 2010. Euro Surveill. 2011;16(48):9\u201313.","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"4","key":"3545_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2010.01297.x","volume":"18","author":"VD Hope","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hope VD, Hickman M, Ngui SL, Jones S, Telfer M, Bizzarri M, Ncube F, Parry JV. Measuring the incidence, prevalence and genetic relatedness of hepatitis C infections among a community recruited sample of injecting drug users, using dried blood spots. J Viral Hepat. 2011;18(4):262\u201370.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"1","key":"3545_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-1066","volume":"12","author":"Y-F Yen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yen Y-F, Yen M-Y, Su L-W, Li L-H, Chuang P, Jiang X-R, Deng C-Y. Prevalences and associated risk factors of HCV\/HIV co-infection and HCV mono-infection among injecting drug users in a methadone maintenance treatment program in Taipei, Taiwan. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):1066.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"3545_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01543.x","volume":"101","author":"L Maher","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maher L, Jalaludin B, Chant KG, Jayasuriya R, Sladden T, Kaldor JM, Sargent PL. Incidence and risk factors for hepatitis C seroconversion in injecting drug users in Australia. Addiction. 2006;101(10):1499\u2013508.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"7","key":"3545_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814002040","volume":"143","author":"KJ Cullen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cullen KJ, Hope VD, Croxford S, Shute J, Ncube F, Parry JV. Factors associated with recently acquired hepatitis C virus infection in people who inject drugs in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: new findings from an unlinked anonymous monitoring survey. Epidemiol Infect. 2015;143(7):1398\u2013407. doi: 10.1017\/S0950268814002040 .","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"3545_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2007.00942.x","volume":"15","author":"P De","year":"2008","unstructured":"De P, Roy E, Boivin JF, Cox J, Morissette C. Risk of hepatitis C virus transmission through drug preparation equipment: a systematic and methodological review. J Viral Hepat. 2008;15(4):279\u201392.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"6","key":"3545_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03765.x","volume":"107","author":"ER Pouget","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pouget ER, Hagan H, Des Jarlais DC. Meta-analysis of hepatitis C seroconversion in relation to shared syringes and drug preparation equipment. Addiction. 2012;107(6):1057\u201365.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"3545_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir196","volume":"204","author":"H Hagan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hagan H, Pouget ER, Des Jarlais DC. A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to prevent hepatitis C virus infection in people who inject drugs. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(1):74\u201383.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"3545_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf222","volume":"157","author":"DC Des Jarlais","year":"2003","unstructured":"Des Jarlais DC. Variability in the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infection among young injecting drug users in New York City. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(5):467\u201371.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"3545_CR13","series-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases","first-page":"237","volume-title":"HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in injection drug users and crack cocaine smokers","author":"D Des Jarlais","year":"2008","unstructured":"Des Jarlais D, Semaan S. HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in injection drug users and crack cocaine smokers, Sexually transmitted diseases. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008. p. 237\u201355.","edition":"4"},{"key":"3545_CR14","first-page":"CD004145","volume":"8","author":"L Gowing","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gowing L, Farrell MF, Bornemann R, Sullivan LE, Ali R. Oral substitution treatment of injecting opioid users for prevention of HIV infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;8:CD004145.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"3545_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00104-0","volume":"59","author":"JL Sorensen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sorensen JL, Copeland AL. Drug abuse treatment as an HIV prevention strategy: a review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2000;59(1):17\u201331.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"3545_CR16","volume-title":"Preventing HIV infection among injecting drug users in high-risk countries: an assessment of the evidence","author":"H Tilson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tilson H, Aramrattana A, Bozzette S, Celentano D, Falco M, Hammett T, Kozlov A, Lai S, Mahal A, Schottenfeld R. Preventing HIV infection among injecting drug users in high-risk countries: an assessment of the evidence. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 2007."},{"issue":"11","key":"3545_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03515.x","volume":"106","author":"KM Turner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Turner KM, Hutchinson S, Vickerman P, Hope V, Craine N, Palmateer N, May M, Taylor A, De Angelis D, Cameron S. The impact of needle and syringe provision and opiate substitution therapy on the incidence of hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users: pooling of UK evidence. Addiction. 2011;106(11):1978\u201388.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"8","key":"3545_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02269.x","volume":"103","author":"M Malta","year":"2008","unstructured":"Malta M, Strathdee SA, Magnanini MM, Bastos FI. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus\/acquired immune deficiency syndrome among drug users: a systematic review. Addiction. 2008;103(8):1242\u201357.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"3545_CR19","unstructured":"World Health Organization. HIV\/AIDS Treatment and Care - Clinical protocols for the WHO European Region. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2007."},{"issue":"4","key":"3545_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1086\/600304","volume":"49","author":"M Hellard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hellard M, Sacks-Davis R, Gold J. Hepatitis C treatment for injection drug users: a review of the available evidence. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(4):561\u201373.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"3545_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549509032726","volume":"27","author":"K Stark","year":"1995","unstructured":"Stark K, Schreier E, M\u00fcller R, Wirth D, Driesel G, Bienzle U. Prevalence and determinants of anti-HCV seropositivity and of HCV genotype among intravenous drug users in Berlin. Scand J Infect Dis. 1995;27(4):331\u20137.","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"3545_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024603517136","volume":"18","author":"M Backmund","year":"2003","unstructured":"Backmund M, Meyer K, W\u00e4chtler M, Eichenlaub D. Hepatitis C virus infection in injection drug users in Bavaria: risk factors for seropositivity. Eur J Epidemiol. 2003;18(6):563\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3545_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.25882","volume":"34","author":"M Backmund","year":"2001","unstructured":"Backmund M, Meyer K, Von Zielonka M, Eichenlaub D. Treatment of hepatitis C infection in injection drug users. Hepatology. 2001;34(1):188\u201393.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"3545_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S373","DOI":"10.1086\/427456","volume":"40","author":"J Reimer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Reimer J, Schulte B, Castells X, Schafer I, Polywka S, Hedrich D, Wiessing L, Haasen C, Backmund M, Krausz M. Guidelines for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in injection drug users: status quo in the European union countries. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40 Suppl 5:S373\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"3545_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-013-1673-x","volume":"56","author":"C Poethko-Muller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Poethko-Muller C, Zimmermann R, Hamouda O, Faber M, Stark K, Ross RS, Thamm M. Epidemiology of hepatitis a, B, and C among adults in Germany: results of the German health interview and examination survey for adults (DEGS1). Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung. 2013;56(5\u20136):707\u201315.","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung"},{"key":"3545_CR26","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Lisbon; 2015. www.emcdda.europa.eu\/data\/stats2015#displayTable:INF-02 . Accessed 3 Oct 2015."},{"key":"3545_CR27","unstructured":"Robert Koch Institut (RKI). Sch\u00e4tzung der Pr\u00e4valenz und Inzidenz von HIV-Infektionen in Deutschland, stand Ende 2014. EpiBull. 2015;45:475\u201390."},{"issue":"4","key":"3545_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-007-0189-7","volume":"50","author":"M Backmund","year":"2007","unstructured":"Backmund M. Ansprechbarkeit von Drogengebrauchern \u00fcber Infektionsrisiken f\u00fcr HIV und HCV. Opioidabh\u00e4ngigkeit und HIV-Infektion. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung. 2007;50(4):471\u20135.","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung"},{"key":"3545_CR29","unstructured":"Robert Koch-Institut (RKI). HIV-Infektionen und AIDS-Erkrankungen in Deutschland - Bericht zur Entwicklung im Jahr 2011 aus dem Robert Koch-Institut. EpiBull. 2012;2012(28):255-74."},{"issue":"7","key":"3545_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103345","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103345","volume":"9","author":"L Wiessing","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wiessing L, Ferri M, Grady B, Kantzanou M, Sperle I, Cullen KJ, group ED, Hatzakis A, Prins M, Vickerman P, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection epidemiology among people who inject drugs in Europe: a systematic review of data for scaling up treatment and prevention. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e103345.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"3545_CR31","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS, World Health Organization: Working Group on global HIV\/AIDS and STI Surveillance - Guidelines on surveillance among populations most at risk for HIV. Edited by UNAIDS, Geneva; 2011. p. 1-49."},{"issue":"2","key":"3545_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.2307\/3096941","volume":"44","author":"DD Heckathorn","year":"1997","unstructured":"Heckathorn DD. Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations. Soc Probl. 1997;44(2):174\u201399.","journal-title":"Soc Probl"},{"key":"3545_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.04.002","volume":"68","author":"RG White","year":"2015","unstructured":"White RG, Hakim AJ, Salganik MJ, Spiller MW, Johnston LG, Kerr L, Kendall C, Drake A, Wilson D, Orroth K, et al. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology for respondent-driven sampling studies: \u201cSTROBE-RDS\u201d statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2015;68:1463\u201371.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"3545_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000172879.20628.e1","volume":"19","author":"R Magnani","year":"2005","unstructured":"Magnani R, Sabin K, Saidel T, Heckathorn D. Review of sampling hard-to-reach and hidden populations for HIV surveillance. AIDS. 2005;19 Suppl 2:S67\u201372.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"3545_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9421-1","volume":"12","author":"M Malekinejad","year":"2008","unstructured":"Malekinejad M, Johnston LG, Kendall C, Kerr LR, Rifkin MR, Rutherford GW. Using respondent-driven sampling methodology for HIV biological and behavioral surveillance in international settings: a systematic review. AIDS Behav. 2008;12(4 Suppl):S105\u201330.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"3545_CR36","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Assessing the feasibility of respondent-driven-sampling: aging artists in New York City","author":"DD Heckathorn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Heckathorn DD, Jeffri J. Assessing the feasibility of respondent-driven-sampling: aging artists in New York City. 2005. p. 1\u20139."},{"issue":"1","key":"3545_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-845","volume":"14","author":"R Zimmermann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zimmermann R, Marcus U, Schaffer D, Leicht A, Wenz B, Nielsen S, Santos-Hovener C, Ross RS, Stambouli O, Ratsch BA, et al. A multicentre sero-behavioural survey for hepatitis B and C, HIV and HTLV among people who inject drugs in Germany using respondent driven sampling. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):845.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3545_CR38","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA): An overview of the drug-related infectious diseases (DRID) key indicator. Lisbon: EMCDDA; 2009. http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/system\/files\/publications\/566\/EMCDDA-DRID-overview_127894.pdf ."},{"key":"3545_CR39","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction and Greek REITOX Focal Point, University Mental Health Research Insitute (UMHRI): Protocol for the implementation of EMCDDA key indicator drug related infectios disease. Draft version October 2006. Lisbon: EMCDDA; 2006. http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/html.cfm\/index65537EN.html ."},{"key":"3545_CR40","first-page":"67","volume-title":"DRID guidance module: behavioural indicators for people who inject drugs","author":"L Wiessing","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wiessing L, Bravo MJ. DRID guidance module: behavioural indicators for people who inject drugs. Version 10th ed. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA); 2013. p. 67.","edition":"Version 10"},{"issue":"72","key":"3545_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-72","volume":"10","author":"RS Ross","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ross RS, Stambouli O, Gruner N, Marcus U, Cai W, Zhang W, Zimmermann R, Roggendorf M. Detection of infections with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus by analyses of dried blood spots-performance characteristics of the ARCHITECT system and two commercial assays for nucleic acid amplification. Virol J. 2013;10(72):72.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"3545_CR42","first-page":"60","volume-title":"Infomappe f\u00fcr die Beratung in Aidshilfen 2013","author":"Deutsche AIDS-Hilfe e.V","year":"2013","unstructured":"Deutsche AIDS-Hilfe e.V. Infomappe f\u00fcr die Beratung in Aidshilfen 2013. 2013. p. 60."},{"key":"3545_CR43","volume-title":"Respondent-driven sampling analysis tool (RDSAT) version 7.1","author":"E Volz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Volz E, Wejnert C, Cameron S, Spiller M, Barash V, Degani I, Heckathorn DD. Respondent-driven sampling analysis tool (RDSAT) version 7.1. Ithaca: Cornell University; 2012."},{"key":"3545_CR44","volume-title":"Behavioural surveillance: introduction to respondent driven sampling (participant manual). in","author":"LG Johnston","year":"2008","unstructured":"Johnston LG. Behavioural surveillance: introduction to respondent driven sampling (participant manual). in. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2008."},{"issue":"1","key":"3545_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2002.49.1.11","volume":"49","author":"DD Heckathorn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heckathorn DD. Respondent-driven sampling II: deriving valid population estimates from chain-referral samples of hidden populations. Soc Probl. 2002;49(1):11\u201334.","journal-title":"Soc Probl"},{"issue":"3","key":"3545_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9052-7","volume":"83","author":"AS Abdul-Quader","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abdul-Quader AS, Heckathorn DD, McKnight C, Bramson H, Nemeth C, Sabin K, Gallagher K, Des Jarlais DC. Effectiveness of respondent-driven sampling for recruiting drug users in New York City: findings from a pilot study. J Urban Health. 2006;83(3):459\u201376.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"3545_CR47","unstructured":"Table INF-2. Prevalence of HCV antibody among injecting drug users in the EU, Croatia, Turkey and Norway, 2011 or most recent year available (summary table by country) [ http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/stats13#display:\/stats13\/inftab2 ]."},{"key":"3545_CR48","unstructured":"Table INF-1. Prevalence of HIV infection among injecting drug users in the EU, Croatia, Turkey and Norway, 2011 or most recent year available (summary table by country) [ http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/stats13#display:\/stats13\/inftab1 ]."},{"issue":"3","key":"3545_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v21n03_05","volume":"21","author":"P Levounis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Levounis P, Galanter M, Dermatis H, Hamowy A, De Leon G. Correlates of HIV transmission risk factors and considerations for interventions in homeless, chemically addicted and mentally ill patients. J Addict Dis. 2002;21(3):61\u201372.","journal-title":"J Addict Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"3545_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2010.516346","volume":"23","author":"JR Havens","year":"2011","unstructured":"Havens JR, Oser CB, Leukefeld CG. Injection risk behaviors among rural drug users: implications for HIV prevention. AIDS Care. 2011;23(5):638\u201345.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"3545_CR51","first-page":"212","volume-title":"Drogen- und suchtbericht juli 2014","author":"Die Drogenbeauftragte der Bundesregierung","year":"2014","unstructured":"Die Drogenbeauftragte der Bundesregierung. Drogen- und suchtbericht juli 2014. Berlin: Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit; 2014. p. 212."},{"issue":"5","key":"3545_CR52","first-page":"301","volume":"31","author":"AM Barr","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barr AM, Panenka WJ, MacEwan GW, Thornton AE, Lang DJ, Honer WG, Lecomte T. The need for speed: an update on methamphetamine addiction. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2006;31(5):301\u201313.","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"3545_CR53","volume-title":"2. S\u00e4chsischer drogen- und suchtbericht","author":"S\u00e4chsisches Staatsministerium f\u00fcr Soziales","year":"2013","unstructured":"S\u00e4chsisches Staatsministerium f\u00fcr Soziales. 2. S\u00e4chsischer drogen- und suchtbericht, vol. 2. Dresden: S\u00e4chsisches Staatsministerium f\u00fcr Soziales - Referat Presse- und \u00d6ffentlichkeitsarbeit; 2013."},{"key":"3545_CR54","series-title":"EMCDDA papers, publications office of the European union, Luxembourg","volume-title":"Exploring methamphetamine trends in Europe","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"2014","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Exploring methamphetamine trends in Europe, EMCDDA papers, publications office of the European union, Luxembourg. 2014."},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"3545_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-S6-S12","volume":"14","author":"R Heimer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heimer R, Eritsyan K, Barbour R, Levina O. Hepatitis C virus seroprevalence among people who inject drugs and factors associated with infection in eight Russian cities. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14 Suppl 6:S12.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"3545_CR56","first-page":"466","volume":"47","author":"Robert Koch-Institut (RKI)","year":"2012","unstructured":"Robert Koch-Institut (RKI). Sch\u00e4tzung der pr\u00e4valenz und inzidenz von HIV-infektionen in Deutschland. EpiBull. 2012;47:466\u201378.","journal-title":"EpiBull"},{"key":"3545_CR57","unstructured":"Robert Koch-Institut (RKI). SurvStat@RKI 2.0. Berlin; 2015. https:\/\/survstat.rki.de . Accessed 29 July 2015."},{"key":"3545_CR58","first-page":"213","volume":"24","author":"Robert Koch-Institut (RKI)","year":"2013","unstructured":"Robert Koch-Institut (RKI). HIV-Infektionen und AIDS-Erkrankungen in Deutschland -Bericht zur Entwicklung im Jahr 2012 aus dem Robert Koch-Institut. Epid Bull. 2013;24:213\u201332.","journal-title":"Epid Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"3545_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl276","volume":"36","author":"P Vickerman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vickerman P, Hickman M, Judd A. Modelling the impact on hepatitis C transmission of reducing syringe sharing: London case study. Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36(2):396\u2013405.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"3545_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.141846","volume":"99","author":"L Wiessing","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wiessing L, Likatavicius G, Klempova D, Hedrich D, Nardone A, Griffiths P. Associations between availability and coverage of HIV-prevention measures and subsequent incidence of diagnosed HIV infection among injection drug users. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(6):1049\u201352.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"3545_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200107270-00002","volume":"15","author":"DR Gibson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gibson DR, Flynn NM, Perales D. Effectiveness of syringe exchange programs in reducing HIV risk behavior and HIV seroconversion among injecting drug users. Aids. 2001;15(11):1329\u201341.","journal-title":"Aids"},{"issue":"9068","key":"3545_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)11380-5","volume":"349","author":"SF Hurley","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hurley SF, Jolley DJ, Kaldor JM. Effectiveness of needle-exchange programmes for prevention of HIV infection. Lancet. 1997;349(9068):1797\u2013800.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"3545_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02888.x","volume":"105","author":"N Palmateer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Palmateer N, Kimber J, Hickman M, Hutchinson S, Rhodes T, Goldberg D. Evidence for the effectiveness of sterile injecting equipment provision in preventing hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus transmission among injecting drug users: a review of reviews. Addiction. 2010;105(5):844\u201359.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"3545_CR64","series-title":"Nomos verlag-Ges","volume-title":"HIV - needle-sharing - Sex: eine sozialepidemiologische studie zur analyse der HIV-pr\u00e4valenz und riskanten verhaltensweisen bei iv-drogenkonsumenten; tabellenband","author":"D Kleiber","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kleiber D, Pant A. HIV - needle-sharing - Sex: eine sozialepidemiologische studie zur analyse der HIV-pr\u00e4valenz und riskanten verhaltensweisen bei iv-drogenkonsumenten; tabellenband, Nomos verlag-Ges. 1996."},{"issue":"1","key":"3545_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-005-1679-y","volume":"9","author":"S Koester","year":"2005","unstructured":"Koester S, Glanz J, Baron A. Drug sharing among heroin networks: implications for HIV and hepatitis B and C prevention. AIDS Behav. 2005;9(1):27\u201339.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"3545_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200003310-00015","volume":"14","author":"RN Bluthenthal","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bluthenthal RN, Kral AH, Gee L, Erringer EA, Edlin BR. The effect of syringe exchange use on high-risk injection drug users: a cohort study. Aids. 2000;14(5):605\u201311.","journal-title":"Aids"},{"issue":"7","key":"3545_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1086\/656212","volume":"202","author":"E Paintsil","year":"2010","unstructured":"Paintsil E, He H, Peters C, Lindenbach BD, Heimer R. Survival of hepatitis C virus in syringes: implication for transmission among injection drug users. J Infect Dis. 2010;202(7):984\u201390.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"3545_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis677","volume":"207","author":"J Doerrbecker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Doerrbecker J, Behrendt P, Mateu-Gelabert P, Ciesek S, Riebesehl N, Wilhelm C, Steinmann J, Pietschmann T, Steinmann E. Transmission of hepatitis C virus among people who inject drugs: viral stability and association with drug preparation equipment. J Infect Dis. 2013;207(2):281\u20137.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"3545_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0161","volume":"29","author":"KU Eritsyan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eritsyan KU, Levina OS, White E, Smolskaya TT, Heimer R. HIV prevalence and risk behavior among injection drug users and their sex partners in two Russian cities. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2013;29(4):687\u201390.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"3545_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/17449200802692144","volume":"5","author":"B Schulte","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schulte B, Stover H, Thane K, Schreiter C, Gansefort D, Reimer J. Substitution treatment and HCV\/HIV-infection in a sample of 31 German prisons for sentenced inmates. Int J Prison Health. 2009;5(1):39\u201344.","journal-title":"Int J Prison Health"},{"key":"3545_CR71","unstructured":"Zimmermann R, Radun D. DrogengebraucherInnen, Infektionen und Haft. Ergebnisse der Gef\u00e4ngnisstudie 2006\/2007 und vorl\u00e4ufige Ergebnisse der DRUCK-Studie 2011\u201315 des RKI. In: St\u00f6ver HKB, editor. Schriftenreihe \u201cGesundheitsf\u00f6rderung im Justizvollzug\u201d - \u201cHealth promotion in prisons\u201d. Volume Band 28th ed. Oldenburg: BIS-Verlag der Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg; 2014."},{"key":"3545_CR72","first-page":"28","volume":"4","author":"H Stover","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stover H, Knorr B. HIV, Hepatitis und Haft. HIV and more. 2013;(4):28\u201335.","journal-title":"HIV and more"},{"key":"3545_CR73","unstructured":"Pfeiffer-Gerschel T, Kipke I, Fl\u00f6ter S, Jakob L, Hammes D, Raiser P. 2011 National report to the EMCDDA by the REITOX National Focal Point, Germany. New developments, trends and in-depth information on selected issues. Munich: Deutsche Beobachtungsstelle f\u00fcr Drogen und Drogensucht DBDD; 2011."},{"key":"3545_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcus U, Gassowski M, Kruspe M, Drewes J. Recency and frequency of HIV testing among men who have sex with men in Germany and socio-demographic factors associated with testing behaviour. BMC Publ Health. 2015;15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1945-5"},{"key":"3545_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9104-z","volume":"83","author":"SDW Frost","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frost SDW, Brouwer KC, Firestone Cruz MA, Ramos R, Ramos ME, Lozada RM, Magis-Rodriguez C, Strathdee SA. Respondent-driven sampling of injection drug users in two US\u2013Mexico border cities: recruitment dynamics and impact on estimates of HIV and syphilis prevalence. J Urban Health. 2006;83:83\u201397.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3545_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31823b6979","volume":"23","author":"MJ Salganik","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salganik MJ. Commentary: respondent-driven sampling in the real world. Epidemiology. 2012;23(1):148\u201350.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3545_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31823ac17c","volume":"23","author":"N McCreesh","year":"2012","unstructured":"McCreesh N, Frost SD, Seeley J, Katongole J, Tarsh MN, Ndunguse R, Jichi F, Lunel NL, Maher D, Johnston LG, et al. Evaluation of respondent-driven sampling. Epidemiology. 2012;23(1):138\u201347.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"3545_CR78","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). HIV\/AIDS prevention, care, treatment and support in prison settings: a framework for an effective national response. Co-published with the World Health Organization and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC); 2006."}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-016-3545-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-016-3545-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-016-3545-4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-016-3545-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T19:41:44Z","timestamp":1657222904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-016-3545-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,5]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-016-3545-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,5]]},"article-number":"927"}}