{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T18:35:24Z","timestamp":1783535724823,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5149-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,16]],"date-time":"2018-02-16T23:38:49Z","timestamp":1518824329000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Latent tuberculosis infection and associated risk indicators in pastoral communities in southern Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Takele","family":"Teklu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengistu","family":"Legesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girmay","family":"Medhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aboma","family":"Zewude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahlet","family":"Chanyalew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Zewdie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biniam","family":"Wondale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milkessa","family":"Haile-Mariam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rembert","family":"Pieper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gobena","family":"Ameni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"5149_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. Global tuberculosis report 2017. WOH. 2017. Geneva: WHO\/HTM\/TB\/2017.23."},{"key":"5149_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4980846","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185449","volume":"328","author":"C Dye","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dye C, Williams BG. The population dynamics and control of tuberculosis. Science. 2010;328:4980846\u201361.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"5149_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. The End TB strategy: Guidelines on the management of latent tuberculosis. WHO. 2015. Geneva: WHO\/HTM\/TB 2015.01."},{"key":"5149_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34614","volume":"118","author":"DB Young","year":"2008","unstructured":"Young DB, Perkins MD, Duncan K, Barry CE. Confronting the scientific obstacles to global control of tuberculosis. J Clin Invest. 2008;118:1244\u201364.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"5149_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00034-13","volume":"27","author":"M Pai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pai M, Denkinger CM, Kik SV, Rangaka MX, Zwerling A, Oxlade O, et al. Gamma interferon release assays for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(1):3\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00034-13 .","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"5149_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12252","volume":"264","author":"A Lenaerts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lenaerts A, Barry CE, Dartois V. Heterogeneity in tuberculosis pathology, microenvironments and therapeutic responses. Immunol Rev. 2015;264:288\u2013307.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"5149_CR7","volume-title":"Review of policies and strategies related pastoral areas development","author":"WABEKBON Development Consultants PLC","year":"2007","unstructured":"WABEKBON Development Consultants PLC. Review of policies and strategies related pastoral areas development. Addis Ababa: Pastoral community development project; 2007."},{"key":"5149_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0124485","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124485","volume":"10","author":"C Rutanga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rutanga C, Lowrance DW, Oeltmann JE, Mutembayire G, Willis M, Uwizeye CB, et al. Latent tuberculosis infection and associated factors among Health Care Workers in Kigali, Rwanda. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0124485.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"5149_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00138414","volume":"45","author":"S Adams","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adams S, Ehrlich R, Baatjies R, van Zyl-Smit RN, Said-Hartley Q, Dawson R, et al. Incidence of occupational latent tuberculosis infection in south African healthcare workers. Eur Respir J. 2015;45:1364\u201373.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"12","key":"5149_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.13.0193","volume":"17","author":"B Margolis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Margolis B, Al-Darraji HAA, Wickersham JA, Kamarulzaman A, Altice FL. Prevalence of tuberculosis symptoms and latent tuberculous infection among prisoners in northeastern Malaysia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17(12):1538\u201344.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"5149_CR11","first-page":"39","volume":"13","author":"Y Hanifa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hanifa Y, Grant AD, Lewis J, Corbett EL, Fielding K, Churchyard G. Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among gold miners in South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2009;13:39\u201346.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"5149_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-89","volume":"11","author":"M Legesse","year":"2011","unstructured":"Legesse M, Ameni G, Mamo G, Medhin G, Bjune G, Abebe F. Community-based cross-sectional survey of latent tuberculosis infection in Afar pastoralists, Ethiopia, using QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube and tuberculin skin test. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:89.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"5149_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0005","volume":"89","author":"L Martinez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martinez L, Arman A, Haveman N, Lundgren A, Cabrera L, Evans CA, et al. Changes in tuberculin skin test positivity over 20 years in periurban shantytowns in Lima, Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;89(3):507\u201315.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5149_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1128","volume":"13","author":"AO Shakak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shakak AO, Khalil EAG, Musa AM, Salih KAEM, Bashir AEA, Ahmed AH, et al. Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in Sudan: a case-control study comparing interferon-\u03b3 release assay and tuberculin skin test. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1128.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5149_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3233\/JPI-2010-0236","volume":"5","author":"BSA Kabeer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kabeer BSA, Perumal V, Paramasivam P, Raja A. Yield of QuantiFERON-TB gold in tube assay and tuberculin skin test in healthy persons from a tuberculosis endemic population. J Pediatr Infect Dis. 2010;5:125\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"key":"5149_CR16","first-page":"310","volume":"10","author":"H Mahomed","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mahomed H, Hughes EJ, Hawkridge T, Minnies D, Simon E, Little F, Hanekom WA, Geiter L, Hussey GD. Comparison of Mantoux skin test with three generations of a whole blood IFN-\u03b3 assay for tuberculosis infection. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10:310\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"5149_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70086-5","volume":"7","author":"M Pai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pai M, Dheda K, Cunningham J, Scano F, O'Brien R. Personal view: T-cell assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: moving the research agenda forward. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7:428\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70086-5 .","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"5149_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.03.026","volume":"12","author":"RE Barth","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barth RE, Mudrikova T, Hoepelman AIM. Interferon-gamma release assay (IGRAs) in high-endemic settings: could they play a role in optimizing global TB diagnostics? Evaluating the possibilities of using IGRAs to diagnose active TB in a rural African setting. Int J Infect Dis. 2008;12:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2008.03.026 .","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5149_CR19","unstructured":"WIKIPEDIA. DebubOmo Zone. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2014. Available from https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=South_Omo_Zone&oldid=814698262 . Internet. Accessed 23 May 2017."},{"key":"5149_CR20","volume-title":"The 2007 population and housing census of Ethiopia: statistical report for southern nations, nationalities and Peoples\u2019 region; part I: population size and characteristics","author":"Central Statistical Agency","year":"2010","unstructured":"Central Statistical Agency: The 2007 population and housing census of Ethiopia: statistical report for southern nations, nationalities and Peoples\u2019 region; part I: population size and characteristics. 2010."},{"key":"5149_CR21","volume-title":"South Omo Zone 1st Quarter TBL and TB\/HIV control programme performance report","author":"South Omo Health Beureu","year":"2016","unstructured":"South Omo Health Beureu: South Omo Zone 1st Quarter TBL and TB\/HIV control programme performance report, 2016."},{"key":"5149_CR22","volume-title":"First Ethiopian national population based tuberculosis prevelance servey","author":"Federal Minster of Health, Ethiopian Health and Neutretional Resaerch Institute","year":"2011","unstructured":"Federal Minster of Health, Ethiopian Health and Neutretional Resaerch Institute. First Ethiopian national population based tuberculosis prevelance servey. Addis Ababa: FMOH; 2011."},{"key":"5149_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-415","volume":"5","author":"A Dagnew","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dagnew A, Hussen J, Abebe M, Zewdie M, Mihret A, Bedru A, et al. Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in a country with high tuberculosis burden and BCG vaccine at birth. BMC Res notes. 2012;5:415.","journal-title":"BMC Res notes"},{"issue":"5","key":"5149_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0124097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124097","volume":"10","author":"H Guangxue","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guangxue H, Yuan L, Fei Z, Wang L, Cheng S, Guo H, et al. The Prevalence and Incidence of latent tuberculosis infection and its associated factors among village doctors in China. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0124097.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"5149_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2015.00220","volume":"3","author":"E Oren","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oren E, Fiero MH, Barrett E, Anderson B, Nu\u1fc6ez M, Gonzalez-Salazar F. Interferon gamma bases detection of latent tuberculosis infection in the border state of Nueva Lean and Tamaulpas, Mexico. Front Public Health. 2015;3:220.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"5149_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2014.08.010","volume":"49","author":"WC Lin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lin WC, Lin HH, Lee S, Cheng-Len SY, Wu K-S, Chen J-K, et al. Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in person with and without HIV infection using two interferon gamma releasing assays and Tuberculin skin test in low HIV prevalence, intermediate TB-burden country. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2016;49:729\u201336.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"5149_CR27","first-page":"10.e0141511","volume":"10","author":"C Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen C, Zhu T, Wang Z, Peng H, Kong W, Zhou Y, et al. High latent tuberculosis infection rate and associated risk factors in the Eastern China of low TB incidence. PLoS One. 2015;10:10.e0141511.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"5149_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stennis NL, Trieu L, Ahuja SD, Harris TG. Estimated prevalence of tuberculosis infection among a New York City clinic population using Interferon Gamma Releasing Assays. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2014;1.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofu047"},{"issue":"10","key":"5149_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002152","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002152","volume":"13","author":"RMGJ Houben","year":"2016","unstructured":"Houben RMGJ, Dodd PJ. The global burden of latent tuberculosis infection: a re-estimation using mathematical modelling. PLoS Med. 2016;13(10):e1002152.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"5149_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200212-1483OC","volume":"168","author":"L Christian","year":"2003","unstructured":"Christian L, Katherine F, Jackson S, Abdulaye T, Simon D, Kebba M, et al. Risk factors for tuberculosis in Africa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168:448\u201355.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"5149_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.030924","volume":"60","author":"S den Boon","year":"2005","unstructured":"den Boon S, van Lill SW, Borndorff MW, Verver S, Bateman ED, Lombard CJ, Enarson DA. Association between smoking and tuberculosis infection: a population survey in a high tuberculosis incidence area. Thorax. 2005;60:555\u20137.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"5149_CR32","volume-title":"Screening for latent tuberculosis infection recommended for those at increased risk","author":"JAMA","year":"2016","unstructured":"JAMA. Screening for latent tuberculosis infection recommended for those at increased risk, 2016."},{"key":"5149_CR33","first-page":"39","volume":"22","author":"S Andersen","year":"1960","unstructured":"Andersen S, Geser A. The distribution of tuberculosis infection among household in Africa communities. Bull WHO. 1960;22:39\u201360.","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"5149_CR34","first-page":"639","volume":"34","author":"R Narian","year":"1986","unstructured":"Narian R, Nair SS, Rao GR, P. Chandrasekhar. Distribution of tuberculosis infection and disease among households in a rural community. Bull Int WHO. 1986;34:639\u201354.","journal-title":"Bull Int WHO"},{"key":"5149_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Padmanesan N, Jamis W, Chandini RM, Dilip M. Risk factors for Tuberculosis. Hindawi Pulm Med. 2013;2013. ID 828339. Available at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/828939 .","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/828939"},{"key":"5149_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089524","volume":"9","author":"RS Kashyap","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kashyap RS, Nayak AR, Gaherwar HM, Husain AA, Shekhawat SD, Jain RK, et al. Latent TB infection diagnosis in population exposed to TB subjects in close and poor ventilated high TB endemic Zone in India. PLoS One. 2014;9:3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0089524 .","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"5149_CR37","first-page":"23","volume":"3","author":"S Lockman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lockman S, Tappero JW, Kenyon TA, Rumisha D, Huebner RE, Binkinet NJ. Tuberculin reactivity in a pediatrics population with high BCG vaccination coverage. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 1999;3:23\u201330.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"5149_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.5.999","volume":"107","author":"L Saiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Saiman L, San Gabriel P, Schulte J, Miosotis PV, Thomas K, Ida O. Risk factors for latent tuberculosis among children in New York City. Pediatrics. 2001;107:999\u20131003.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5149-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]],"date-time":"2019-10-10T23:52:06Z","timestamp":1570751526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5149-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,17]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5149-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 July 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for the study was obtained from Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology Research and Ethics Committee as well as from the National Ethics Committee of Ethiopia (Ref No:3.10\/785\/07). Written consent was obtained from each study participant after a clear explanation of the study objectives and potential health and patient data confidentiality risks. Blood sample collection was undertaken under aseptic conditions by licensed medical laboratory professionals. Volunteer individuals with any sign and symptom of active TB or any other diseases during data collection time were transported by project expense to nearby health facilities to undertake complete examination. Individuals who had LTBI were advised to consult their nearby health facilities.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"266"}}