{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:56:24Z","timestamp":1791939384416,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["98595 Twice yearly treatment for the control of LF TMA 2015 CDF-979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["98595 Twice yearly treatment for the control of LF TMA 2015 CDF-979"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5157-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,12]],"date-time":"2018-02-12T19:07:43Z","timestamp":1518462463000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Community perspectives on persistent transmission of lymphatic filariasis in three hotspot districts in Ghana after 15 rounds of mass drug administration: a qualitative assessment"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Collins S. K.","family":"Ahorlu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Koka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Adu-Amankwah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Otchere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dziedzom Komi","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"5157_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32833fdee5","volume":"23","author":"MJ Bockarie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bockarie MJ, Deb RM. Elimination of lymphatic filariasis: do we have the drugs to complete the job? Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2010;23(6):617\u201320.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"5157_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2003.12.005","volume":"98","author":"PE Simonsen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Simonsen PE, Magesa SM, Dunyo SK, Malecela-Lazaro MN, Michael E. The effect of single dose ivermectin alone or in combination with albendazole on Wuchereria bancrofti infection in primary school children in Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2004;98(8):462\u201372.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"5157_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.63","volume":"70","author":"PE Simonsen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Simonsen PE, Meyrowitsch DW, Mukoko DA, Pedersen EM, Malecela-Lazaro MN, Rwegoshora RT, Ouma JH, Masese N, Jaoko WG, Michael E. The effect of repeated half-yearly diethylcarbamazine mass treatment on Wuchereria bancrofti infection and transmission in two east African communities with different levels of endemicity. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;70(1):63\u201371.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"5157_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00620.x","volume":"5","author":"EA Ottesen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ottesen EA. The global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Tropical Med Int Health. 2000;5:591\u20134.","journal-title":"Tropical Med Int Health"},{"key":"5157_CR5","volume-title":"Annual report of the global Programme to eliminate lymphatic Filariasis","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2002","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Annual report of the global Programme to eliminate lymphatic Filariasis. Geneva: WHO; 2002."},{"issue":"1","key":"5157_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-46","volume":"7","author":"M Brady","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brady M. GAELF: seventh meeting of the global alliance to eliminate lymphatic Filariasis: reaching the vision by scaling up, scaling down, and reaching out. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7(1):46.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"38","key":"5157_CR7","first-page":"489","volume":"90","author":"WHO","year":"2015","unstructured":"WHO. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2015;90(38):489\u2013504.","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"issue":"12","key":"5157_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trx007","volume":"110","author":"N-K Biritwum","year":"2016","unstructured":"Biritwum N-K, Yikpotey P, Marfo BK, Odoom S, Mensah EO, Asiedu O, Alomatu B, Hervie ET, Yeboah A, Ade S, et al. Persistent \u2018hotspots\u2019 of lymphatic filariasis microfilaraemia despite 14 years of mass drug administration in Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2016;110(12):690\u20135.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"10","key":"5157_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01489.x","volume":"10","author":"D Kyelem","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kyelem D, Medlock J, Sanou S, Bonkoungou M, Boatin B, Molyneux DH. Short communication: impact of long-term (14 years) bi-annual ivermectin treatment on Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia. Tropical Med Int Health. 2005;10(10):1002\u20134.","journal-title":"Tropical Med Int Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"5157_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005280","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005280","volume":"11","author":"N-K Biritwum","year":"2017","unstructured":"Biritwum N-K, de Souza DK, Marfo B, Odoom S, Alomatu B, Asiedu O, et al. Fifteen years of programme implementation for the elimination of lymphatic Filariasis in Ghana: impact of MDA on immunoparasitological indicators. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(3):e0005280. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005280","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"5157_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70732-7","volume":"14","author":"M Katabarwa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Katabarwa M, Richards F. Twice-yearly ivermectin for onchocerciasis: the time is now. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(5):373\u20134.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"5157_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Souza DK, Yirenkyi E, Otchere J, Biritwum NK, Ameme DK, Sackey S, Ahorlu C, Wilson MD. Assessing lymphatic Filariasis data quality in endemic communities in Ghana, using the neglected tropical diseases data quality assessment tool for preventive chemotherapy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016; \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004590\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004590"},{"key":"5157_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Souza DK, Ahorlu CS, Adu-Amankwah S, Otchere J, Mensah SK, Larbi IA, Mensah GE, Biritwum N-K, Boakye DA. Community-based trial of annual versus biannual single-dose Ivermectin plus Albendazole against Wuchereria bancrofti infection in human and mosquito populations: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2017; \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13063-017-2196-9\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-2196-9"},{"key":"5157_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rubin HJ. & Rubin IS: Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data. 2nd ed. SAGE Publications, Inc. Thousand Oaks; 2012. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781452226651\n                    \n                   Access Date: 13 Sept 2017.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452226651"},{"key":"5157_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(99)00037-6","volume":"73","author":"CK Ahorlu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ahorlu CK, Dunyo SK, Koram KA, Nkrumah FK, Aagaard-Hansen J, Simonsen PE. Lymphatic filariasis related perceptions and practices on the coast of Ghana: implications for prevention and control. Acta Trop. 1999;73:251\u201364.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"3","key":"5157_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e640","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000640","volume":"4","author":"A Boyd","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boyd A, Won KY, McClintock SK, Donovan CV, Laney SJ, et al. A community-based study of factors associated with continuing transmission of lymphatic Filariasis in Leogane, Haiti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(3):e640. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000640\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"5157_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-011-1825-3","volume":"26","author":"WH Bowry ADK Shrank","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bowry ADK Shrank WH, Lee JL, Stedman M, Choudhry NK. A systematic review of adherence to cardiovascular medications in resource-limited settings. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26(12):1479\u201391. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-011-1825-3\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"5157_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000728","volume":"4","author":"PT Cantey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cantey PT, Rout J, Rao G, Williamson J, Fox LM. Increasing compliance with mass drug administration programs for lymphatic Filariasis in India through education and lymphedema management programs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(6):e728. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000728\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"5157_CR19","volume-title":"reported that patients ability to follow a treatment plan is affected by socio-economics, patient-related factors, health care system related among others","author":"WHO","year":"2003","unstructured":"WHO, 2003 reported that patients ability to follow a treatment plan is affected by socio-economics, patient-related factors, health care system related among others."},{"issue":"2","key":"5157_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.283","volume":"78","author":"JT Talbot","year":"2008","unstructured":"Talbot JT, Viall A, Direny A, de Rochars MB, Addiss D, Streit T, Mathieu E, Lammie PJ. Predictors of compliance in mass drug Administration for the Treatment and Prevention of lymphatic Filariasis in Leogane, Haiti. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;78(2):283\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5157-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,12]],"date-time":"2019-02-12T19:16:38Z","timestamp":1549998998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5157-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,13]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5157-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 September 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was carried out as part of a larger implementation research project titled \u201cCommunity-based trial of annual versus biannual single-dose Ivermectin plus Albendazole against Wuchereria bancrofti infection in human and mosquito populations, which was reviewed and approved by the ethical review committee of the Ghana Health Service (GHS-ERC: 04112\/2016). It was also reviewed by the NMIMR IRB (CPN 062\/16\u201317) with Federal Wide Assurance Registration (FWA 00001824). All respondents were above 18\u00a0years of age and signed an informed consent form. Community consent was also sought for the study at community durbars.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"238"}}