{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T00:02:29Z","timestamp":1793923349888,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]],"date-time":"2018-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/M008591\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/M008591\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERC-2010-StG Grant 263501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC-2010-StG Grant 263501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5667-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]],"date-time":"2018-06-26T20:25:40Z","timestamp":1530044740000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Neighborhood deprivation and biomarkers of health in Britain: the mediating role of the physical environment"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"M. Pia","family":"Chaparro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0372-2098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michaela","family":"Benzeval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"5667_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7074","volume":"112","author":"GC Gee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gee GC, Payne-Sturges DC. Environmental health disparities: A framework integrating psychosocial and environmental concepts. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112:1645\u201353.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"5667_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x","volume":"1186","author":"A Diez Roux","year":"2010","unstructured":"Diez Roux A, Mair C. Neighborhoods and health. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2010;1186:125\u201345.","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"5667_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-5661.2010.00399.x","volume":"35","author":"JR Pearce","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pearce JR, Richardson EA, Mitchell RJ, Shortt NK. Environmental justice and health: the implications of the socio-spatial distribution of multiple environmental deprivation for health inequalities in the United Kingdom. Trans Inst Br Geogr. 2010;35:522\u201339.","journal-title":"Trans Inst Br Geogr"},{"key":"5667_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.11.034","volume":"74","author":"M Meijer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meijer M, R\u00f6hl J, Bloomfield K, Grittner U. Do neighborhoods affect individual mortality? A systematic review and meta-analysis of multilevel studies. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74:1204\u201312.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"5667_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-016-0034-0","volume":"93","author":"YC Cozier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cozier YC, Albert MA, Castro-Webb N, Coogan PF, Ridker P, Kaufman HW, et al. Neighborhood socioeconomic status in relation to serum biomarkers in the Black Women\u2019s Health Study. J Urban Health. 2016;93:279\u201391.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"5667_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.4.831","volume":"31","author":"R Mitchell","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mitchell R, Blane D, Bartley M. Elevated risk of high blood pressure: climate and the inverse housing law. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31:831\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"5667_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.54.10.745","volume":"54","author":"D Blane","year":"2000","unstructured":"Blane D, Mitchell R, Bartley M. The \u201cinverse housing law\u201d and respiratory health. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54:745\u20139.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"5667_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0123456","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123456","volume":"10","author":"SA Sch\u00fcle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcle SA, Bolte G. Interactive and independent associations between the socioeconomic and objective built environment on the neighbourhood level and individual health: A systematic review of multilevel studies. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0123456.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5667_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi026","volume":"34","author":"CE Pollack","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pollack CE, Cubbin C, Ahn D, Winkleby M. Neighbourhood deprivation and alcohol consumption: Does the availability of alcohol play a role? Int J Epidemiol. 2005;34:772\u201380.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"5667_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2007.10.003","volume":"14","author":"W Poortinga","year":"2008","unstructured":"Poortinga W, Dunstan FD, Fone DL. Neighbourhood deprivation and self-rated health: The role of perceptions of the neighbourhood and of housing problems. Health Place. 2008;14:562\u201375.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"5667_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300412","volume":"102","author":"AJ Schulz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schulz AJ, Mentz G, Lachance L, Johnson J, Gaines C, Israel BA. Associations between socioeconomic status and allostatic load: Effects of neighborhood poverty and tests of mediating pathways. Am J Public Health. 2012;102:1706\u201314.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"5667_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2013.09.005","volume":"24","author":"AJ Schulz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schulz AJ, Mentz G, Lachance L, Zenk SN, Johnson J, Stokes C, Mandell R. Do observed or perceived characteristics of the neighborhood environment mediate associations between neighborhood poverty and cumulative biological risk? Health Place. 2013;24:147\u201356.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"5667_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76554","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076554","volume":"8","author":"E Bassett","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bassett E, Moore S. Gender differences in the social pathways linking neighborhood disadvantage to depressive symptoms in adults. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e76554.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5667_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.3109\/08958378.2011.593587","volume":"23","author":"R R\u00fcckerl","year":"2011","unstructured":"R\u00fcckerl R, Schneider A, Breitner S, Cyrys J, Peters A. Health effects of particulate air pollution: A review of epidemiological evidence. Inhal Toxicol. 2011;23:555\u201392.","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"5667_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600419","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00419-2016","volume":"49","author":"GD Thurston","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thurston GD, Kipen H, Annesi-Maesano I, Balmes J, Brook RD, Cromar K, et al. A joint ERS\/ATS policy statement: what constitutes an adverse health effect of air pollution? An analytical framework. Eur Respir J. 2017;49:1600419.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"5667_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu458","volume":"36","author":"DE Newby","year":"2014","unstructured":"Newby DE, Mannucci PM, Tell GS, Baccarelli AA, Brook RD, Donaldson K, et al. Expert position paper on air pollution and cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2014;36:83\u201393.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"5667_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20198","volume":"22","author":"GH Dong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dong GH, Qian Z, Liu M, Wang D, Ren WH, Flick LH, et al. Ambient air pollution and the prevalence of obesity in Chinese children: The Seven Northeastern Cities Study. Obesity. 2014;22:795\u2013800.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"5667_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-49","volume":"13","author":"M Jerrett","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jerrett M, McConnell R, Wolch J, Chang R, Lam C, Dunton G, et al. Traffic-related air pollution and obesity formation in children: A longitudinal, multilevel analysis. Environ Health. 2014;13:49.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"5667_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12016","volume":"11","author":"R McConnell","year":"2016","unstructured":"McConnell R, Gilliland F, Goran M, Allayee H, Hricko A, Mittelman S. Does near-roadway air pollution contribute to childhood obesity? Ped Obes. 2016;11:1\u20133.","journal-title":"Ped Obes"},{"key":"5667_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900550","volume":"118","author":"AMS Thompson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thompson AMS, Zanobetti A, Silverman F, Scwartz J, Coull B, Urch B, et al. Baseline repeated measures from controlled human exposure studies: Associations between ambient air pollution exposure and the systemic inflammatory biomarkers IL-6 and fibrinogen. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118:120\u20134.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"5667_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000267","volume":"26","author":"A Hajat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hajat A, Allison M, Diez Roux AV, Jenny NS, Jorgensen NW, Szpiro AA, et al. Long-term exposure to air pollution and markers of inflammation, coagulation, and endothelial activation: A repeat-measures analysis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Epidemiol. 2015;26:310\u201320.","journal-title":"Epidemiol"},{"key":"5667_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206337","volume":"121","author":"A Hajat","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hajat A, Diez Roux AV, Adar SD, Auchincloss AH, Lovasi GS, O\u2019Neill MS, et al. Air pollution and individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status: Evidence from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Environ Health Perspect. 2013;121:1325\u201333.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"5667_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9062204","volume":"9","author":"GS Young","year":"2012","unstructured":"Young GS, Fox MA, Trush M, Kanarek N, Glass TA, Curriero FC. Differential exposure to hazardous air pollution in the United States: A multilevel analysis of urbanization and neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9:2204\u201325.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5667_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1021\/es403688w","volume":"48","author":"I Alcock","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alcock I, White MP, Wheeler BW, Fleming LE, Depledge MH. Longitudinal effects on mental health of moving to greener and less green urban areas. Environ Sci Tech. 2014;48:1247\u201355.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Tech"},{"key":"5667_CR25","first-page":"207","volume":"35","author":"T Hartig","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hartig T, Mitchell R, de Vries S, Nature FH, Public h AR. Health. 2014;35:207\u201328.","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"5667_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.01.017","volume":"49","author":"RJ Mitchell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mitchell RJ, Richardson EA, Shortt NK, Pearce JR. Neighborhood environments and socioeconomic inequalities in mental well-being. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49:80\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"5667_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61689-X","volume":"372","author":"R Mitchell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mitchell R, Popham F. Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observational population study. Lancet. 2008;372:1655\u201360.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5667_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-012-9426-x","volume":"45","author":"M Wen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wen M, Zhang X, Harris CD, Holt JB, Croft JB. Spatial disparities in the distribution of parks and green spaces in the USA. Ann Behav Med. 2013;45:18\u201327.","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"5667_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2011.0153","volume":"30","author":"R Morello-Frosch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morello-Frosch R, Zuk M, Jerrett M, Shamasunder B, Kyle AD. Understanding the cumulative impacts of inequalities in environmental health: Implications for policy. Health Aff. 2011;30:879\u201387.","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"5667_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1108752","volume":"308","author":"A Nel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nel A. Air pollution-related illness: Effects of particles. Science. 2005;308:804\u20136.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"5667_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7938","volume":"113","author":"RJ Delfino","year":"2005","unstructured":"Delfino RJ, Sioutas C, Malik S. Potential role of ultrafine particles in associations between airborne particle mass and cardiovascular health. Env Health Persp. 2005;113:934\u201346.","journal-title":"Env Health Persp"},{"key":"5667_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800194","volume":"117","author":"RJ Delfino","year":"2009","unstructured":"Delfino RJ, Staimer N, Tjoa T, Gillen DL, Polidori A, Arhami M, et al. Air pollution and circulatory biomarkers of effect in a susceptible population: Clues to potential causal components mixtures and mechanisms. Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117:1232\u20138.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"5667_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2008.09.006","volume":"15","author":"J Maas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maas J, van Dillen SME, Verheij RA, Groenewegen PP. Social contacts as a possible mechanism behind the relation between green space and health. Health Place. 2009;15:586\u201395.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"5667_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.06.030","volume":"94","author":"D de Vries","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Vries D, van Dillen SME, Groenewegen PP, Spreeuwenberg P. Streetscape greenery and health: Stress, social cohesion and physical activity as mediators. Soc Sci Med. 2013;94:26\u201333.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"5667_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2011.12.015","volume":"105","author":"C Ward Thompson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ward Thompson C, Roe J, Aspinall P, Mitchell R, Clow A, Miller D. More green space is linked to less stress in deprived communities: Evidence from salivary cortisol patterns. Landsc Urban Plan. 2012;105:221\u20139.","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"5667_CR36","first-page":"392","volume":"14","author":"N Floret","year":"2003","unstructured":"Floret N, Mauny F, Challier B, Arveux P, Cahn JY, Viel JF. Dioxin emissions from a solid waste incinerator and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Epidemiol. 2003;14:392\u20138.","journal-title":"Epidemiol"},{"key":"5667_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3200\/AEOH.58.11.683-691","volume":"58","author":"K Tollestrup","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tollestrup K, Frost FJ, Harter LC, McMillan GP. Mortality among children residing near the American Smelting and Refining Company (ASARCO) copper smelter in Ruston, Washington. Arch Environ Health. 2003;58:683\u201391.","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"5667_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650504600306","volume":"46","author":"L Downey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Downey L, Van Willigen M. Environmental stressors: The mental health impacts of living near industrial activity. J Health Soc Behav. 2005;46:289\u2013305.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"5667_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2010.04.005","volume":"16","author":"TS Yang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yang TS, Matthews SA. The role of social and built environments in predicting self-rated stress: A multilevel analysis in Philadelphia. Health Place. 2010;16:803\u201310.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"5667_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-010-9175-7","volume":"39","author":"SA Matthews","year":"2010","unstructured":"Matthews SA, Yang TC. Exploring the role of the built and social neighborhood environment in moderating stress and health. Ann Behav Med. 2010;39:170\u201383.","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"5667_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000108927.80044.7F","volume":"109","author":"CA Pope","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pope CA, Burnett RT, Thurston GD, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Godleski JJ. Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution. Epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease. Circulation. 2004;109:71\u20137.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"5667_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.08.028","volume":"60","author":"M Stafford","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stafford M, Cummins S, Macintyre S, Ellaway A, Marmot M. Gender differences in the associations between health and neighbourhood environment. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60:1681\u201392.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"5667_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1177\/019027250606900303","volume":"69","author":"S Schieman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schieman S, Pearlin LI. Neighborhood disadvantage, social comparisons, and the subjective assessment of ambient problems among older adults. Soc Psychol Q. 2006;69:256\u201369.","journal-title":"Soc Psychol Q"},{"key":"5667_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2010.07.001","volume":"16","author":"A Nazmi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nazmi A, Diez Roux A, Ranjit N, Seeman TE, Jenny NS. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of neighborhood characteristics with inflammatory markers: Findings from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Health Place. 2010;16:1104\u201312.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"5667_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1159\/000343611","volume":"5","author":"AM El-Sayed","year":"2012","unstructured":"El-Sayed AM, Scarborough P, Galea S. Socioeconomic inequalities in childhood obesity in the United Kingdom: A systematic review of the literature. Obesity Fact. 2012;5:671\u201392.","journal-title":"Obesity Fact"},{"key":"5667_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72656","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072656","volume":"8","author":"MT Sanchez-Santos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sanchez-Santos MT, Mesa-Frias M, Choi M, N\u00fcesch E, Asunsolo-Del Barco A, Amuzu A, et al. Area-level deprivation and overall and cause-specific mortality: 12 years\u2019 observation on British women and systematic review of prospective studies. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e72656.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5667_CR47","unstructured":"University of Essex. Institute for Social and Economic Research and National Centre for Social Research, Understanding Society: Waves 2 and 3 Nurse Health Assessment, 2010-2012, SN:7251 [data file]. X edition Colchester, Essex: UK Data Service, April 2013. https:\/\/discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk\/catalogue\/?sn=7251"},{"key":"5667_CR48","unstructured":"University of Essex. Institute for Social and Economic Research, NatCen Social Research and Kantar Public: Understanding Society: Waves 1-5, 2009-2014, SN: 6614 [data file]. 7th Edition. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Service, November 2015. https:\/\/discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk\/catalogue\/?sn=6614"},{"key":"5667_CR49","unstructured":"University of Essex. Institute for Social and Economic Research, NatCen Social Research and Kantar Public: Understanding Society: Waves 1-5, 2009-2014, SN:6669 [data file]. Special Licence Access, Census Area Statistics wards. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Service, November 2016. https:\/\/discover.ukdataservice.ac.uk\/catalogue\/?sn=6669"},{"key":"5667_CR50","unstructured":"Knies G. 2015. Understanding Society \u2013 the UK Household Longitudinal Study: Waves 1-5, 2009-2014, User Manual. Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER), University of Essex."},{"key":"5667_CR51","unstructured":"McFall S, Petersen J, Kamisma O, Lynn P, and the Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER). 2014. Understanding Society \u2013 the UK Household Longitudinal Survey. Waves 2 and 3 nurse health assessment, 2010-2012. Guide to nurse health assessment. Colchester, University of Essex."},{"key":"5667_CR52","volume-title":"Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Survey. Biomarker user guide and glossary","author":"M Benzeval","year":"2014","unstructured":"Benzeval M, Davillas A, Kumari M, Lynn P, Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER). Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Survey. Biomarker user guide and glossary. Colchester: University of Essex; 2014."},{"key":"5667_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00080312","volume":"40","author":"PH Quanjer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, Bauer X, Hall GL, Culver BH, et al. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3-95 year age range: The Global Lung Function 2012 equations. Eur Resp J. 2012;40:1324\u201343.","journal-title":"Eur Resp J"},{"key":"5667_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2165","volume":"24","author":"MD Tobin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tobin MD, Sheehan NA, Scurrah KJ, Burton PR. Adjusting for treatment effects in studies of quantitative traits: antihypertensive therapy and systolic blood pressure. Stat Med. 2005;24:2911\u201335.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"5667_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabe B. Geographical identifiers in Understanding Society. Version 1. Understanding Society Working Papers Series No. 2011-01. Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex; 2011. https:\/\/www.understandingsociety.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/downloads\/working-papers\/2011-01.pdf [accessed 3 Feb 2017].","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2040-0209.2011.00365_2.x"},{"key":"5667_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1068\/a42459","volume":"42","author":"EA Richardson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Richardson EA, Mitchell R, Shortt NK, Pearce J, Dawson TP. Developing summary measures of health-related multiple physical environmental deprivation for epidemiological research. Environ Plan A. 2010;42:1650\u201368.","journal-title":"Environ Plan A"},{"key":"5667_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2010.119172","volume":"65","author":"R Mitchell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mitchell R, Astell-Burt T, Richardson EA. A comparison of green space indicators for epidemiological research. J Epidemiol Comm Health. 2011;65:853\u20138.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Comm Health"},{"key":"5667_CR58","first-page":"4","volume":"3","author":"V Carstairs","year":"1981","unstructured":"Carstairs V. Multiple deprivation and health state. Comm Med. 1981;3:4\u201313.","journal-title":"Comm Med"},{"key":"5667_CR59","unstructured":"UK Data Service and Census Support. 2012-2016. Deprivation data \u2013 Carstairs and Townsend scores based on 2011 Census data. https:\/\/census.ukdataservice.ac.uk\/get-data\/related\/deprivation [accessed 14 Mar 2016]."},{"key":"5667_CR60","first-page":"28","volume":"31","author":"O Morgan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Morgan O, Baker A, Office for National Statistics. Measuring deprivation in England and Wales using 2001 Carstairs scores. Health Statistics Quarterly. 2006;31:28\u201333.","journal-title":"Health Statistics Quarterly"},{"key":"5667_CR61","volume-title":"MPlus user\u2019s guide","author":"LK Muth\u00e9n","year":"1998","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n LK, Muth\u00e9n BO. MPlus user\u2019s guide. Seventh ed. Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n: Los Angeles; 1998-2015.","edition":"Seventh"},{"key":"5667_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020141","volume":"15","author":"KJ Preacher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Preacher KJ, Zyphur MJ, Zhang Z. A general multilevel SEM framework for assessing multilevel mediation. Psychol Meth. 2010;15:209\u201333.","journal-title":"Psychol Meth"},{"key":"#cr-split#-5667_CR63.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preacher KJ. 2011. Mplus syntax files for single and multilevel mediation models, to accompany: Preacher KJ, et al., 2010. A general multilevel SEM framework for assessing multilevel mediation Psychol Meth 15:209-233","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020141"},{"key":"#cr-split#-5667_CR63.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"and Preacher KJ, et al., 2011. Alternative methods for assessing mediation in multilevel data: The advantages of multilevel SES. Struc Eq Model 18:161-182. http:\/\/quantpsy.org\/pubs\/syntax_appendix_081311.pdf [accessed 8 Jul 2016].","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2011.557329"},{"key":"5667_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327906MBR3602_06","volume":"36","author":"JL Krull","year":"2001","unstructured":"Krull JL, DP MK. Multilevel modeling of individual and group level mediated effects. Multiv Behav Res. 2001;36:249\u201377.","journal-title":"Multiv Behav Res"},{"key":"5667_CR65","unstructured":"Asparouhov T. 2004. Weighting for unequal probability of selection in multilevel modeling. MPlus web notes No. 8, version 3. http:\/\/statmodel.com\/download\/webnotes\/MplusNote81.pdf [accessed 19 Oct 2016]"},{"key":"5667_CR66","volume-title":"Causes of air pollution","author":"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs","year":"2011","unstructured":"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 2011. Causes of air pollution. https:\/\/uk-air.defra.gov.uk\/assets\/documents\/What_are_the_causes_of_Air_Pollution.pdf [accessed 18 Feb 2016]."},{"key":"5667_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.06.040","volume":"67","author":"D Briggs","year":"2008","unstructured":"Briggs D, Abellan JJ, Fecht D. Environmental inequity in England: Small area associations between socio-economic status and environmental pollution. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67:1612\u201329.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"5667_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2006.049205","volume":"61","author":"JH Choi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Choi JH, Xu QS, Park SY, Kim JH, Hwang SS, Lee KH, et al. Seasonal variation of effect of air pollution and blood pressure. J Epidemiol Comm Health. 2007;61:314\u20138.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Comm Health"},{"key":"5667_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.07.029","volume":"117","author":"M Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li M, Qian Z, Vaughn M, Boutwell B, Ward P, Lu T, et al. Sex-specific differences of the association between ambient air pollution and the prevalence of obesity in Chinese adults from a high pollution range area: 33 Communities Chinese Health Study. Atmos Environ. 2015;117:227\u201333.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"5667_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.109389","volume":"64","author":"LJL Forbes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Forbes LJL, Kapetanakis V, Rudnicka AR, Cook DG, Bush T, Stedman JR, et al. Chronic exposure to outdoor air pollution and lung function in adults. Thorax. 2009;64:657\u201363.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"5667_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612464659","volume":"24","author":"MP White","year":"2013","unstructured":"White MP, Alcock I, Wheeler BW, Depledge MH. Would you be happier living in a greener urban area? A fixed-effects analysis of panel data. Psychol Sci. 2013;24:920\u20138.","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"5667_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-10-127","volume":"10","author":"K Ord","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ord K, Mitchell R, Pearce J. Is level of neighbourhood green space associated with physical activity in green space? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Activ. 2013;10:127.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Activ"},{"key":"5667_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2013-203767","volume":"68","author":"T Astell-Burt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Astell-Burt T, Mitchell R, Hartig T. The association between green space and mental health varies across the lifecourse. A longitudinal study. J Epidemiol Comm Health. 2014;68:578\u201383.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Comm Health"},{"key":"5667_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdq068","volume":"33","author":"ACK Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee ACK, Maheswaran R. The health benefits of urban green spaces: A review of the evidence. J Public Health. 2011;33:212\u201322.","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"5667_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugiyama T, Francis J, Middleton NJ, Owen N, Giles-Corti B, Associations between recreational walking and attractiveness, size, and proximity of neighborhood open spaces. Am J Public Health 2010;100:1752-1757.","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.182006"},{"key":"5667_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.03.029","volume":"67","author":"AM Burdette","year":"2008","unstructured":"Burdette AM, Hill TD. An examination of processes linking perceived neighborhood disorder and obesity. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67:38\u201346.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"5667_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-789x.2001.00027.x","volume":"2","author":"P Bj\u00f6rntorp","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rntorp P. Do stress reactions cause abdominal obesity and comorbidities? Obes Rev. 2001;2:73\u201386.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"5667_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2007.05.003","volume":"14","author":"MS Daniel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Daniel MS, Moore S, Kestens Y. Framing the biosocial pathways underlying associations between place and cardiometabolic disease. Health Place. 2008;14:117\u201332.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"5667_CR79","unstructured":"McFall SL, Booker C, Burton J. Implementing the biosocial component of Understanding Society \u2013 Nurse collection of biomeasures. Understanding Society Working Paper Series No. 2012-04. Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, 2012. Available at: https:\/\/www.understandingsociety.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/downloads\/working-papers\/2012-04.pdf"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5667-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5667-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5667-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,7]],"date-time":"2024-07-07T15:05:36Z","timestamp":1720364736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5667-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5667-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 June 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Research involving human subjects was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval from the National Research Ethics Service was obtained for data collection (Oxfordshire A REC, Reference: 10\/H0604\/2). As agreed with the respective ethics committees, consent was obtained from all participants included in the study; verbal consent was given to take part in the interview and for the physical measures, while written consent was provided for the blood samples.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"801"}}