{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:57:43Z","timestamp":1790621863557,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,28]],"date-time":"2018-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,28]],"date-time":"2018-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 CA144034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA144034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1 CA182876"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1 CA182876"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001349","name":"National Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NMRC\/CSA\/0055\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/CSA\/0055\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T42OH008412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T42OH008412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5862-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,28]],"date-time":"2018-07-28T07:30:36Z","timestamp":1532763036000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Occupational exposure to endocrine disrupting substances and the risk of breast Cancer: the Singapore Chinese health study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4752-0081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teofilia","family":"Acheampong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Min","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woon Puay","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aizhen","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Odegaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"5862_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1093","volume":"36","author":"AC Gore","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gore AC, Chappell VA, Fenton SE, Flaws JA, Nadal A, Prins GS, et al. Executive summary to EDC-2: the Endocrine Society\u2019s second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Endocr Rev. 2015;36:593\u2013602.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"5862_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0002","volume":"30","author":"E Diamanti-Kandarakis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Bourguignon J-P, Giudice LC, Hauser R, Prins GS, Soto AM, et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr Rev. 2009;30:293\u2013342.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"5862_CR3","unstructured":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Endocrine Disruptors. National Institutes of Health U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.\u00a0 https:\/\/www.niehs.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/agents\/endocrine\/index.cfm .\u00a0Accessed 14 Nov 2016."},{"key":"5862_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2006.10.022","volume":"168","author":"NJJ Gooderham","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gooderham NJJ, Creton S, Lauber SNN, Zhu H. Mechanisms of action of the carcinogenic heterocyclic amine PhIP. Toxicol Lett. 2007;168:269\u201377.","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"5862_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.53.14.1","volume":"14","author":"MR Bonner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bonner MR, Han D, Nie J, Rogerson P, Vena JE, Muti P, et al. Breast Cancer risk and exposure in early life to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using Total suspended particulates as a proxy measure. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2005;14:53\u201360.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"key":"5862_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clapp RW, Jacobs MM, Howe GK. Carcinogens, Environmental. In: Quah S, Heggenhougen K, editors. International Encyclopedia of Public Health. Boston: Elsevier; 2008. p. 493\u2013507.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012373960-5.00276-8"},{"key":"5862_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2008.042184","volume":"66","author":"MM Brouwers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brouwers MM, van Tongeren M, Hirst AA, Bretveld RW, Roeleveld N. Occupational exposure to potential endocrine disruptors: further development of a job exposure matrix. Occup Environ Med. 2009;66:607\u201314.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"5862_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2015.06.009","volume":"40","author":"ER Kabir","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kabir ER, Rahman MS, Rahman I. A review on endocrine disruptors and their possible impacts on human health. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015;40:241\u201358.","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"5862_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01366952","volume":"122","author":"AG Knudson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Knudson AG. Hereditary cancer: two hits revisited. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1996;122:135\u201340.","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"5862_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2014.10.019","volume":"54","author":"MR Forman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Forman MR, Winn DM, Collman GW, Rizzo J, Birnbaum LS. Environmental exposures, breast development and cancer risk: through the looking glass of breast cancer prevention. Reprod Toxicol. 2015;54:6\u201310.","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"5862_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","volume":"144","author":"D Hanahan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell. 2011;144:646\u201374.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"5862_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2014.11.009","volume":"25","author":"MP Purdue","year":"2015","unstructured":"Purdue MP, Hutchings SJ, Rushton L, Silverman DT. The proportion of cancer attributable to occupational exposures. Ann Epidemiol. 2015;25:188\u201392.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1 Suppl 1","key":"5862_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.115","volume":"107","author":"R Slack","year":"2012","unstructured":"Slack R, Young C, Rushton L. British Occupational Cancer Burden Study Group with the BOCBS. Occupational cancer in Britain. Female cancers: breast, cervix and ovary. Br J Cancer. 2012;107(Suppl 1 Suppl 1):S27\u201332.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"5862_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.135","volume":"107","author":"K Straif","year":"2012","unstructured":"Straif K. Estimating the burden of occupational cancer as a strategic step to prevention. Br J Cancer. 2012;107:S1\u20132.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"5862_CR15","unstructured":"Curado MP, Edwards B, Shin HR, Storm H, Ferlay J, Heanue M, Boyle P. Cancer incidence in five continents, Volume IX. Lyon: IARC Press; 2007."},{"key":"5862_CR16","unstructured":"Saracci R, Wild CP, International Agency for Research on Cancer. The First 50 Years, 1965\u20132015. Lyon: WHO Press Lyon; 2015."},{"key":"5862_CR17","volume-title":"Cancer Control Opportunities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries","author":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Cancer Control in Low- and Middle-Income Countries","year":"2007","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Cancer Control in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Cancer Control Opportunities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US); 2007."},{"key":"5862_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11774","volume":"117","author":"SR Silver","year":"2009","unstructured":"Silver SR, Whelan EA, Deddens JA, Steenland NK, Hopf NB, Waters MA, et al. Occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of breast cancer. Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117:276\u201382.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"5862_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-2430","volume":"74","author":"CC Ekenga","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ekenga CC, Parks CG, D\u2019Aloisio AA, DeRoo LA, Sandler DP. Breast Cancer risk after occupational solvent exposure: the influence of timing and setting. Cancer Res. 2014;74:3076\u201383.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"5862_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29545","volume":"137","author":"CC Ekenga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ekenga CC, Parks CG, Sandler DP. Chemical exposures in the workplace and breast cancer risk: a prospective cohort study. Int J Cancer. 2015;137:1765\u201374.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"5862_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.046557","volume":"67","author":"B Peplonska","year":"2010","unstructured":"Peplonska B, Stewart P, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Brinton LA, Gromiec JP, et al. Occupational exposure to organic solvents and breast cancer in women. Occup Environ Med. 2010;67:722\u20139.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"5862_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv285","volume":"183","author":"SV Adams","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adams SV, Shafer MM, Bonner MR, LaCroix AZ, Manson JE, Meliker JR, et al. Urinary cadmium and risk of invasive breast Cancer in the Women\u2019s health initiative. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;183:815\u201323.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"5862_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-11-87","volume":"11","author":"JT Brophy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brophy JT, Keith MM, Watterson A, Park R, Gilbertson M, Maticka-Tyndale E, et al. Breast cancer risk in relation to occupations with exposure to carcinogens and endocrine disruptors: a Canadian case\u2013control study. Environ Health. 2012;11:87.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"5862_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22592","volume":"59","author":"R Rai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rai R, Glass DC, Heyworth JS, Saunders C, Fritschi L. Occupational exposures to engine exhausts and other PAHs and breast cancer risk: a population-based case-control study. Am J Ind Med. 2016;59:437\u201344.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"5862_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22478","volume":"58","author":"DC Glass","year":"2015","unstructured":"Glass DC, Heyworth J, Thomson AK, Peters S, Saunders C, Fritschi L. Occupational exposure to solvents and risk of breast cancer. Am J Ind Med. 2015;58:915\u201322.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"5862_CR26","volume-title":"The Sixties | Our History","author":"The Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB)","year":"2610","unstructured":"The Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB). The Sixties | Our History. Singapore: EDB; 2610."},{"key":"5862_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327914nc392_5","volume":"39","author":"JH Hankin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hankin JH, Stram DO, Arakawa K, Park S, Low S-H, Lee H-P, et al. Singapore Chinese health study: development, validation, and calibration of the quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Nutr Cancer. 2001;39:187\u201395.","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"5862_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj144","volume":"163","author":"TD LeVan","year":"2006","unstructured":"LeVan TD, Koh W-P, Lee H-P, Koh D, Yu MC, London SJ. Vapor, dust, and smoke exposure in relation to adult-onset asthma and chronic respiratory symptoms: the Singapore Chinese health study. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163:1118\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwj144 .","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"5862_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.086124","volume":"100","author":"AO Odegaard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Odegaard AO, Koh W-P, Yuan J-M, Gross MD, Pereira MA. Dietary patterns and mortality in a Chinese population. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100:877\u201383.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"5862_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Registry of Diseases Office HPB: Singapore Cancer Registry Interim Annual Report Trends in Cancer Incidence in Singapore 2010-2014. https:\/\/www.nrdo.gov.sg\/docs\/librariesprovider3\/default-document-library\/cancer-trends-2010-2014_interim-annual-report_final-(public).pdf?sfvrsn=0 (2015) . Accessed 20 Nov 2016.","DOI":"10.1097\/01.cmr.0000382744.23097.a8"},{"key":"5862_CR31","first-page":"101","volume":"11","author":"DR Youlden","year":"2014","unstructured":"Youlden DR, Cramb SM, Yip CH, Baade PD. Incidence and mortality of female breast cancer in the Asia-Pacific region. Cancer Biol Med. 2014;11:101\u201315.","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"key":"5862_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green M, Raina V. Epidemiology, screening and diagnosis of breast cancer in the Asia-Pacific region: current perspectives and important considerations. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol. 2008;4:S5\u201313.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-7563.2008.00191.x"},{"key":"5862_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-6-261","volume":"6","author":"X Sim","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sim X, Ali RA, Wedren S, Goh DL-M, Tan C-S, Reilly M, et al. Ethnic differences in the time trend of female breast cancer incidence: Singapore, 1968\u20132002. BMC Cancer. 2006;6:261.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"5862_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chia KS, Reilly M, Tan CS, Lee J, Pawitan Y, Adami HO, et al. Profound changes in breast cancer incidence may reflect changes into a Westernized lifestyle: A comparative population-based study in Singapore and Sweden. 2005;113:302\u20136.","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20561"},{"key":"5862_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sung H, Rosenberg PS, Chen WQ, Hartman M, Lim WY, Chia KS, et al. Female breast cancer incidence among Asian and western populations: more similar than expected. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015;107","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv107"},{"key":"5862_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng EH, Gao F, Ji CY, Ho GH, Soo KC. Risk factors for breast carcinoma in Singaporean Chinese women. Cancer. 1997;80:725\u201331.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19970815)80:4<725::AID-CNCR11>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"5862_CR37","unstructured":"Department of Statistics Singapore: Birth and Fertility. https:\/\/www.singstat.gov.sg\/find-data\/search-by-theme\/population\/births-and-fertility\/latest-data (2016). Accessed 20 Nov 2016 . Accessed 20 Nov 2016"},{"key":"5862_CR38","unstructured":"Singapore Ministry of Health: Epidemiology and Disease Control Division. National Health Survey 2010. https:\/\/www.moh.gov.sg\/content\/dam\/moh_web\/Publications\/Reports\/2011\/NHS2010%20-%20low%20res.pdf . Accessed 20 Nov 2016."},{"key":"5862_CR39","unstructured":"LePoer BL. Singapore: A country study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Libarary of Congress; 1991."},{"key":"5862_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-009-0155-3","volume":"17","author":"AR Jara-Lazaro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jara-Lazaro AR, Thilagaratnam S, Tan PH. Breast cancer in Singapore: some perspectives. Breast Cancer. 2010;17:23\u20138.","journal-title":"Breast Cancer"},{"key":"5862_CR41","volume-title":"Epidemiology in medicine","author":"CH Hennekens","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hennekens CH, Buring JE. Epidemiology in medicine. 1st ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown; 1987.","edition":"1"},{"key":"5862_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.87","volume":"6","author":"AM Soto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Soto AM, Sonnenschein C. Environmental causes of cancer: endocrine disruptors as carcinogens. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2010;6:363\u201370.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5862-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5862-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5862-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]],"date-time":"2022-08-28T10:25:58Z","timestamp":1661682358000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5862-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,28]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5862"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-018-5862-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 January 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 July 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Institutional review boards at the National University of Singapore, University of Pittsburgh, and the University of California, Irvine approved this study. Consent to participate is not applicable, as this was a secondary analysis of data.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"929"}}