{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:14:19Z","timestamp":1790234059405,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]],"date-time":"2019-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6299-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]],"date-time":"2019-01-25T08:03:31Z","timestamp":1548403411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["A cholera outbreak in a rural north central Nigerian community: an unmatched case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3294-2276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chioma Cindy","family":"Dan-Nwafor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uzoma","family":"Ogbonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Onyiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saheed","family":"Gidado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashorun","family":"Adebobola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Nguku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Nsubuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"6299_CR1","unstructured":"Adagbada OA, Adesida AA, Nwaokorie OF, Niemogha M-T, Coker AO. Cholera epidemiology in Nigeria an overview. Pan Afr Med J. 2012;59:1\u201312."},{"key":"6299_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1167","volume":"14","author":"MM Dalhat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dalhat MM, Isa NA, Nguku P, Nasir SG, Urban K, Abdulaziz M, Dankoli RS, Nsubuga P, Poggensee G. Descriptive characterization of the 2010 cholera outbreak in Nigeria. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1167.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"6299_CR3","first-page":"1037","volume":"71","author":"S Yamai","year":"1994","unstructured":"Yamai S, Okitsu T, Shimada T, Katsube Y. Distribution of serogroups of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 non-O139 with specific reference to their ability to produce cholera toxin and addition of novel serogroups. J Japan Assoc Infect Dis. 1994;71:1037\u201345.","journal-title":"J Japan Assoc Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"6299_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.8.1.48","volume":"8","author":"JB Kaper","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kaper JB, Morris JG, Levine MM. Cholera. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1995;8(1):48\u201386.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"6299_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1107.041266","volume":"11","author":"F Qadri","year":"2005","unstructured":"Qadri F. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae diarrhea, Bangladesh, 2004. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(7):1104\u20137.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"6299_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0400","volume":"81","author":"OT Shikanga","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shikanga OT, Mutonga D, Abade M, Amwayi S, Ope M, Limo H, Mintz ED, Quick RE, Breiman RF, Feikin DR. High mortality in a cholera outbreak in western Kenya after post-election violence in 2008. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;81(6):1085\u201390.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"6299_CR7","first-page":"377","volume":"41","author":"AK Siddique","year":"1989","unstructured":"Siddique AK, Islam Q, Akram K, Mazumder Y, Mitra A, Eusof A. Cholera epidemic and natural disasters; where is the link. Trop Geogr Med. 1989;41(4):377\u201382.","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"6299_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.093427","volume":"90","author":"M Ali","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ali M, Lopez AL, You YA, Kim YE, Sah B, Maskery B. The global burden of cholera. Bull World Health Organ. 2012;90:209\u201318A.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"6299_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saulat Jahan (April 13th 2016). Cholera \u2013 Epidemiology, Prevention and Control.IntechOpen. 2016. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/63358\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.5772\/63358"},{"issue":"1","key":"6299_CR10","first-page":"7","volume":"4","author":"IA Akyala","year":"2014","unstructured":"Akyala IA, Bright ES, Olufemi A, Adebola O, Nguku P. Investigation of cholera outbreak in an urban north central Nigerian community-the Akwanga experience. Public Health Res. 2014;4(1):7\u201312.","journal-title":"Public Health Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"6299_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru077","volume":"108","author":"MA Mengel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mengel MA. Cholera in Africa: new momentum in fighting an old problem. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2014;108(7):391\u20132.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"6299_CR12","first-page":"117","volume":"379","author":"MA Mengel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mengel MA, Delrieu I, Heyerdahl L, Gessner BD. Cholera outbreaks in Africa. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2014;379:117\u201344.","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"6299_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03763.x","volume":"18","author":"R Piarroux","year":"2012","unstructured":"Piarroux R, Faucher B. Cholera epidemics in 2010: respective roles of environment, strain changes, and human-driven dissemination. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:231\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"6299_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007547117763","volume":"15","author":"TO Lawoyin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lawoyin TO, Ogunbodede NA, Olumide EAA, Onadeko MO. Outbreak of cholera in Ibadan, Nigeria. Eur J Epidemiol. 1999;15(4):367\u201370.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"6299_CR15","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global task force on cholera control. In: Weekly epidemiological Record.Cholera articles: WHO. 2010;85(31):293\u2013308."},{"key":"6299_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0104.950408","volume":"1","author":"RV Tauxe","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tauxe RV, Mintz ED, Quick RE. Epidemic cholera in the new world: translating field epidemiology into new prevention strategies. Emerg Infect Dis. 1995;1:141\u20136.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"6299_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2003.0006","volume":"1","author":"Y Hutin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hutin Y, Luby S, Paquet C. A large cholera outbreak in Kano City, Nigeria: the importance of hand washing with soap and the danger of street-vended water. J Water Health. 2003;1(1):45\u201352.","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"6299_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/42.5.305","volume":"42","author":"T Ise","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ise T, Pokharel BM, Rawal S, Shrestha RS, Dhakhwa JR. Outbreaks of cholera in Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. J Trop Pediatr. 1996;42(5):305\u20137.","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"6299_CR19","first-page":"85","volume":"14","author":"NS Shahid","year":"1996","unstructured":"Shahid NS, Greenough WB, Samadi AR, Huq MI, Rahman N. Hand washing with soap reduces diarrhoeaand spread of bacterial pathogens in a Bangladesh village. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res. 1996;14:85\u20139.","journal-title":"J Diarrhoeal Dis Res"},{"key":"6299_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90507-6","volume":"90","author":"JV Pinfold","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pinfold JV, Horan NJ. Measuring the effect of a hygienebehaviour intervention by indicators of behaviour and diarrhoeal disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1996;90:366\u201371.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"6299_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.4.757-770.2002","volume":"15","author":"EK Lipp","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lipp EK, Huq A, Colwell RR. Effects of global climate on infectious disease: the cholera model. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15(4):757\u201370.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"6299_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32834a88af","volume":"24","author":"RC Charles","year":"2011","unstructured":"Charles RC, Ryan ET. Cholera in the 21st century. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2011;24:472\u20137.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"6299_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00677.x","volume":"225","author":"FM Snowden","year":"2008","unstructured":"Snowden FM. Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective. Immunol Rev. 2008;225:9\u201326.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"6299_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S98","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit202","volume":"208","author":"S Rebaudet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rebaudet S, Sudre B, Faucher B, Piarrou R. Cholera in coastal Africa: a systematic review of its heterogeneous environmental determinants. J Infect Dis. 2013;208(1):S98\u2013106.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"6299_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400060083","volume":"91","author":"JU Umoh","year":"1983","unstructured":"Umoh JU, Adesiyun AA, Adekeye JO. Epidemiological features of an outbreak of gastroenteritis\/cholera in Katsina, Northern Nigeria. J Hyg Camb. 1983;91:101\u201311.","journal-title":"J Hyg Camb"},{"issue":"10","key":"6299_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.30.10.2730-2732.1992","volume":"30","author":"JA Ndon","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ndon JA, Udo SM, William B. Vibrio-associated gastroenteritis in the lower Cross-River basin of Nigeria. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30(10):2730\u20132.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6299_CR27","first-page":"27","volume":"41","author":"DJ Vugia","year":"1992","unstructured":"Vugia DJ, Koehler JE, Ries AA. Surveillance for epidemic cholera in the Americas: an assessment. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 1992;41(1):27\u201334.","journal-title":"MMWR CDC Surveill Summ"},{"issue":"5","key":"6299_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0331","volume":"91","author":"BL Nygren","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nygren BL, Blackstock AJ, Mintz ED. Cholera at the crossroads: the association between endemic cholera and National Access to improved water sources and sanitation. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;91(5):1023\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"S1","key":"6299_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit198","volume":"208","author":"K Date","year":"2013","unstructured":"Date K, Person B, Nygren B, Were V, Kola S, Ayers T, Quick R. Evaluation of a rapid cholera response activity\u2014Nyanza Province, Kenya 2008. JID. 2013;208(S1):S62\u20138.","journal-title":"JID"},{"key":"6299_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe058031","volume":"352","author":"JM Drazen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Drazen JM, Klempner MS. Disaster, water, cholera, vaccines, and hope. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:827.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6299_CR31","series-title":"Microbiological Risk Assessment Series","volume-title":"Risk assessment of choleragenic Vibrio cholerae 01 and 0139 in warm-water shrimp in international trade","author":"World Health Organization\/Food and Agriculture Organization","year":"2005","unstructured":"World Health Organization\/Food and Agriculture Organization. Risk assessment of choleragenic Vibrio cholerae 01 and 0139 in warm-water shrimp in international trade. Microbiological Risk Assessment Series, 2005."},{"key":"6299_CR32","volume-title":"Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks:World Health Organisation policy and reccomendations","author":"WHO","year":"2011","unstructured":"WHO, 2011. Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks:World Health Organisation policy and reccomendations. \n                    https:\/\/www.who.int\/cholera\/technical\/prevention\/control\/en\/\n                    \n                  \/."},{"key":"6299_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1312680","volume":"370","author":"FJ Luquero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Luquero FJ, Grout L, Ciglenecki I, Sakoba K, Traore B, Heile M, Diallo AA, Itama C, Page A, Quilici M, Mengel MA, Eiros J, Serafini M, Legros D, Grais RF. Use of Vibrio cholerae vaccine in an outbreak in Guinea. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:2111\u201320.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6299_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chao DL, Hallorana ME, and Longini IM, Jr. Vaccination strategies for epidemic cholera in Haiti with implications for the developing world. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108:7081\u20135.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102149108"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-018-6299-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-018-6299-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-018-6299-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]],"date-time":"2020-01-24T19:08:09Z","timestamp":1579892889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-018-6299-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-018-6299-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 July 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"DNC- Graduate of Nigerian Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training ProgrammeUO - Graduate of Nigerian Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training ProgrammeOP- Graduate of Nigerian Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training ProgrammeSG -Deputy National Coordinator National Stop Transmission of Polio Programme African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET)\/Programme supervisor NFELTPAB - Program Advisor \/Lead HIV\/AIDS Programs African Field Epidemiology Network (AFENET)\/ Programme supervisor NFELTPNPa -Senior Resident Advisor Nigerian Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training ProgrammeNPe - Medical Epidemiologist Global Public Health Solutions, Atlanta, USA","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 information"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was waived by Federal Capital Territory Health Research Ethics Committee due to the exigencies of the response. Permission was obtained from the department of public health Kwali Local Government Area (LGA) during the response and all the respondents consented verbally and we documented the respondent\u2019s agreement to participate in the study by ticking yes on the introduction\/consent section of the questionnaire.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors consent to Editorial Board of the journal BMC to publish the paper.The authors accept responsibility for publishing this material in his\/her own name, as well as on behalf of all co-authors, if any.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"112"}}