{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:37:08Z","timestamp":1793054228868,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558051200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6750-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T12:04:49Z","timestamp":1558094689000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["\u2018Working to stay healthy\u2019,\u00a0health-seeking behaviour in Bangladesh\u2019s urban slums: a qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9558-4835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"van der Heijden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nell","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beverly","family":"Stringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aminur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadika","family":"Akhter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stobdan","family":"Kalon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martins","family":"Dada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Animesh","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"6750_CR1","unstructured":"UN-Habitat. The challenge of slums: global report on human settlements. 2003."},{"key":"6750_CR2","volume-title":"Demographia world urban areas, 14th annual edition: march 2018","author":"Demographia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Demographia, \u201cDemographia world urban areas, 14th annual edition: march 2018,\u201d 2018."},{"key":"6750_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-8-32","volume":"8","author":"G Angeles","year":"2009","unstructured":"Angeles G, Lance P, Barden-O\u2019Fallon J, Islam N, Mahbub AQM, Nazem NI. The 2005 census and mapping of slums in Bangladesh: design, select results and application. Int J Health Geogr. 2009;8:32.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"issue":"10008","key":"6750_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00385-2","volume":"386","author":"S van de Vijver","year":"2015","unstructured":"van de Vijver S, et al. Challenges of health programmes in slums. Lancet. 2015;386(10008):2114\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"6750_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/S2212-5671(14)00998-8","volume":"18","author":"I Ahmed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahmed I. Factors in building resilience in urban slums of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Procedia Econ Financ. 2014;18:745\u201353.","journal-title":"Procedia Econ Financ"},{"key":"6750_CR6","unstructured":"Huq S, Khondaker S. Religion and women: trajectories of empowerment: BRAC University; 2011."},{"key":"6750_CR7","unstructured":"Al-sabir A, Streatfield PK. Slums of urban Bangladesh: mapping and census: Centre for Urban Studies, NIPORT, and MEASURE Evaluation; 2005. p. 2006."},{"key":"6750_CR8","unstructured":"N. A. Jahan, S R Howlader, N Sultana, F Ishaq, M Z H Sikder, and T Rahman, \u201cHealth Care Seeking Behavior of Slum-Dwellers in Dhaka City\u201d, World Health Organization, SEARO, June 2016 \n                    http:\/\/www.searo.who.int\/bangladesh\/publications\/health_care_seeking_slum_dwellers.pdf"},{"issue":"5","key":"6750_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czp022","volume":"24","author":"MJ Uddin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Uddin MJ, Koehlmoos TL, Ashraf A, Khan AI, Saha NC, Hossain M. Health needs and health-seeking Behaviours of street dwellers in Dhaka City. Health Policy Plan. 2009;24(5):385\u201394.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"6750_CR10","unstructured":"Mannan MA. Burden of disease on the urban poor: a study of morbidity and utilisation of healthcare among slum dwellers in Dhaka City. Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies. 2018; \n                    https:\/\/think-asia.org\/handle\/11540\/9487\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"6750_CR11","volume-title":"Institute of Health Economics University of Dhaka","author":"N Akhter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Akhter N, et al. Health care seeking behavior of slum-dwellers in Dhaka City. Results of a household Survey. In: Institute of Health Economics University of Dhaka; 2015."},{"key":"6750_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdr108","volume":"34","author":"MM Khan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Khan MM, Grubner O, Kramer A. Frequently used healthcare services in urban slums of Dhaka and adjacent rural areas and their determinants. J Public Health. 2012;34:261\u201371.","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"6750_CR13","unstructured":"Demographic B, Survey H. National institute for population research and training, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Bangladesh. 2011;2013."},{"key":"6750_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-137-11196-8","volume-title":"Developing research questions: a guide for social scientists","author":"P White","year":"2009","unstructured":"White P. Developing research questions: a guide for social scientists. 2nd ed; 2009.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"5","key":"6750_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-013-0528-y","volume":"42","author":"LA Palinkas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Palinkas LA, Horwitz SM, Green CA, Wisdom JP, Duan N, Hoagwood K. Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Admin Pol Ment Health. Sep. 2015;42(5):533\u201344.","journal-title":"Admin Pol Ment Health"},{"key":"6750_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Guest, A. Bunce, and L. Johnson, \u201cHow many interviews are enough ? An experiment with data saturation and variability,\u201d Fam Heal Int, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 59\u201382, 2006.","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X05279903"},{"key":"6750_CR17","unstructured":"WHO. A rapid assessment of health seeking behaviour in relation to sexually transmitted disease. 1995."},{"key":"6750_CR18","unstructured":"J. W. Creswell, Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage, 2009."},{"key":"6750_CR19","unstructured":"Strauss AL, Corbin JM. Basics of qualitative research : grounded theory procedures and techniques: Sage Publications; 1990."},{"key":"6750_CR20","unstructured":"J. Salda\u00f1a. The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Third edition. Sage Publications, 2016."},{"key":"6750_CR21","unstructured":"J. Green and N. Thorogood, Qualitative methods for Health Research: second edition. Sage Publications, 2009."},{"key":"6750_CR22","first-page":"109","volume":"83","author":"SM Ahmed","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ahmed SM, Tomson G, Petzold M, Kabir ZN. Socioeconomic status overrides age and gender in determining health-seeking behaviour in rural Bangladesh. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83:109\u201317.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"6750_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71049-7","volume":"365","author":"ED Sclar","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sclar ED, Garau P, Carolini G. The 21st century health challenge of slums and cities. Lancet. 2005;365:901\u20133.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"6750_CR24","volume-title":"Health problems of women living in slums: a situation analysis of three selected slums in Dhaka City","author":"DemocracyWatch","year":"2014","unstructured":"DemocracyWatch. Health problems of women living in slums: a situation analysis of three selected slums in Dhaka City. 2014."},{"key":"6750_CR25","unstructured":"WHO. Why urban health matters. 2010."},{"key":"6750_CR26","unstructured":"Schultz C. World migration report 2015. Migration, health and urbanization: interrelated challenges. International organisation for. Migration. 2014."},{"key":"6750_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Nichter. Pharmaceuticals, Health Commodification, and Social Relations: Ramifications for Primary Health Care. Anthropology and International Health, Springer. 1989: 233\u2013277.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-2231-0_10"},{"issue":"5","key":"6750_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0125865","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125865","volume":"10","author":"Suman Kanungo","year":"2015","unstructured":"S. Kanungo, K. Bhowmik, T. Mahapatra, S. Mahapatra, U. K. Bhadra, and K. Sarkar. Perceived Morbidity, Healthcare-Seeking Behavior and Their Determinants in a Poor- Resource Setting: Observation from India. PLOS ONE. 2015: 12;10(5):e0125865.","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"6750_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62295-3","volume":"382","author":"K Afsana","year":"2013","unstructured":"Afsana K, Wahid SS. Health care for poor people in the urban slums of Banglades. Lancet. 2013;382:2049\u201351.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"6750_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riley LW, Ko AI, Unger A, Reis MG. Slum health: diseases of neglected populations. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2007;7(2).","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-7-2"},{"issue":"4","key":"6750_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2147\/IPRP.S70403","volume":"24","author":"P Rutter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rutter P. Role of community pharmacists in patients'; self-care and self-medication. Integr Pharm Res Pract. 2015;24(4):57\u201365.","journal-title":"Integr Pharm Res Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"6750_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00448-3","volume":"57","author":"RK Pillai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pillai RK, Williams SV, Glick HA, Polsky D, Berlin JA, Lowe RA. Factors affecting decisions to seek treatment for sick children in Kerala, India. Soc Sci Med. 2003;57(5):783\u201390.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"6750_CR33","first-page":"82","volume":"2","author":"D Mili","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mili D. Migration and healthcare: access to healthcare services by migrants settled in Shivaji Nagar slum of Mumbai. India theHealth. 2011;2(3):82\u20135.","journal-title":"India theHealth"},{"issue":"4","key":"6750_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3329\/jhpn.v27i4.3403","volume":"27","author":"SF Rashid","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rashid SF. Strategies to reduce exclusion among populations living in urban slum settlements in Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr. 2009;27(4):574\u201386.","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"6750_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(02)00458-4","volume":"55","author":"NT Chuc","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chuc NT, Larsson M, Do NT, Diwan VK, Tomson GB, Falkenber T. Improving private pharmacy practice: a multi-intervention experiment in Hanoi. Vietnam J Clin Epidemiol. 2002;55(11):1148\u201355.","journal-title":"Vietnam J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6750_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22258","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v6i0.22258","volume":"6","author":"Upendra Bhojani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bhojani U, Mishra A, Amruthavalli S, Devadasan N, Kolsteren P, De Henauw S, Criel B. Constraints faced by urban poor in managing diabetes care: patients\u2019 perspectives from South India. Glob Health Action. 2013;(6):22258.","journal-title":"Global Health Action"},{"key":"6750_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2008.03.004","volume":"15","author":"T Harpham","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harpham T. Urban health in developing countries: what do we know and where do we go? Heal Place. 2009;15:107\u201316.","journal-title":"Heal Place"},{"key":"6750_CR38","unstructured":"T. Ahmed, G. Bloom, M. Iqbal, H. Lucas, S. Rasheed, L. Waldman, A. S. Khan, R. Islam, A. Bhuiya. E-health and M-Health in Bangladesh: Opportunities and Challenges. Institute of Development Studies. 2014."},{"issue":"1","key":"6750_CR39","first-page":"33","volume":"2","author":"RM D\u2019souza","year":"1999","unstructured":"D\u2019souza RM, Bryant JH. Determinants of childhood mortality in slums of Karachi. Pakistan J Health Popul Dev Ctries. 1999;2(1):33\u201344.","journal-title":"Pakistan J Health Popul Dev Ctries"},{"key":"6750_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain MA, Sultana N, Biswas S. A proportional study and analysis: evaluation the effectiveness of word of mouth Marketing in Opposition to traditional advertising concerning medical treatment facilities in Bangladesh. Manag Organ Stud. 2015;2(1).","DOI":"10.5430\/mos.v2n1p143"},{"key":"6750_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-173","volume":"8","author":"SM Ahmed","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ahmed SM, Haque R, Haque U, Hossain A. Knowledge on the transmission, prevention and treatment of malaria among two endemic populations of Bangladesh and their health-seeking behaviour. Malar J. 2009;8:173.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"9","key":"6750_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090711","volume":"6","author":"SM Ahmed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahmed SM, Hossain MS, Kabir M. Conventional or interpersonal communication: which works best in disseminating malaria information in an endemic rural Bangladeshi community? PLoS One. 2014;6(9):e90711.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"6750_CR43","unstructured":"Petroni S, Cortez R, Hinson L. Adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Dhaka\u2019s slums, Bangladesh: World Bank; 2014."},{"issue":"5","key":"6750_CR44","first-page":"449","volume":"76","author":"H Perry","year":"1998","unstructured":"Perry H, Weierbach R, Hossain I, Islam R. Tetanus toxoid immunization coverage among women in zone 3 of Dhaka city: the challenge of reaching all women of reproductive age in urban Bangladesh. Bull World Health Organ. 1998;76(5):449\u201357.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"6750_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/14.2.152","volume":"14","author":"JR Killingsworth","year":"1999","unstructured":"Killingsworth JR, Hossain N, Hedrick-Wong Y, Thomas SD, Rahman A, Begum T. Unofficial fees in Bangladesh: Price, equity and institutional issues. Health Policy Plan. 1999;14(2):152\u201363.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"issue":"6","key":"6750_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(98)00134-8","volume":"47","author":"VR Kamat","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kamat VR, Nichter M. Pharmacies, self-medication and pharmaceutical marketing in Bombay, India. Soc Sci Med. 1998;47(6):779\u201394.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"6750_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzl049","volume":"18","author":"KD Rao","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rao KD, Peters DH, Bandeen-Roche K. Towards patient-centered health services in India--a scale to measure patient perceptions of quality. Int J Qual Health Care. 2006;18(6):414\u201321.","journal-title":"Int J Qual Health Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"6750_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-009-0280-7","volume":"18","author":"MB Bahari","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bahari MB, Lin YW. Factors contributing to customer satisfaction with community pharmacies in Malaysia. J Public Health (Bangkok). 2010;18(1):35\u201341.","journal-title":"J Public Health (Bangkok)"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-019-6750-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-019-6750-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-019-6750-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T19:24:30Z","timestamp":1589570670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-019-6750-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6750"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-6750-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 October 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 April 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 May 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this study has been provided by the Ethics Review Board of M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res (ID 1608) and by the Ethics Review Board of Centre for Injury Prevention and Research (CIPRB\/ERC\/2016\/008). All participants provided written informed consent. For all participants aged under 18\u2009years old, a parent or caregiver gave informed written consent and the participant provided informed written assent.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"600"}}