{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:45:59Z","timestamp":1785523559615,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556496000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K12HD000850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12HD000850"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01HL13971701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL13971701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"RHITES-EC, URC Llc Uganda","award":["not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["not applicable"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6821-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T13:29:58Z","timestamp":1556544598000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Outcomes of empiric treatment for pediatric tuberculosis, Kampala, Uganda, 2010\u20132015"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9574-5539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Wobudeya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devan","family":"Jaganath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moorine Penninah","family":"Sekadde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty","family":"Nsangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adithya","family":"Cattamanchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"6821_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e898","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30289-9","volume":"5","author":"PJ Dodd","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dodd PJ, Yuen CM, Sismanidis C, Seddon JA, Jenkins HE. The global burden of tuberculosis mortality in children: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(9):e898\u2013906.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"6821_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Roadmap towards ending TB in children and adolescents.10 Dec 2018. Available from: \n                    https:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/2018\/tb-childhoodroadmap\/en\/\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"6821_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.12.015","volume":"56","author":"BJ Marais","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marais BJ. Improving access to tuberculosis preventive therapy and treatment for children. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;56:122\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"6821_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.15.0178","volume":"19","author":"SS Chiang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chiang SS, Roche S, Contreras C, Alarcon V, Del Castillo H, Becerra MC, et al. Barriers to the diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis: a qualitative study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19(10):1144\u201352.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"6821_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.11.0816","volume":"16","author":"MJ Reid","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reid MJ, Saito S, Fayorsey R, Carter RJ, Abrams EJ. Assessing capacity for diagnosing tuberculosis in children in sub-Saharan African HIV care settings. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16(7):924\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"6821_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03043-15","volume":"54","author":"JJ Dunn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dunn JJ, Starke JR, Revell PA. Laboratory diagnosis of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease in children. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54(6):1434\u201341.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6821_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0668","volume":"21","author":"T Arscott-Mills","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arscott-Mills T, Masole L, Ncube R, Steenhoff AP. Survey of health care worker knowledge about childhood tuberculosis in high-burden centers in Botswana. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2017;21(5):586\u201391.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"6821_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0182185","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182185","volume":"12","author":"D Szkwarko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Szkwarko D, Hirsch-Moverman Y, Du Plessis L, Du Preez K, Carr C, Mandalakas AM. Child contact management in high tuberculosis burden countries: a mixed-methods systematic review. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0182185.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"6821_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290317","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2017.1290317","volume":"10","author":"BJ Sullivan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sullivan BJ, Esmaili BE, Cunningham CK. Barriers to initiating tuberculosis treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review focused on children and youth. Glob Health Action. 2017;10(1):1290317.","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"issue":"10","key":"6821_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.18.0043","volume":"22","author":"S Kizito","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kizito S, Katamba A, Marquez C, Turimumahoro P, Ayakaka I, Davis JL, et al. Quality of care in childhood tuberculosis diagnosis at primary care clinics in Kampala, Uganda. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018;22(10):1196\u2013202.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"6821_CR11","unstructured":"International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union). Desk-guide for diagnosis and management of TB in children. Paris, France: The Union; 2010."},{"key":"6821_CR12","unstructured":"Uganda National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme. Management of Tuberculosis in Children: A Health Worker Guide. 2015; 10 Dec 2018. Available from: \n                    http:\/\/health.go.ug\/download\/file\/fid\/1536\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"6821_CR13","unstructured":"Uganda National TB and Leprosy Programme. Manual for management and control of Tuberculosis and Leprosy in Uganda, 3rd Edition. Kampala, Uganda. 2017. Available from: \n                    http:\/\/health.go.ug\/download\/file\/fid\/1539\n                    \n                  ."},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"6821_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S184","DOI":"10.1086\/651490","volume":"50","author":"S Swaminathan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Swaminathan S, Rekha B. Pediatric tuberculosis: global overview and challenges. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(Suppl 3):S184\u201394.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"6821_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis608","volume":"206","author":"D Jaganath","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jaganath D, Mupere E. Childhood tuberculosis and malnutrition. J Infect Dis. 2012;206(12):1809\u201315.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"6821_CR16","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2018.2018 10 Dec 2018. Available from: \n                    http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/274453\/9789241565646-eng.pdf?ua=1\n                    \n                  ."},{"issue":"2","key":"6821_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmv089","volume":"62","author":"OA Adejumo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adejumo OA, Daniel OJ, Adebayo BI, Adejumo EN, Jaiyesimi EO, Akang G, et al. Treatment outcomes of childhood TB in Lagos, Nigeria. J Trop Pediatr. 2016;62(2):131\u20138.","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"6821_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.17.0893","volume":"22","author":"K du Preez","year":"2018","unstructured":"du Preez K, du Plessis L, O'Connell N, Hesseling AC. Burden, spectrum and outcomes of children with tuberculosis diagnosed at a district-level hospital in South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018;22(9):1037\u201343.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"key":"6821_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-61","volume":"14","author":"D Hailu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hailu D, Abegaz WE, Belay M. Childhood tuberculosis and its treatment outcomes in Addis Ababa: a 5-years retrospective study. BMC Pediatr. 2014;14:61.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"6821_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3193-8","volume":"16","author":"G Tilahun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tilahun G, Gebre-Selassie S. Treatment outcomes of childhood tuberculosis in Addis Ababa: a five-year retrospective analysis. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:612.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"6821_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0060","volume":"20","author":"LA Enane","year":"2016","unstructured":"Enane LA, Lowenthal ED, Arscott-Mills T, Matlhare M, Smallcomb LS, Kgwaadira B, et al. Loss to follow-up among adolescents with tuberculosis in Gaborone, Botswana. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2016;20(10):1320\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"6821_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0210937","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210937","volume":"14","author":"P Mulongeni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mulongeni P, Hermans S, Caldwell J, Bekker LG, Wood R, Kaplan R. HIV prevalence and determinants of loss-to-follow-up in adolescents and young adults with tuberculosis in Cape Town. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0210937.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"6821_CR23","unstructured":"USAID. Defeat TB Annual Report October 1, 2017\u2013September 30, 2018. 2019. Available from: \n                    https:\/\/www.urc-chs.com\/sites\/default\/files\/urc-USAID-Defeat-TB-Year1-Annual-Report.pdf\n                    \n                  ."},{"issue":"6","key":"6821_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0866","volume":"21","author":"K Snow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Snow K, Hesseling AC, Naidoo P, Graham SM, Denholm J, du Preez K. Tuberculosis in adolescents and young adults: epidemiology and treatment outcomes in the Western cape. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2017;21(6):651\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis."}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-019-6821-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-019-6821-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-019-6821-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T13:06:48Z","timestamp":1589461608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-019-6821-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6821"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-6821-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 February 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The Mulago Hospital Research and Ethics Committee approved the study protocol and waived the requirement for informed consent. We conduct chart reviews and did not get into contact with human subjects.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"EW is an associate editor of the BMC Public Health journal. All the authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"446"}}