{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T03:30:46Z","timestamp":1782444646397,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"S4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]],"date-time":"2019-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6865-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]],"date-time":"2019-06-13T09:04:40Z","timestamp":1560416680000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Status of visual impairment among indigenous (Orang Asli) school children in Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Rokiah","family":"Omar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan Mohd Hafidz","family":"Wan Abdul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor Feizal","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"6865_CR1","volume-title":"Population and housing census of Malaysia 2010: preliminary count report","author":"Department of Statistics Malaysia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Department of Statistics Malaysia. Population and housing census of Malaysia 2010: preliminary count report. Putrajaya: Department of Statistics Malaysia; 2010."},{"key":"6865_CR2","unstructured":"Masron T, Masami F, Ismail N. Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia: Population, Spatial Distribution and Socio-Economic Condition. J Ritsumeikan Soc Sci Humanit. 2013;6:75\u2013115."},{"issue":"1","key":"6865_CR3","first-page":"83","volume":"15","author":"KL Phua","year":"2015","unstructured":"Phua KL. The health of Malaysia\u2019s \u201cOrang Asli\u201d peoples: a review of the scientific evidence on nutritional outcome, parasite infestations, and discussion on implications for clinical practice. Malays J Public Health Med. 2015;15(1):83\u201390.","journal-title":"Malays J Public Health Med"},{"key":"6865_CR4","unstructured":"Penduduk Orang Asli Subetnik 2010. Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.data.gov.my\/data\/en_US\/dataset\/penduduk-orang-asli-subetnik-2010\/resource\/22d0ca51-62ae-41bd-8a73-99e516d7491e\n                    \n                  . Accessed 1 May 2019."},{"key":"6865_CR5","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Komuniti Orang Asli di Malaysia. Permakasaan Kesejahteraan Hidup Orang Asli di Malaysia","author":"AG Don","year":"2018","unstructured":"Don AG. Komuniti Orang Asli di Malaysia. Permakasaan Kesejahteraan Hidup Orang Asli di Malaysia. Bangi: UKMPress; 2018. p. 9\u201328."},{"issue":"4","key":"6865_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X1110500406","volume":"105","author":"AK Thakur","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thakur AK. Low vision services in Nepal: an overview. J Vis Impair Blind. 2011;105(4):240.","journal-title":"J Vis Impair Blind"},{"key":"6865_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.168146","volume":"94","author":"J Landers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Landers J, Henderson T, Craig J. The prevalence and causes of visual impairment in indigenous Australians within Central Australia: the central Australian ocular health study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94:1140\u20134.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6865_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.6457","volume":"136","author":"J Foreman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Foreman J, Xie J, Keel S. Prevalence and causes of unilateral vision impairment and unilateral blindness in Australia. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018;136(3):240\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6865_CR9","first-page":"43","volume":"8","author":"MD Norlaila","year":"2002","unstructured":"Norlaila MD, Mohd Ali B, Mohammed Z, Bashirah I, Kaur S, Mohidin N, Iskandar Zulkarnain MJ, Ariffin AE. Prevalens kesalahan refraktif satu sampel populasi Orang Asli di Malaysia. Jurnal Kesihatan Masyarakat. 2002;8:43\u20135 Special Issue.","journal-title":"Jurnal Kesihatan Masyarakat"},{"issue":"3","key":"6865_CR10","first-page":"36","volume":"41","author":"RA Johnson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Johnson RA, Zaba JN. The vision screening of the adjudicated adolescents. Behav Aspect Vision Care. 2000;41(3):36\u201341.","journal-title":"Behav Aspect Vision Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"6865_CR11","first-page":"66","volume":"12","author":"JN Zaba","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zaba JN. Social, emotional and educational consequences of undetected children\u2019s vision problem. J Behav Optom. 2001;12(3):66\u20139.","journal-title":"J Behav Optom"},{"issue":"3","key":"6865_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312043003449","volume":"43","author":"S Vaughn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vaughn S, Cirino PT, Linan-Thompson S, Mathes PG, Carlson CD, Cardenas-Hagan E, et al. Effectiveness of a Spanish intervention and an English intervention for English language learners at risk for reading problems. Am Edu Res J. 2006;43(3):449\u201387.","journal-title":"Am Edu Res J"},{"issue":"Special Volume","key":"6865_CR13","first-page":"18","volume":"2018","author":"VF Knight","year":"2018","unstructured":"Knight VF, Muhd Khairi N, Omar R, Ramlee A, Mohd Isa M. Characteristics of visually impaired children aged below 4 years in two public tertiary hospitals in Selangor, Malaysia. Malays J Public Health Med. 2018;2018(Special Volume 1):18\u201325.","journal-title":"Malays J Public Health Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"6865_CR14","first-page":"959","volume":"38","author":"H Duratul Ain","year":"2009","unstructured":"Duratul Ain H, Omar R, Knight VF. Penyebab Masalah Penglihatan di Kalangan Kanak-kanak Prasekolah di Daerah Sitiawan, Jurnal. Sains Malaysiana. 2009;38(6):959\u201364.","journal-title":"Sains Malaysiana"},{"key":"6865_CR15","unstructured":"How to Keep Your Sight for Life. Available from: \n                    https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/magazine\/issues\/summer08\/articles\/summer08pg12.html\n                    \n                  . Accessed 1 May 2019."},{"issue":"7","key":"6865_CR16","first-page":"426","volume":"71","author":"I Krumholtz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Krumholtz I. Results from a pediatric vision screening and its ability to predict academic performance. Optometry. 2000;71(7):426\u201330.","journal-title":"Optometry."},{"issue":"2","key":"6865_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2008.06.003","volume":"89","author":"R Baltussen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baltussen R, Naus J, Limburg H. Cost-effectiveness of screening and correcting refractive errors in school children in Africa, Asia, America and Europe. Health Policy. 2009;89(2):201\u201315.","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"7","key":"6865_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2010.00511.x","volume":"80","author":"D Ethan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ethan D, Basch CE, Platt R, Bogen E, Zybert P. Implementing and evaluating a school-based program to improve childhood vision. J Sch Health. 2010;80(7):340\u20135.","journal-title":"J Sch Health"},{"key":"6865_CR19","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Sampling techniques","author":"WG Cochran","year":"1963","unstructured":"Cochran WG. Sampling techniques. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.; 1963. p. 75.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"1","key":"6865_CR20","first-page":"25","volume":"7","author":"H Duratul Ain","year":"2009","unstructured":"Duratul Ain H, Omar R, Knight VF. Profile of visual impairment among preschool children. Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia. 2009;7(1):25\u201336.","journal-title":"Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia"},{"key":"6865_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.9.951","volume":"86","author":"M Zainal","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zainal M, Ismail SM, Ropilah AR, Elias H, Arumugam G, Alias D, et al. Prevalence of blindness and low vision in Malaysian population: results from the National eye Survey 1996. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86:951\u20136.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"6865_CR22","first-page":"339","volume":"16","author":"LF Garner","year":"1987","unstructured":"Garner LF, Norhani M, Chung KM, Sharanjeet K, Faudziah AM, Freeland E, et al. Prevalence of visual disorders in Malay school children. Sains Malaysiana. 1987;16:339\u201346.","journal-title":"Sains Malaysiana."},{"issue":"11","key":"6865_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199611000-00004","volume":"73","author":"KM Chung","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chung KM, Norhani M, Peng TW, Tan LL. Prevalence of visual disorders in Chinese school children. Optom Vis Sci. 1996;73(11):695\u2013700.","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"6865_CR24","unstructured":"Saadah MA. Visual disorders among Indian school children. Paper presented at: First Singapore Eye Research Institute International Meeting, September 27, 2001; Singapore."},{"issue":"4","key":"6865_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2004.10.048","volume":"112","author":"PP Goh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Goh PP, Abqariyah Y, Pokharel GP, Ellwein LB. Refractive error and visual impairment in school-age children in Gombak district, Malaysia. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(4):678\u201385.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"issue":"9519","key":"6865_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68581-4","volume":"367","author":"JM Holmes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Holmes JM, Clarke MP. Amblyopia. Lancet. 2006;367(9519):1343\u201351.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"6","key":"6865_CR27","first-page":"271","volume":"41","author":"HC Lim","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lim HC, Quah BL, Balakrishnan V, Lim HC, Tay V, Emmanuel SC. Vision screening of 4-year-old children in Singapore. Singap Med J. 2000;41(6):271\u20138.","journal-title":"Singap Med J"},{"key":"6865_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2003.029066","volume":"88","author":"HT Lim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lim HT, Yu YS, Park SH, Ahn H, Kim S, Lee M, et al. The Seoul metropolitan preschool vision screening programme: results from South Korea. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88:929\u201333.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6865_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2001.790306.x","volume":"79","author":"G Kvarnstr\u00f6m","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kvarnstr\u00f6m G, Jakobsson P, Lennerstrand G. Visual screening of Swedish children: an ophthalmological evaluation. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2001;79(3):240\u20134.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"6865_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-322X.176909","volume":"10","author":"Zhale Rajavi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rajavi Z, Sabbaghi H, Baghini AS, et al. Prevalence of Amblyopia and Refractive Errors Among Primary School Children.\u00a0J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2015;10(4):408\u201316.","journal-title":"Journal of Ophthalmic and Vision Research"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-019-6865-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-019-6865-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-019-6865-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]],"date-time":"2020-06-11T23:17:24Z","timestamp":1591917444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-019-6865-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["6865"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-6865-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 June 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study received approval from University Kebangsaan Malaysia Research Ethics Committee UKM 1.5.3.5\/244\/SPP2. Parental informed consent was obtained prior to data collection.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"543"}}