{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T10:48:21Z","timestamp":1740134901344,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Center for Global Health Delivery","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Inability to track children\u2019s vaccination history coupled with parents\u2019 lack of awareness of vaccination due dates compounds the problem of low immunization coverage and timeliness in developing countries. Traditional Reminder\/Recall (RR) interventions such as paper-based immunization cards or mHealth based platforms do not yield optimal results in resource-constrained settings. There is thus a need for a low-cost intervention that can simultaneously stimulate demand and track immunization history to help reduce drop-outs and improve immunization coverage and timeliness. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of low-cost vaccine reminder and tracker bracelets for improving routine childhood immunization coverage and timeliness in Pakistani children under 2\u2009years of age.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study is an individually randomized, three-arm parallel Randomized Controlled Trial with two intervention groups and one control group. Infants in the two intervention groups will be given two different types of silicone bracelets at the time of recruitment, while infants in the control group will not receive any intervention. The two types of bracelets consist of symbols and\/or numbers to denote the EPI vaccination schedule and each time the child will come for vaccination, the study staff will perforate a hole in the appropriate symbol to denote vaccine administration. Therefore, by looking at the bracelet, caregivers will be able to see how many vaccines have been received. Our primary outcome measure is the increase in coverage and timeliness of Pentavalent-3\/PCV-3\/Polio-3 and Measles-1 vaccine in the intervention versus control groups. A total of 1446 participants will be recruited from 4 Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) centers in Landhi Town, Karachi. Each enrolled child will be followed up till the Measles-1 vaccine is administered, or till eleven months have elapsed since enrolment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Participant recruitment commenced on July 19, 2017, and was completed on October 10, 2017. Proposed duration of the study is 18\u2009months and expected end date is December 1, 2018. This study constitutes one of the first attempts to rigorously evaluate an innovative, low-cost vaccine reminder bracelet.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03310762\">NCT03310762<\/jats:ext-link>. Retrospectively Registered on October 16, 2017.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7667-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T20:44:43Z","timestamp":1572468283000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of vaccine reminder and tracker bracelets on routine childhood immunization coverage and timeliness in urban Pakistan: protocol for a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9457-9110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danya Arif","family":"Siddiqi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehr","family":"Munir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mubarak Taighoon","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aamir Javed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subhash","family":"Chandir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"7667_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World Immunization Week 2016: Immunization game-changers should be the norm worldwide. 2016 [cited 2017 2017-11-22]; Available from: \n                    http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/news\/releases\/2016\/world-immunization-week\/en\/"},{"issue":"9524","key":"7667_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68770-9","volume":"367","author":"AD Lopez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lopez AD, et al. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet. 2006;367(9524):1747\u201357.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"7667_CR3","first-page":"701","volume-title":"Weekly epidemiological record: Global routine vaccination coverage, 2016","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Weekly epidemiological record: Global routine vaccination coverage, 2016; 2017. p. 701\u201316."},{"key":"7667_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Immunization coverage - DTP3 at district level. 2016 [cited 2017 2017-11-21]; Available from: \n                    http:\/\/apps.who.int\/gho\/data\/view.other.immu-admin2-dtp3?lang=en\n                    \n                  )"},{"issue":"9","key":"7667_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107280","volume":"9","author":"S Scott","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scott S, et al. Coverage and timing of children's vaccination: an evaluation of the expanded programme on immunisation in the Gambia. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e107280.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"7667_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.02.001","volume":"36","author":"NB Masters","year":"2018","unstructured":"Masters NB, et al. Vaccination timeliness and co-administration among Kenyan children. Vaccine. 2018;36(11):1353\u201360.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"10","key":"7667_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.10.1204","volume":"293","author":"ET Luman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Luman ET, et al. Timeliness of childhood vaccinations in the United States: days undervaccinated and number of vaccines delayed. JAMA. 2005;293(10):1204\u201311.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"7667_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.14.146951","volume":"93","author":"M Johri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johri M, et al. Strategies to increase the demand for childhood vaccination in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ. 2015;93(5):339\u2013346c.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"7667_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2007001200003","volume":"23","author":"O O'Donnell","year":"2007","unstructured":"O'Donnell O. Access to health care in developing countries: breaking down demand side barriers. Cadernos de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica. 2007;23:2820\u201334.","journal-title":"Cadernos de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"issue":"2","key":"7667_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czh009","volume":"19","author":"T Ensor","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ensor T, Cooper S. Overcoming barriers to health service access: influencing the demand side. Health Policy Plan. 2004;19(2):69\u201379.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"7667_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyo-Ita A, et al. Interventions for improving coverage of child immunization in low- and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(7):Cd008145.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008145.pub2"},{"key":"7667_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Onyiriuka, Alphonsus. Vaccination default rates among children attending a static immunization clinic in Benin City, Nigeria. J Med Biomed Res. 2009;4(1);(ISSN: 1596-6941). \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/jmbr.v4i1.10671\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.4314\/jmbr.v4i1.10671"},{"issue":"6","key":"7667_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2016.09.006","volume":"9","author":"AA Abahussin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abahussin AA, Albarrak AI. Vaccination adherence: review and proposed model. J Infect Public Health. 2016;9(6):781\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"7667_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1875035401205010001","volume":"5","author":"DW Brown","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brown DW. Child immunization cards: essential yet underutilized in National Immunization Programmes. The Open Vaccine Journal. 2012;5:1\u20137.","journal-title":"The Open Vaccine Journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"7667_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e148","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.7792","volume":"5","author":"Clare Oliver-Williams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oliver-Williams C, et al. Using mobile phones to improve vaccination uptake in 21 low-and middle-income countries: systematic review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2017;5(10):e148.","journal-title":"JMIR mHealth and uHealth"},{"key":"7667_CR16","unstructured":"Mechael, P., et al., Barriers and gaps affecting mHealth in low and middle income countries: Policy white paper. 2010: Columbia university. Earth institute. Center for global health and economic development (CGHED): with mHealth alliance."},{"key":"7667_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.13.122564","volume":"92","author":"A Kazi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kazi A, et al. Monitoring polio supplementary immunization activities using an automated short text messaging system in Karachi, Pakistan. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;92:220\u20135.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"7667_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.7309\/jmtm.2.2.5","volume":"2","author":"PAB Bullen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bullen PAB. Operational challenges in the Cambodian mHealth revolution. J Mobile Technol Med. 2013;2(2):20\u20133.","journal-title":"J Mobile Technol Med"},{"key":"7667_CR19","volume-title":"Women & mobile: a global opportunity\u2014a study on the mobile phone gender gap in low-and middle-income countries","author":"GD Fund","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fund GD. Women & mobile: a global opportunity\u2014a study on the mobile phone gender gap in low-and middle-income countries; 2010."},{"key":"7667_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1470-6","volume":"15","author":"D Bangure","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bangure D, et al. Effectiveness of short message services reminder on childhood immunization programme in Kadoma, Zimbabwe - a randomized controlled trial, 2013. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:137.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"7667_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-13-23","volume":"13","author":"N Willis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Willis N, et al. \u201cCommunicate to vaccinate\u201d: the development of a taxonomy of communication interventions to improve routine childhood vaccination. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2013;13(1):23.","journal-title":"BMC Int Health Hum Rights"},{"issue":"16","key":"7667_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.01.098","volume":"32","author":"DW Brown","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brown DW, Gacic-Dobo M, Young SL. Home-based child vaccination records--a reflection on form. Vaccine. 2014;32(16):1775\u20137.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"14","key":"7667_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.14.1820","volume":"284","author":"PG Szilagyi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Szilagyi PG, et al. Effect of patient reminder\/recall interventions on immunization rates: a review. Jama. 2000;284(14):1820\u20137.","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"4","key":"7667_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e428","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30072-4","volume":"5","author":"DG Gibson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gibson DG, et al. Mobile phone-delivered reminders and incentives to improve childhood immunisation coverage and timeliness in Kenya (M-SIMU): a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(4):e428\u201338.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"7667_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2823-5","volume":"16","author":"A Haji","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haji A, et al. Reducing routine vaccination dropout rates: evaluating two interventions in three Kenyan districts, 2014. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):152.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"7667_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-12-145","volume":"12","author":"JA Pereira","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pereira JA, et al. Barriers to the use of reminder\/recall interventions for immunizations: a systematic review. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2012;12:145.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"7667_CR27","volume-title":"Saving lives with wearable technology; Khushi baby implementing health innovation in India, in Yale School of Public Health News","author":"DL Meyer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meyer DL. Saving lives with wearable technology; Khushi baby implementing health innovation in India, in Yale School of Public Health News; 2016."},{"key":"7667_CR28","volume-title":"New vaccination reminder band made possible by Timestrip and TVI, in Cambridge network limited","author":"R Isbitsky","year":"2015","unstructured":"Isbitsky R. New vaccination reminder band made possible by Timestrip and TVI, in Cambridge network limited; 2015."},{"key":"7667_CR29","unstructured":"Ministry of Public Health Afghanistan. Immunity Charm. 2017 [cited 2017 2017-11-22]; Available from: \n                    https:\/\/www.mccann.com\/work\/immunity-charm\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"7667_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1145\/3078072.3084336","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Interaction Design and Children","author":"B Jeong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jeong B, et al. A Tattooed Bracelet for Child Vaccination Records in a Developing World Context. In: Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Interaction Design and Children. Stanford: ACM; 2017. p. 637\u201342."}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7667-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7667-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7667-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T00:12:22Z","timestamp":1603930342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7667-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7667-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1471-2458"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 September 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 September 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 October 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical approvals for the study were obtained by the Institutional Review Board of Harvard University and the local ethical approval was obtained from the following ethics committee in Pakistan: Interactive Research and Development-Institutional Review Board (IRD-IRB). This is registered with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) with registration number IRB 00005148. A written informed parental consent for the participation of children in the study was obtained from all parents prior to enrolling their children in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1421"}}