{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:11:05Z","timestamp":1788923465816,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571875200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AID-OAA-A-13-00087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID-OAA-A-13-00087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To increase access to voluntary family planning (FP) services, Nigerian policymakers are debating how to task share injectable contraceptive services to drug shop owners known as Patent and Proprietary Medicine Vendors (PPMVs). Task sharing FP services to drug shops is a promising practice, but information is needed on how to ensure high quality FP services. This analysis assesses the effects of job aids on PPMVs\u2019 knowledge of injectable contraceptives 9\u2009months after receiving a standardized training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred ninety-four PPMVs were trained on FP counseling and administration of injectable contraceptives in Bauchi, Cross River, Ebonyi and Kaduna states. PPMVs were interviewed before, after, and 9\u2009months after the training. Three variables were used to assess injectable contraceptive knowledge: 1) intramuscular depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-IM) knowledge: a combination of three questions related to device type, injection location, and reinjection frequency; 2) subcutaneous DMPA (DMPA-SC) knowledge: a combination of the same three questions but for DMPA-SC; and 3) knowledge of at least 4 of the 7 common injectable side effects. Three separate adjusted logistic regression models were conducted to determine the factors that influence PPMV knowledge of injectable contraceptives 9\u2009months after the training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over half of PPMVs (56%) reported using at least two job aids at 9\u2009months. PPMVs\u2019 knowledge of DMPA-IM, DMPA-SC and side effects were low before the training but increased immediately after. Nine months later, knowledge remained higher than pre-test levels but generally reduced compared to posttest levels. PPMVs who reported using at least two FP job aids were 2.6 (95% CI: 1.4\u20135.1) times more likely to have DMPA-IM knowledge 9\u2009months after the training compared to those who used one or no job aids, while adjusting for PPMV characteristics. Similar results were observed for knowledge of DMPA-SC (AOR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.2\u20134.6) and side effects (AOR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.3\u20134.8).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PPMVs who used at least two FP job aids were more likely to correctly answer key injectable contraceptive questions 9\u2009months after training. Incorporating proven job aids into routine trainings is a low-cost strategy that can reinforce knowledge and help PPMVs to retain information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7668-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T13:02:35Z","timestamp":1572008555000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The effect of job aids on knowledge retention among Patent and Proprietary Medicine Vendors trained to administer injectable contraceptives: longitudinal results from implementation science in Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Chace Dwyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aparna","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salisu Mohammed","family":"Ishaku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faizah Tosin","family":"Okunade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiamaka","family":"Uzomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adedamola","family":"Adebayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Tobey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"7668_CR1","volume-title":"Multiple indicator cluster survey 2016\u201317, survey findings report","author":"National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF)","year":"2017","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF). Multiple indicator cluster survey 2016\u201317, survey findings report. Abuja: National Bureau of Statistics and United Nations Children\u2019s Fund; 2017."},{"key":"7668_CR2","volume-title":"Nigeria demographic and health survey","author":"National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF International. 2014","year":"2013","unstructured":"National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF International. 2014. Nigeria demographic and health survey. Abuja and Rockville: NPC and ICF International; 2013."},{"key":"7668_CR3","unstructured":"Family planning 2020. 2017. Nigeria actions for acceleration. \n                    http:\/\/ec2-54-210-230-186.compute-1.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Nigeria_2018-2019_Actions_for_Acceleration.pdf\n                    \n                  . Accessed 1 May 2019."},{"key":"7668_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corron M, Kebede E, Spektor G, Speizer I. Key role of drug shops and pharmacies for family planning in urban Nigeria and Kenya. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2016;4(4):594\u2013609.","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-16-00197"},{"key":"7668_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Task sharing to improve access to family planning\/contraception. Summary brief. Geneva: World Bank; 2017. \n                    https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/259633\/WHO-RHR-17.20-eng.pdf;jsessionid=9D05F66331F909F3693312AFB3D11C80?sequence=1"},{"key":"7668_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2009.10.006","volume":"81","author":"J Stanback","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stanback J, Spieler J, Shah I, Finger WR. Community-based health workers can safely and effectively administer injectable contraceptives: conclusions from a technical consultation. J Contracept. 2010;81:181\u20134.","journal-title":"J Contracept"},{"key":"7668_CR7","volume-title":"Community-based health workers can safely and effectively administer injectable contraceptives: conclusions from a technical consultation","author":"World Health Organization, U.S. Agency for International Development, Family Health International (FHI)","year":"2010","unstructured":"World Health Organization, U.S. Agency for International Development, Family Health International (FHI). Community-based health workers can safely and effectively administer injectable contraceptives: conclusions from a technical consultation. Research Triangle Park: FHI; 2010."},{"key":"7668_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janowitz B, Stanback J, Boyer B. Task sharing in family planning. Stud Fam Plann. 2012;43(1):57\u201362.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2012.00302.x"},{"key":"7668_CR9","volume-title":"Drug shops and pharmacies: sources for family planning commodities and information","author":"High-Impact Practices in Family Planning (HIP)","year":"2013","unstructured":"High-Impact Practices in Family Planning (HIP). Drug shops and pharmacies: sources for family planning commodities and information. Washington, DC: USAID; 2013. Available from \n                    http:\/\/www.fphighimpactpractices.org\/briefs\/drug-shops-and-pharmacies"},{"issue":"4","key":"7668_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-14-00085","volume":"2","author":"A Akol","year":"2014","unstructured":"Akol A, Chin-Quee D, Wamala-Mucheri P, Namwebya JH, Mercer SJ, Stanback J. Getting closer to people: family planning provision by drug shops in Uganda. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2014;2(4):472\u201381.","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"key":"7668_CR11","volume-title":"Policy change in Uganda allows drug shops to offer injection contraception","author":"FHI 360","year":"2018","unstructured":"FHI 360. Policy change in Uganda allows drug shops to offer injection contraception. 2018. Available here. \n                    https:\/\/www.fhi360.org\/news\/policy-change-uganda-allows-drug-shops-offer-injectable-contraception\n                    \n                  . Accessed 10 June 2019."},{"key":"7668_CR12","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Health. National family planning\/reproductive health service protocols, Revised edition. Nigeria: The Federal Ministry of Health; 2009."},{"key":"7668_CR13","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Health. Job description for family planning service providers. Abuja: The Federal Ministry of Health; 2004."},{"key":"7668_CR14","volume-title":"The landscape of patent and proprietary medicine vendors in 16 states of Nigeria","author":"J Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu J, Beyeler N, Prach LM, Sieverding M, Isiguzo C, Nwokolo E, et al. The landscape of patent and proprietary medicine vendors in 16 states of Nigeria. Abuja: Society for Family Health; 2015."},{"issue":"2018","key":"7668_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception","volume":"98","author":"S Chace Dwyer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chace Dwyer S, Ishaku SM, Okunade F, Reichenbach L, Jain A. Feasibility of patent and proprietary medicine vendor provision of injectable contraceptives: preliminary results from implementation science research in Oyo and Nasarawa, Nigeria. Contraception. 2018;98(2018):460\u20132. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.contraception\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"7668_CR16","first-page":"79","volume":"19","author":"AJ Ajuwon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ajuwon AJ, Oshiname FO, Imaledo J, Ajayi O, Dipeolu IO. Delivery and utilisation of injectable contraceptive services in rural Nigeria: learnings from the perspectives of patent medicine vendors and women of reproductive age. Afr J Biomed Res. 2016;19:79\u201387.","journal-title":"Afr J Biomed Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"7668_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0117165","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117165","volume":"10","author":"N Beyeler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beyeler N, Liu J, Siverding M. A systematic review of the role of proprietary and patent medicine vendors in healthcare provision in Nigeria. PLoS One. 2015;10(1):e0117165. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0117165\n                    \n                  .","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"7668_CR18","volume-title":"Research and recommendations on the delivery of injectable contraceptive services by Patent Medicine Vendors in Rural Nigeria","author":"FHI 360","year":"2013","unstructured":"FHI 360 (2013). Research and recommendations on the delivery of injectable contraceptive services by Patent Medicine Vendors in Rural Nigeria."},{"key":"7668_CR19","volume-title":"Examining and strengthening the provision of injectable contraception in Nigeria. Research report","author":"SM Ishaku","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ishaku SM, Afolabi K, Chace Dwyer S, Okunade F, Uzomba C, Adebayo A, Tobey E, Jain A. Examining and strengthening the provision of injectable contraception in Nigeria. Research report. Washington, DC: Population Council, The Evidence Project; 2018."},{"key":"7668_CR20","first-page":"103","volume":"13","author":"R Brugha","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brugha R, Zwi A. Improving the quality of private sector delivering of public health services: challenges and strategies. Health Policy Plan. 2002;13:103\u201320.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"7668_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90198-L","volume":"32","author":"JA Adetunji","year":"1991","unstructured":"Adetunji JA. Response of parents to five killer diseases among children in a Yoruba community, Nigeria. Soc Sci Med. 1991;32:1379\u201387.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"7668_CR22","unstructured":"Ujuju C, Adebayo SB, Anyanti J, Oluigbo O, Muhammad F, Ankomah A. An assessment of the quality of advice provided by patent medicine vendors to users of oral contraceptive pills in urban Nigeria. J Multidisciplinary Healthc. 2014;7:163\u2013171."},{"issue":"1","key":"7668_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1363\/3702411","volume":"37","author":"J Stanback","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stanback J, Otterness C, Bekita M, Nakayiza O, Mbonya AK. Injected with controversy: sales and administration of injectable contraceptives in drug shops in Uganda. Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2011;37(1):24\u20139.","journal-title":"Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health"},{"key":"7668_CR24","volume-title":"\u201cThe use of manual job aids by health care providers: what do we know?\u201d Issue paper, the quality assurance project","author":"E Knebel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Knebel E, Lundahl S, Raj AE, Abdallah H, Ashton J, Wilson N. \u201cThe use of manual job aids by health care providers: what do we know?\u201d Issue paper, the quality assurance project; 2000."},{"issue":"5","key":"7668_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932010000283","volume":"42","author":"K Tumlinson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tumlinson K, Hubacher D, Wesson J, Lasway C. Measuring the usefulness of family planning job aids following distribution at training workshops. J Biosoc Sci. 2010;42(5):695\u20138.","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"key":"7668_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumgartner JN, Morroni C, Mlobeli RD, Otterness C, Buga G, Chen M. Impact of a provider job aid intervention on injectable contraceptive continuation in South Africa. Stud Fam Plann. 2012;43:305\u2013314.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2012.00328.x"},{"key":"7668_CR27","volume-title":"DMPA-SC (Sayana Press) training materials","author":"PATH","year":"2013","unstructured":"PATH. 2013. DMPA-SC (Sayana Press) training materials. \n                    http:\/\/www.path.org\/publications\/detail.php?i=2385\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"7668_CR28","volume-title":"Checklist for screening clients who want to initiate DMPA (or NET-EN)","author":"FHI 360","year":"2015","unstructured":"FHI 360. 2015.Checklist for screening clients who want to initiate DMPA (or NET-EN). \n                    https:\/\/www.fhi360.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/documents\/checklist-dmpa-english.pdf\n                    \n                  ."},{"key":"7668_CR29","volume-title":"Medical eligibility criteria wheel for contraceptive use","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Medical eligibility criteria wheel for contraceptive use. 5th ed; 2015. \n                    https:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/publications\/family_planning\/mec-wheel-5th\/en\/","edition":"5"},{"key":"7668_CR30","volume-title":"The balanced counseling strategy. A toolkit for family planning service providers working in high STI\/HIV prevalence settings","author":"Population Council","year":"2015","unstructured":"Population Council. The balanced counseling strategy. A toolkit for family planning service providers working in high STI\/HIV prevalence settings. 3rd ed; 2015. \n                    https:\/\/www.who.int\/reproductivehealth\/publications\/family_planning\/mec-wheel-5th\/en\/","edition":"3"},{"issue":"1","key":"7668_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590500046924","volume":"27","author":"SB Issenberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Issenberg SB, McGaghie WC, Petrusa ER, Lee Gordon D, Scalese RJ. Features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to effective learning. A BEME systematic review. Med Teach. 2005;27(1):10\u201328.","journal-title":"Med Teach"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7668-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7668-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7668-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T19:09:25Z","timestamp":1603393765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7668-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7668"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7668-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.11179\/v3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.11179\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.11179\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.11179\/v4","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 July 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 September 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The research protocol received ethical approval from the Population Council\u2019s Institutional Review Board, Nigeria\u2019s National Health Research Ethic Committee, and ethic committees based at state ministries of health in Bauchi, Cross River, Ebonyi and Kaduna. Written informed consent was received before the beginning of the training and pre-test interview, and before the start of the 9-month interview.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1362"}}