{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T06:43:37Z","timestamp":1781333017933,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,29]],"date-time":"2019-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,29]],"date-time":"2019-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UAB Center for AIDS Research","award":["(P30-AI27767) (1R24AI067039-1)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(P30-AI27767) (1R24AI067039-1)"]}]},{"name":"NIH Fogarty Global Health Equity Scholar","award":["TW010540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TW010540"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>People living with HIV (PLWH) have a high level of interest in quitting smoking, but only a small proportion have sustainable abstinence 6 months after cessation. Few investigations have focused on relapse to smoking among PLWH. In this investigation, we evaluated the prevalence of relapse after smoking cessation and the characteristics associated with smoking relapse using a retrospective, longitudinal cohort of PLWH during an eight-year observation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All patients aged \u226519\u2009years that reported current smoking during the study period and then reported not smoking on a subsequent tobacco use questionnaire (quitters) were eligible for the study. In addition, patients required at least one subsequent follow-up visit after quitting where smoking status was again reported to allow for assessment of relapse. A Cox proportional hazard model was fit to evaluate factors associated with smoking relapse in PLWH attending routine clinical care.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Of the 473 patients who quit smoking in the study, 51% relapsed. In multivariable analysis, factors significantly associated with a higher likelihood of relapse were anxiety symptoms (HR\u2009=\u20091.55, 95% CI [1.11, 2.17]) and at-risk alcohol use (HR\u2009=\u20091.74, 95% CI [1.06, 2.85]), whereas antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence (HR\u2009=\u20090.65, 95% CI [0.49, 0.99]) and longer time in care (HR\u2009=\u20090.94, 95% CI [0.91, 0.98]) were associated with a reduced likelihood of relapse after cessation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>\n              <jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our study underscores the high prevalence of smoking relapse that exists among PLWH after they quit smoking. Successful engagement in mental health care may enhance efforts to reduce relapse in the underserved populations of PLWH.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7705-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T20:44:43Z","timestamp":1572468283000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Mental health disorders and alcohol use are associated with increased likelihood of smoking relapse among people living with HIV attending routine clinical care"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Cosmas M.","family":"Zyambo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greer A.","family":"Burkholder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen L.","family":"Cropsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"Willig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig M.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Ann","family":"Gakumo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew O.","family":"Westfall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter S.","family":"Hendricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"7705_CR1","unstructured":"WHO: \n                    https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/tobacco\n                    \n                  . Accessed 27 Jan 2018."},{"key":"7705_CR2","unstructured":"CDC: \n                    https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/data_statistics\/fact_sheets\/adult_data\/cig_smoking\/index.htm\n                    \n                  . Accessed 27 Jan 2018."},{"issue":"10","key":"7705_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.10.1238","volume":"291","author":"AH Mokdad","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. Jama. 2004;291(10):1238\u201345.","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"7705_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zyambo CM, Willig JH, Cropsey KL, Carson AP, Wilson C, Tamhane AR, Westfall AO, Burkholder GA. Factors Associated With Smoking Status among HIV-Positive Patients in Routine Clinical Care. J AIDS Clin Res. 2015;6(7):480.","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6113.1000480"},{"issue":"5","key":"7705_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0954","volume":"162","author":"R Mdodo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mdodo R, Frazier EL, Dube SR, Mattson CL, Sutton MY, Brooks JT, Skarbinski J. Cigarette smoking prevalence among adults with HIV compared with the general adult population in the United States: cross-sectional surveys. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(5):335\u201344.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"7705_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000283","volume":"28","author":"M Helleberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Helleberg M, Gerstoft J, Afzal S, Kronborg G, Larsen CS, Pedersen C, Bojesen SE, Nordestgaard BG, Obel N. Risk of cancer among HIV-infected individuals compared to the background population: impact of smoking and HIV. Aids. 2014;28(10):1499\u2013508.","journal-title":"Aids"},{"issue":"3","key":"7705_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2009.0274","volume":"24","author":"L Drach","year":"2010","unstructured":"Drach L, Holbert T, Maher J, Fox V, Schubert S, Saddler LC. Integrating smoking cessation into HIV care. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2010;24(3):139\u201340.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"issue":"10","key":"7705_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.188664","volume":"100","author":"AR Lifson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lifson AR, Neuhaus J, Arribas JR, van den Berg-Wolf M, Labriola AM, Read TR, Group ISS. Smoking-related health risks among persons with HIV in the strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy clinical trial. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(10):1896\u2013903.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"7705_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1089\/108729102753429389","volume":"16","author":"EM Mamary","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mamary EM, Bahrs D, Martinez S. Cigarette smoking and the desire to quit among individuals living with HIV. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2002;16(1):39\u201342.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"issue":"52","key":"7705_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6552a1","volume":"65","author":"CDC","year":"2017","unstructured":"CDC. Quitting smoking among adults\u2014United States, 2000\u20132015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;65(52):1457\u201364.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"7705_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.36.1.8","volume":"36","author":"J Shuter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shuter J, Bernstein SL, Moadel AB. Cigarette smoking behaviors and beliefs in persons living with HIV\/AIDS. Am J Health Behav. 2012;36(1):75\u201385.","journal-title":"Am J Health Behav"},{"key":"7705_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.008","volume":"138","author":"LR Pacek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pacek LR, Latkin C, Crum RM, Stuart EA, Knowlton AR. Interest in quitting and lifetime quit attempts among smokers living with HIV infection. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;138:220\u20134.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"4","key":"7705_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit349","volume":"57","author":"ER Gritz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gritz ER, Danysh HE, Fletcher FE, Tami-Maury I, Fingeret MC, King RM, Arduino RC, Vidrine DJ. Long-term outcomes of a cell phone-delivered intervention for smokers living with HIV\/AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(4):608\u201315.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"52","key":"7705_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6552a1","volume":"65","author":"S Babb","year":"2017","unstructured":"Babb S, Malarcher A, Schauer G, Asman K, Jamal A. Quitting smoking among adults - United States, 2000-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;65(52):1457\u201364.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"7705_CR15","unstructured":"CDC: \n                    https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/mm6044a2.htm\n                    \n                   [Accessed 20 Mar 2018]."},{"issue":"2","key":"7705_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.11.007","volume":"26","author":"TM Piasecki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Piasecki TM. Relapse to smoking. Clin Psychol Rev. 2006;26(2):196\u2013215.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"7705_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12971-017-0121-3","volume":"15","author":"Z Yi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yi Z, Mayorga ME, Hassmiller Lich K, Pearson JL. Changes in cigarette smoking initiation, cessation, and relapse among U.S. adults: a comparison of two longitudinal samples. Tob Induc Dis. 2017;15:17.","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"7705_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12165","volume":"16","author":"J Schafer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schafer J, Young J, Bernasconi E, Ledergerber B, Nicca D, Calmy A, Cavassini M, Furrer H, Battegay M, Bucher H, et al. Predicting smoking cessation and its relapse in HIV-infected patients: the Swiss HIV cohort study. HIV Med. 2015;16(1):3\u201314.","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"7705_CR19","volume-title":"Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update\u2014Clinical Practice Guidelines","author":"MCJC Fiore","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fiore MCJC, Baker TB, et al. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update\u2014Clinical Practice Guidelines. Rockville: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2008; 2008."},{"key":"7705_CR20","volume-title":"How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General","author":"Services USDoHaH","year":"2010","unstructured":"Services USDoHaH. How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2010; 2010."},{"issue":"8","key":"7705_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.103697","volume":"97","author":"P Fagan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fagan P, Augustson E, Backinger CL, O'Connell ME, Vollinger RE Jr, Kaufman A, Gibson JT. Quit attempts and intention to quit cigarette smoking among young adults in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(8):1412\u201320.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"7705_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.20.2.219","volume":"20","author":"TM Helvig","year":"2006","unstructured":"Helvig TM, Sobell LC, Sobell MB, Simco ER. Smokers' narrative accounts of quit attempts: AIDS and impediments to success. Psychol Addict Behav. 2006;20(2):219\u201324.","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"7705_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.08.010","volume":"128","author":"JR Hughes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hughes JR, Solomon LJ, Fingar JR, Naud S, Helzer JE, Callas PW. The natural history of efforts to stop smoking: a prospective cohort study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;128(1\u20132):171\u20134.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"12","key":"7705_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.05.012","volume":"33","author":"JR Hughes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hughes JR, Peters EN, Naud S. Relapse to smoking after 1 year of abstinence: a meta-analysis. Addict Behav. 2008;33(12):1516\u201320.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"7705_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9449-2","volume":"14","author":"JM Tesoriero","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tesoriero JM, Gieryic SM, Carrascal A, Lavigne HE. Smoking among HIV positive new Yorkers: prevalence, frequency, and opportunities for cessation. AIDS Behav. 2010;14(4):824\u201335.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"7705_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200500186064","volume":"7","author":"JE Burkhalter","year":"2005","unstructured":"Burkhalter JE, Springer CM, Chhabra R, Ostroff JS, Rapkin BD. Tobacco use and readiness to quit smoking in low-income HIV-infected persons. Nicotine Tob Res. 2005;7(4):511\u201322.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"7705_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2014.963017","volume":"27","author":"CA Stanton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stanton CA, Moadel AB, Kim RS, Weinberger AH, Shuter J. Loneliness in HIV-infected smokers. AIDS Care. 2015;27(2):268\u201372.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"7705_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14182","volume":"113","author":"Hua-Hie Yong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yong HH, Borland R, Michael, Cummings K, Partos T. Do predictors of smoking relapse change as a function of duration of abstinence? Findings from the United States, Canada, United Kingdom and Australia. Addiction. 2018;113(7):1295\u2013304.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"7705_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.08.030","volume":"39","author":"RS Caraballo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caraballo RS, Kruger J, Asman K, Pederson L, Widome R, Kiefe CI, Hitsman B, Jacobs DR Jr. Relapse among cigarette smokers: the CARDIA longitudinal study - 1985-2011. Addict Behav. 2014;39(1):101\u20136.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"7705_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2019.1619659","volume":"31","author":"CM Zyambo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zyambo CM, Burkholder GA, Cropsey KL, Willig JH, Wilson CM, Gakumo CA, Westfall AO, Hendricks PS. Predictors of smoking cessation among people living with HIV receiving routine clinical care. AIDS Care. 2019;31(11):1353\u201361.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"7705_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir727","volume":"54","author":"MS Kozak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kozak MS, Mugavero MJ, Ye J, Aban I, Lawrence ST, Nevin CR, Raper JL, McCullumsmith C, Schumacher JE, Crane HM, et al. Patient reported outcomes in routine care: advancing data capture for HIV cohort research. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(1):141\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"7705_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/89.8.572","volume":"89","author":"EA Gilpin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gilpin EA, Pierce JP, Farkas AJ. Duration of smoking abstinence and success in quitting. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89(8):572\u20136.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"8","key":"7705_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.8.721","volume":"58","author":"EG Bing","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bing EG, Burnam MA, Longshore D, Fleishman JA, Sherbourne CD, London AS, Turner BJ, Eggan F, Beckman R, Vitiello B, et al. Psychiatric disorders and drug use among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(8):721\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"7705_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120050042990","volume":"12","author":"J Catalan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Catalan J, Meadows J, Douzenis A. The changing pattern of mental health problems in HIV infection: the view from London, UK. AIDS Care. 2000;12(3):333\u201341.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"7705_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200701188919","volume":"9","author":"JR Hughes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hughes JR. Effects of abstinence from tobacco: valid symptoms and time course. Nicotine Tob Res. 2007;9(3):315\u201327.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"7705_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/S1808-8694(15)31254-4","volume":"71","author":"AP Balbani","year":"2005","unstructured":"Balbani AP, Montovani JC. Methods for smoking cessation and treatment of nicotine dependence. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2005;71(6):820\u20137.","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7705_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.70.1.142","volume":"70","author":"DG Gilbert","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gilbert DG, McClernon FJ, Rabinovich NE, Plath LC, Masson CL, Anderson AE, Sly KF. Mood disturbance fails to resolve across 31 days of cigarette abstinence in women. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70(1):142\u201352.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"7705_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.60.5.689","volume":"60","author":"JR Hughes","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hughes JR. Tobacco withdrawal in self-quitters. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1992;60(5):689\u201397.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"7705_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(00)00107-6","volume":"26","author":"MM Ward","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ward MM, Swan GE, Jack LM. Self-reported abstinence effects in the first month after smoking cessation. Addict Behav. 2001;26(3):311\u201327.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"7705_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2190\/PM.38.3.k","volume":"38","author":"T Kinnunen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kinnunen T, Korhonen T, Garvey AJ. Role of nicotine gum and pretreatment depressive symptoms in smoking cessation: twelve-month results of a randomized placebo controlled trial. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2008;38(3):373\u201389.","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"7705_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.72.2.192","volume":"72","author":"S Shiffman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shiffman S, Waters AJ. Negative affect and smoking lapses: a prospective analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004;72(2):192\u2013201.","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7705_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.11.064","volume":"226","author":"MJ Zvolensky","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zvolensky MJ, Bakhshaie J, Sheffer C, Perez A, Goodwin RD. Major depressive disorder and smoking relapse among adults in the United States: a 10-year, prospective investigation. Psychiatry Res. 2015;226(1):73\u20137.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"7705_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.024","volume":"158","author":"KW Bold","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bold KW, McCarthy DE, Minami H, Yeh VM, Chapman GB, Waters AJ. Independent and interactive effects of real-time risk factors on later temptations and lapses among smokers trying to quit. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;158:30\u20137.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"7","key":"7705_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntq083","volume":"12","author":"CW Kahler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kahler CW, Spillane NS, Metrik J. Alcohol use and initial smoking lapses among heavy drinkers in smoking cessation treatment. Nicotine Tob Res. 2010;12(7):781\u20135.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"7705_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.09.005","volume":"71","author":"R Rodriguez-Cano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Cano R, Lopez-Duran A, Martinez-Vispo C, Martinez U, Fernandez Del Rio E, Becona E. Hazardous alcohol drinking as predictor of smoking relapse (3-, 6-, and 12-months follow-up) by gender. J Subst Abus Treat. 2016;71:79\u201384.","journal-title":"J Subst Abus Treat"},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"7705_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2009.21.3_supp.106","volume":"21","author":"NR Reynolds","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reynolds NR. Cigarette smoking and HIV: more evidence for action. AIDS Educ Prev. 2009;21(3 Suppl):106\u201321.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"10","key":"7705_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2002.20812.x","volume":"17","author":"DR Bangsberg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bangsberg DR, Deeks SG. Is average adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy enough? J Gen Intern Med. 2002;17(10):812\u20133.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"7705_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.25.3.329","volume":"25","author":"AJ Levine","year":"2006","unstructured":"Levine AJ, Hinkin CH, Marion S, Keuning A, Castellon SA, Lam MM, Robinet M, Longshore D, Newton T, Myers H, et al. Adherence to antiretroviral medications in HIV: differences in data collected via self-report and electronic monitoring. Health Psychol. 2006;25(3):329\u201335.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"7705_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162043351309","volume":"2","author":"NR Reynolds","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reynolds NR. Adherence to antiretroviral therapies: state of the science. Curr HIV Res. 2004;2(3):207\u201314.","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"7705_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2012.0070","volume":"26","author":"RM King","year":"2012","unstructured":"King RM, Vidrine DJ, Danysh HE, Fletcher FE, McCurdy S, Arduino RC, Gritz ER. Factors associated with nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive smokers. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2012;26(8):479\u201385.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"issue":"1","key":"7705_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0762-7","volume":"19","author":"C O'Cleirigh","year":"2015","unstructured":"O'Cleirigh C, Valentine SE, Pinkston M, Herman D, Bedoya CA, Gordon JR, Safren SA. The unique challenges facing HIV-positive patients who smoke cigarettes: HIV viremia, ART adherence, engagement in HIV care, and concurrent substance use. AIDS Behav. 2015;19(1):178\u201385.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"7705_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200801908190","volume":"10","author":"J Shuter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shuter J, Bernstein SL. Cigarette smoking is an independent predictor of nonadherence in HIV-infected individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Nicotine Tob Res. 2008;10(4):731\u20136.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"7705_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-010-9212-6","volume":"40","author":"B Aggarwal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aggarwal B, Mosca L. Lifestyle and psychosocial risk factors predict non-adherence to medication. Ann Behav Med. 2010;40(2):228\u201333.","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"7705_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009739","volume":"149","author":"P Kissinger","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kissinger P, Rice J, Farley T, Trim S, Jewitt K, Margavio V, Martin DH. Application of computer-assisted interviews to sexual behavior research. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;149(10):950\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7705-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7705-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7705-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T00:27:34Z","timestamp":1603844854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7705-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,29]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["7705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7705-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 April 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved by the University of Alabama at Birmingham human subjects institutional review board. Informed consent was waived by the University of Alabama at Birmingham institutional review board due the retrospective nature of the study utilizing a de-identified dataset for analyses.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Greer A. Burkholder has received research support from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Amgen, Inc. and has served as a consultant for Definicare, LLC and Medscape. James H. Willig has received research support from the Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Tibotec Therapeutics, and Definicare, LLC, and has consulted for Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences. Andrew O. Westfall has consulted for Definicare, LLC. Cosmas M. Zyambo, Karen L. Cropsey, Craig M. Wilson, C. Ann. Gakumo and Peter S. Hendricks have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1409"}}