{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:22:26Z","timestamp":1791393746766,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Few studies have comprehensively and contextually examined the relationship of variables associated with opioid use. Our purpose was to fill a critical gap in comprehensive risk models of opioid misuse and use disorder in the United States by identifying the most salient predictors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A multivariate logistic regression was used on the 2017 and 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which included all 50 states and the District of Columbia of the United States. The sample included all noninstitutionalized civilian adults aged 18 and older (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200985,580; weighted\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009248,008,986). The outcome of opioid misuse and\/or use disorder was based on reported prescription pain reliever and\/or heroin use dependence, abuse, or misuse. Biopsychosocial predictors of opioid misuse and use disorder in addition to sociodemographic characteristics and other substance dependence or abuse were examined in our comprehensive model. Biopsychosocial characteristics included socioecological and health indicators. Criminality was the socioecological indicator. Health indicators included self-reported health, private health insurance, psychological distress, and suicidality. Sociodemographic variables included age, sex\/gender, race\/ethnicity, sexual identity, education, residence, income, and employment status. Substance dependence or abuse included both licit and illicit substances (i.e., nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, inhalants, methamphetamine, tranquilizers, stimulants, sedatives).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The comprehensive model found that criminality (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]\u2009=\u20092.58, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20091.98\u20133.37,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), self-reported health (i.e., excellent compared to fair\/poor [AOR\u2009=\u20093.71, 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.19\u20136.29,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001], good [AOR\u2009=\u20093.43, 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.20\u20135.34, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001], and very good [AOR\u2009=\u20092.75, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.90\u20133.98,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001]), no private health insurance (AOR\u2009=\u20092.12, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.55\u20132.89,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), serious psychological distress (AOR\u2009=\u20092.12, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.55\u20132.89,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), suicidality (AOR\u2009=\u20091.58, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.17\u20132.14,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004), and other substance dependence or abuse were significant predictors of opioid misuse and\/or use disorder. Substances associated were nicotine (AOR\u2009=\u20093.01, 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.30\u20133.93,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), alcohol (AOR\u2009=\u20091.40, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.02\u20131.92,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.038), marijuana (AOR\u2009=\u20092.24, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.40\u20133.58,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), cocaine (AOR\u2009=\u20093.92, 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.14\u20137.17,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), methamphetamine (AOR\u2009=\u20093.32, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.96\u20135.64,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), tranquilizers (AOR\u2009=\u200916.72, 95% CI\u2009=\u20099.75\u201328.65,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and stimulants (AOR\u2009=\u20092.45, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.03\u20135.87,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.044).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Biopsychosocial characteristics such as socioecological and health indicators, as well as other substance dependence or abuse were stronger predictors of opioid misuse and use disorder than sociodemographic characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09856-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T01:03:32Z","timestamp":1605661412000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["A comprehensive multivariate model of biopsychosocial factors associated with opioid misuse and use disorder in a 2017\u20132018 United States national survey"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2837-726X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Montiel Ishino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0169-2814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip R.","family":"McNab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9545-9153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamika","family":"Gilreath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonita","family":"Salmeron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7960-2463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faustine","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"9856_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/01.j.pain.0000460357.01998.f1","volume":"156","author":"KE Vowles","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vowles KE, McEntee ML, Julnes PS, Frohe T, Ney JP, van der Goes DN. Rates of opioid misuse, abuse, and addiction in chronic pain: a systematic review and data synthesis. Pain. 2015;156(4):569\u201376.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"9856_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.366","volume":"71","author":"TJ Cicero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cicero TJ, Ellis MS, Surratt HL, Kurtz SP. The changing face of heroin use in the United States: a retrospective analysis of the past 50 years. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(7):821\u20136.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"9856_CR3","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse: Opioid Overdose Crisis. https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/drugs-abuse\/opioids\/opioid-overdose-crisis.\u00a0Accessed 01 June 2019."},{"issue":"9","key":"9856_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6709e1","volume":"67","author":"AM Vivolo-Kantor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vivolo-Kantor AM, Seth P, Gladden RM, Mattson CL, Baldwin GT, Kite-Powell A, Coletta MA. Vital signs: trends in emergency department visits for suspected opioid overdoses\u2014United States, July 2016\u2013September 2017. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep. 2018;67(9):279.","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Weekly Rep"},{"key":"9856_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Q, Larochelle MR, Weaver DT, Lietz AP, Mueller PP, Mercaldo S, Wakeman SE, Freedberg KA, Raphel TJ, Knudsen AB, et al. Prevention of prescription opioid misuse and projected overdose deaths in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(2):\u2013e187621.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.7621"},{"issue":"10","key":"9856_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304590","volume":"108","author":"AL Pitt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pitt AL, Humphreys K, Brandeau ML. Modeling health benefits and harms of public policy responses to the US opioid epidemic. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(10):1394\u2013400.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"9856_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304859","volume":"109","author":"M Fraser","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fraser M, Plescia M. The opioid epidemic\u2019s prevention problem. Am J Public Health. 2019;109(2):215\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"50","key":"9856_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6750a2","volume":"67","author":"S Joshi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Joshi S, Weiser T, Warren-Mears V. Drug, opioid-involved, and heroin-involved overdose deaths among American Indians and Alaska natives\u2014Washington, 1999\u20132015. Morb Mortal Weekly Rep. 2018;67(50):1384.","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Weekly Rep"},{"key":"9856_CR9","first-page":"1419","volume":"67","author":"L Scholl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Scholl L, Seth P, Kariisa M, Wilson N, Baldwin G. Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths\u2014United States, 2013\u20132017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;67:1419\u201327.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"9856_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1080\/15332640.2017.1381662","volume":"18","author":"BJ Peteet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peteet BJ. Psychosocial risks of prescription drug misuse among U.S. racial\/ethnic minorities: a systematic review. J Ethn Subst Abus. 2019;18(3):476\u2013508.","journal-title":"J Ethn Subst Abus"},{"issue":"4","key":"9856_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2018.1531427","volume":"54","author":"HL Nicholson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nicholson HL, Vincent J. Gender differences in prescription opioid misuse among U.S. black adults. Subst Use Misuse. 2018;54(4):639\u201350.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"9856_CR12","first-page":"285","volume":"38","author":"JA Ford","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ford JA, Rivera FI. Nonmedical prescription drug use among Hispanics. J Drug Iss. 2008;38(1):285\u2013310.","journal-title":"J Drug Iss"},{"key":"9856_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.024","volume":"179","author":"M Pierce","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pierce M, Hayhurst K, Bird SM, Hickman M, Seddon T, Dunn G, Millar T. Insights into the link between drug use and criminality: lifetime offending of criminally-active opiate users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;179:309\u201316.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"9856_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.07.032","volume":"56","author":"DT Duncan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duncan DT, Zweig S, Hambrick HR, Palamar JJ. Sexual orientation disparities in prescription opioid misuse among U.S. adults. Am J Prev Med. 2019;56(1):17\u201326.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"9856_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.031","volume":"150","author":"A Kecojevic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kecojevic A, Wong CF, Corliss HL, Lankenau SE. Risk factors for high levels of prescription drug misuse and illicit drug use among substance-using young men who have sex with men (YMSM). Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;150:156\u201363.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"9856_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.05.008","volume":"189","author":"MS Schuler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schuler MS, Rice CE, Evans-Polce RJ, Collins RL. Disparities in substance use behaviors and disorders among adult sexual minorities by age, gender, and sexual identity. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;189:139\u201346.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"4","key":"9856_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2559","volume":"162","author":"R Chou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chou R, Turner JA, Devine EB, Hansen RN, Sullivan SD, Blazina I, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Deyo RA. The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health pathways to prevention workshop. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(4):276\u201386.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9856_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e174859","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2017.4859","volume":"153","author":"EY Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen EY, Marcantonio A, Tornetta P III. Correlation between 24-hour predischarge opioid use and amount of opioids prescribed at hospital discharge. JAMA Surgery. 2018;153(2):e174859.","journal-title":"JAMA Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"9856_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01061.x","volume":"12","author":"ME Schatman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schatman ME. The role of the health insurance industry in perpetuating suboptimal pain management. Pain Med. 2011;12(3):415\u201326.","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"9856_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.3872","volume":"28","author":"G Wettstein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wettstein G. Health insurance and opioid deaths: evidence from the affordable care act young adult provision. Health Econ. 2019;28(5):666\u201377.","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"9856_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.12.006","volume":"98","author":"P Novak","year":"2019","unstructured":"Novak P, Feder KA, Ali MM, Chen J. Behavioral health treatment utilization among individuals with co-occurring opioid use disorder and mental illness: evidence from a national survey. J Subst Abus Treat. 2019;98:47\u201352.","journal-title":"J Subst Abus Treat"},{"issue":"6","key":"9856_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2018.1559192","volume":"54","author":"JD Prince","year":"2019","unstructured":"Prince JD. Correlates of opioid use disorders among people with severe mental illness in the United States. Subst Use Misuse. 2019;54(6):1024\u201334.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"9856_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.02.008","volume":"249","author":"L Ashrafioun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ashrafioun L, Heavey S, Canarapen T, Bishop TM, Pigeon WR. The relationship between past 12-month suicidality and reasons for prescription opioid misuse. J Affect Disord. 2019;249:45\u201351.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"9856_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s40501-018-0152-2","volume":"5","author":"SC Conroy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Conroy SC, Bjork JM. Death ambivalence and treatment seeking: Suicidality in opiate addiction. Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry. 2018;5(3):291\u2013300.","journal-title":"Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry"},{"key":"9856_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.11.011","volume":"194","author":"WS John","year":"2019","unstructured":"John WS, Zhu H, Mannelli P, Subramaniam GA, Schwartz RP, McNeely J, Wu L-T. Prevalence and patterns of opioid misuse and opioid use disorder among primary care patients who use tobacco. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;194:468\u201375.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"9856_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.11.043","volume":"92","author":"A Rajabi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rajabi A, Dehghani M, Shojaei A, Farjam M, Motevalian SA. Association between tobacco smoking and opioid use: a meta-analysis. Addict Behav. 2019;92:225\u201335.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"9856_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000451","volume":"13","author":"AC Fernandez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fernandez AC, Bush C, Bonar EE, Blow FC, Walton MA, Bohnert AS. Alcohol and drug overdose and the influence of pain conditions in an addiction treatment sample. J Addict Med. 2019;13(1):61\u20138.","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"9856_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.12.007","volume":"92","author":"ML Kelley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kelley ML, Bravo AJ, Votaw VR, Stein E, Redman JC, Witkiewitz K. Opioid and sedative misuse among veterans wounded in combat. Addict Behav. 2019;92:168\u201372.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"9856_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.029","volume":"193","author":"MS Ellis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ellis MS, Kasper ZA, Cicero TJ. Twin epidemics: the surging rise of methamphetamine use in chronic opioid users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;193:14\u201320.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"9856_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2016.08.027","volume":"65","author":"CM Jones","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jones CM. The paradox of decreasing nonmedical opioid analgesic use and increasing abuse or dependence\u2014an assessment of demographic and substance use trends, United States, 2003\u20132014. Addict Behav. 2017;65:229\u201335.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9856_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.07.004","volume":"125","author":"JD Jones","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jones JD, Mogali S, Comer SD. Polydrug abuse: a review of opioid and benzodiazepine combination use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;125(1\u20132):8\u201318.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"11","key":"9856_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.06.003","volume":"24","author":"RD Maree","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maree RD, Marcum ZA, Saghafi E, Weiner DK, Karp JF. A systematic review of opioid and benzodiazepine misuse in older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016;24(11):949\u201363.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"9856_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2096","volume":"38","author":"AM Peckham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peckham AM, Evoy KE, Covvey JR, Ochs L, Fairman KA, Sclar DA. Predictors of gabapentin overuse with or without concomitant opioids in a commercially insured U.S. population. Pharmacotherapy. 2018;38(4):436\u201343.","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"9856_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12866","volume":"28","author":"TJ Grigsby","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grigsby TJ, Howard JT. Prescription opioid misuse and comorbid substance use: past 30-day prevalence, correlates and co-occurring behavioral indicators in the 2016 National Survey on drug use and health. Am J Addict. 2019;28(2):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"issue":"9904","key":"9856_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61530-5","volume":"382","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Degenhardt L, Whiteford HA, Ferrari AJ, Baxter AJ, Charlson FJ, Hall WD, Freedman G, Burstein R, Johns N, Engell RE, et al. Global burden of disease attributable to illicit drug use and dependence: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2013;382(9904):1564\u201374.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"9856_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2018.1509842","volume":"30","author":"G Campbell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Campbell G, Hall W, Nielsen S. What does the ecological and epidemiological evidence indicate about the potential for cannabinoids to reduce opioid use and harms? A comprehensive review. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2018;30(5):91\u2013106.","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"9856_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e180558","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0558","volume":"1","author":"TN Winkelman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Winkelman TN, Chang VW, Binswanger IA. Health, polysubstance use, and criminal justice involvement among adults with varying levels of opioid use. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(3):e180558.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"9856_CR38","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality: National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2017 (NSDUH-2017-DS0001). https:\/\/datafiles.samhsa.gov\/.\u00a0Accessed 01 June 2019."},{"key":"9856_CR39","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality: National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2018 (NSDUH-2018-DS0001). https:\/\/datafiles.samhsa.gov\/.\u00a0Accessed 01 June 2019."},{"key":"9856_CR40","volume-title":"2018 National Survey on drug use and health: methodological summary and definitions","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2019","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2018 National Survey on drug use and health: methodological summary and definitions. Rockville: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2019."},{"key":"9856_CR41","volume-title":"OoMa: OMB Bulletin No. 10\u201302: Update of statistical area definitions and guidance on their uses","author":"Budget","year":"2009","unstructured":"Budget. OoMa: OMB Bulletin No. 10\u201302: Update of statistical area definitions and guidance on their uses. Washington: The White House; 2009."},{"issue":"2","key":"9856_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006700","volume":"33","author":"TA Furukawa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Furukawa TA, Kessler RC, Slade T, Andrews G. The performance of the K6 and K10 screening scales for psychological distress in the Australian National Survey of mental health and well-being. Psychol Med. 2003;33(2):357\u201362.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9856_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.2.184","volume":"60","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Barker PR, Colpe LJ, Epstein JF, Gfroerer JC, Hiripi E, Howes MJ, Normand S-LT, Manderscheid RW, Walters EE. Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(2):184\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"9856_CR44","volume-title":"CfBH: 2017 National Survey of Drug Use and Health final analytic codebook","author":"Statistics","year":"2018","unstructured":"Statistics. In: Administration, editor. CfBH: 2017 National Survey of Drug Use and Health final analytic codebook. Rockville: SAaMHS; 2018."},{"issue":"2","key":"9856_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02056.x","volume":"103","author":"JM Tetrault","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tetrault JM, Desai RA, Becker WC, Fiellin DA, Concato J, Sullivan LE. Gender and non-medical use of prescription opioids: results from a national U.S. survey. Addiction. 2008;103(2):258\u201368.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"9856_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.09.018","volume":"94","author":"WC Becker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Becker WC, Sullivan LE, Tetrault JM, Desai RA, Fiellin DA. Non-medical use, abuse and dependence on prescription opioids among U.S. adults: psychiatric, medical and substance use correlates. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008;94(1\u20133):38\u201347.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"3","key":"9856_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4743","volume":"28","author":"R Mojtabai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mojtabai R, Amin-Esmaeili M, Nejat E, Olfson M. Misuse of prescribed opioids in the U nited S tates. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2019;28(3):345\u201353.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"19","key":"9856_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.19.2087","volume":"166","author":"MD Sullivan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sullivan MD, Edlund MJ, Zhang L, Un\u00fctzer J, Wells KB. Association between mental health disorders, problem drug use, and regular prescription opioid use. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(19):2087\u201393.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9856_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/12-072","volume":"17","author":"JA Reavis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reavis JA, Looman J, Franco KA, Rojas B. Adverse childhood experiences and adult criminality: how long must we live before we possess our own lives? Perm J. 2013;17(2):44\u20138.","journal-title":"Perm J"},{"key":"9856_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.03.016","volume":"69","author":"MT Merrick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Merrick MT, Ports KA, Ford DC, Afifi TO, Gershoff ET, Grogan-Kaylor A. Unpacking the impact of adverse childhood experiences on adult mental health. Child Abuse Negl. 2017;69:10\u20139.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"9856_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.07.007","volume":"179","author":"MD Stein","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stein MD, Conti MT, Kenney S, Anderson BJ, Flori JN, Risi MM, Bailey GL. Adverse childhood experience effects on opioid use initiation, injection drug use, and overdose among persons with opioid use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;179:325\u20139.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"9856_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-020-00596-8","volume":"18","author":"MS Jalali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jalali MS, Botticelli M, Hwang RC, Koh HK, McHugh RK. The opioid crisis: a contextual, social-ecological framework. Health Res Policy Syst. 2020;18(1):87.","journal-title":"Health Res Policy Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"9856_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.12.010","volume":"15","author":"DJ Burgess","year":"2014","unstructured":"Burgess DJ, Nelson DB, Gravely AA, Bair MJ, Kerns RD, Higgins DM, van Ryn M, Farmer M, Partin MR. Racial differences in prescription of opioid analgesics for chronic noncancer pain in a national sample of veterans. J Pain. 2014;15(4):447\u201355.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"9856_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connor JP, Gullo MJ, White A, Kelly AB: Polysubstance use: diagnostic challenges, patterns of use and health. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2014, 27(4).","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000069"},{"issue":"8","key":"9856_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001241","volume":"159","author":"T Schepis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schepis T, McCabe S, Teter C. Sources of opioid medication for misuse in older adults: results from a nationally representative survey. Pain. 2018;159(8):1543\u20139.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"9856_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.02.011","volume":"37","author":"B Nakawaki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nakawaki B, Crano WD. Predicting adolescents' persistence, non-persistence, and recent onset of nonmedical use of opioids and stimulants. Addict Behav. 2012;37(6):716\u201321.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"9856_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.08.042","volume":"88","author":"HL Nicholson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nicholson HL, Ford JA. Sociodemographic, neighborhood, psychosocial, and substance use correlates of cocaine use among black adults: findings from a pooled analysis of national data. Addict Behav. 2019;88:182\u20136.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"9856_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2019.01.023","volume":"99","author":"SM Snyder","year":"2019","unstructured":"Snyder SM, Morse SA, Bride BE. A comparison of 2013 and 2017 baseline characteristics among treatment-seeking patients who used opioids with co-occurring disorders. J Subst Abus Treat. 2019;99:134\u20138.","journal-title":"J Subst Abus Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"9856_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4999","volume":"34","author":"TS Schepis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schepis TS, Simoni-Wastila L, McCabe SE. Prescription opioid and benzodiazepine misuse is associated with suicidal ideation in older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2019;34(1):122\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"9856_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000354","volume":"11","author":"FL McClure","year":"2017","unstructured":"McClure FL, Niles JK, Kaufman HW, Gudin J. Concurrent Use of Opioids and Benzodiazepines: Evaluation of Prescription Drug Monitoring by a United States Laboratory. J Addict Med. 2017;11(6):420\u20136.","journal-title":"J Addict Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"9856_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2018.79.899","volume":"79","author":"C Mair","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mair C, Sumetsky N, Burke JG, Gaidus A. Investigating the social ecological contexts of opioid use disorder and poisoning hospitalizations in Pennsylvania. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 2018;79(6):899\u2013908.","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"9856_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13594","volume":"42","author":"K Witkiewitz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Witkiewitz K, Vowles KE. Alcohol and opioid use, co-use, and chronic pain in the context of the opioid epidemic: a critical review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018;42(3):478\u201388.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"9856_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000293","volume":"17","author":"KE Moore","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moore KE, Hacker RL, Oberleitner L, McKee SA. Reentry interventions that address substance use: a systematic review. Psychol Serv. 2020;17(1):93\u2013101.","journal-title":"Psychol Serv"},{"issue":"4","key":"9856_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0510","volume":"163","author":"RA Crowley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crowley RA, Kirschner N. The integration of care for mental health, substance abuse, and other behavioral health conditions into primary care: executive summary of an American College of Physicians position paper. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(4):298\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"9856_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-017-0793-2","volume":"44","author":"CE Lones","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lones CE, Bond GR, McGovern MP, Carr K, Leckron-Myers T, Hartnett T, Becker DR. Individual placement and support (IPS) for methadone maintenance therapy patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Adm Policy Ment Health Ment Health Serv Res. 2017;44(3):359\u201364.","journal-title":"Adm Policy Ment Health Ment Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"9856_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-018-0063-8","volume":"6","author":"S Kendall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kendall S, Redshaw S, Ward S, Wayland S, Sullivan E. Systematic review of qualitative evaluations of reentry programs addressing problematic drug use and mental health disorders amongst people transitioning from prison to communities. Health Justice. 2018;6(1):4.","journal-title":"Health Justice"},{"issue":"4","key":"9856_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.2975\/27.2004.360.374","volume":"27","author":"RE Drake","year":"2004","unstructured":"Drake RE, Mueser KT, Brunette MF, McHugo GJ. A review of treatments for people with severe mental illnesses and co-occurring substance use disorders. Psychiatric Rehabilitation J. 2004;27(4):360\u201374.","journal-title":"Psychiatric Rehabilitation J"},{"key":"9856_CR68","unstructured":"Health Resources & Services Administration: Opioid 'Syndemic' Tests Rural America. https:\/\/www.hrsa.gov\/enews\/past-issues\/2016\/november-17\/opioid-syndemic.html. Accessed 23 Oct 2020."},{"issue":"2","key":"9856_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-018-0390-3","volume":"15","author":"DC Perlman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Perlman DC, Jordan AE. The syndemic of opioid misuse, overdose, HCV, and HIV: structural-level causes and interventions. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep. 2018;15(2):96\u2013112.","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"9856_CR70","first-page":"1","volume":"45","author":"JJ Palamar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Palamar JJ. Barriers to accurately assessing prescription opioid misuse on surveys. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2018;45(2):1\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"9856_CR71","volume-title":"2017 National Survey of Drug Use and Health final analytic codebook","author":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics","year":"2018","unstructured":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics. In: Administration SAaMHS, editor. 2017 National Survey of Drug Use and Health final analytic codebook. Rockville: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2018."},{"issue":"12","key":"9856_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4321","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124321","volume":"17","author":"FA Montiel Ishino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Montiel Ishino FA, Gilreath T, Williams F. Finding the hidden risk profiles of the United States opioid epidemic: using a person-centered approach on a national dataset of noninstitutionalized adults reporting opioid misuse. Int J Env Res Public Health. 2020;17(12):E4321.","journal-title":"Int J Env Res Public Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-020-09856-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-020-09856-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-020-09856-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T11:16:58Z","timestamp":1697109418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-020-09856-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9856"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-09856-2","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-16830\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-16830\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-16830\/v3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-16830\/v4","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-16830\/v5","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-16830\/v6","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 February 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study received exemption from the Texas A&M University Institutional Review Board as no human participants were involved in this research.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1740"}}