{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T19:36:55Z","timestamp":1788550615212,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580428800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substance use disorders are a major risk factor for suicide. However, less is known about specific risk factors for suicide in people with substance use disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This population cohort study assessed suicide among people treated for drug use disorders in Denmark 2000\u20132010, and described risk factors for completed suicide. Data from 27,942 individuals enrolled in treatment were linked to national registers and matched with controls without drug use disorder and with (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009138,136) or without psychiatric history (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091574). Competing risk regression was used to identify risk factors of completed suicide.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 163 suicides among patients with a history of drug treatment (0.6% of patients). Increased risk was associated with younger age at enrolment (hazard ratio [HR]\u2009=\u20090.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.95, 0.98), history of psychiatric care (HR\u2009=\u20091.96, CI 95%: 1.39, 2.77), opioid use (HR\u2009=\u20091.81, 95% CI: 1.23, 2.68), and alcohol use (HR\u2009=\u20091.56, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.23). Lower risk was associated with cannabis use (HR\u2009=\u20090.69, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.96). Compared with age- and gender-matched controls without a history of treatment for substance use disorders or recent psychiatric care, the standardized mortality ratio due to suicide was 7.13 for people with drug use disorder without a history of psychiatric care (95% CI: 5.81, 8.44), 13.48 for people with drug use disorder and psychiatric history (95% CI: 9.75, 17.22), and 13.61 for people with psychiatric history only (95% CI: 6.72, 20.50).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Risk of suicide is increased among people with drug use disorders. Access to treatment for co-morbid mental health problems for people with drug use disorders could potentially reduce risk of suicide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8261-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T14:02:59Z","timestamp":1580479379000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Suicide among people treated for drug use disorders: a Danish national record-linkage study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6849-6554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morten","family":"Hesse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgitte","family":"Thylstrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdu Kedir","family":"Seid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens Christoffer","family":"Skogen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"8261_CR1","volume-title":"Monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018."},{"key":"8261_CR2","first-page":"194","volume":"364","author":"M Naghavi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Naghavi M, Collab GBDS-H. Global, regional, and national burden of suicide mortality 1990 to 2016: systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. BMJ. 2019;364:194.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"8261_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5425-6","volume":"18","author":"E Breet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Breet E, Goldstone D, Bantjes J. Substance use and suicidal ideation and behaviour in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):549.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"8261_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e282","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdv148","volume":"38","author":"J Poorolajal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Poorolajal J, Haghtalab T, Farhadi M, Darvishi N. Substance use disorder and risk of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt and suicide death: a meta-analysis. J Public Health (Oxf). 2016;38(3):e282\u2013e91.","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"issue":"1","key":"8261_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12422","volume":"49","author":"KR Conner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Conner KR, Bridge JA, Davidson DJ, Pilcher C, Brent DA. Metaanalysis of mood and substance use disorders in proximal risk for suicide deaths. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2019;49(1):278\u201392.","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat Behav"},{"key":"8261_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2018.03.006","volume":"149","author":"M Borgschulte","year":"2018","unstructured":"Borgschulte M, Corredor-Waldron A, Marshall G. A path out: prescription drug abuse, treatment, and suicide. J Econ Behav Organ. 2018;149:169\u201384.","journal-title":"J Econ Behav Organ"},{"key":"8261_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.03.011","volume":"92","author":"L Ashrafioun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ashrafioun L, Bishop TM, Conner KR, Pigeon WR. Frequency of prescription opioid misuse and suicidal ideation, planning, and attempts. J Psychiatr Res. 2017;92:1\u20137.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"8261_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743718804542","volume":"64","author":"JE Halladay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Halladay JE, Boyle MH, Munn C, Jack SM, Georgiades K. Sex differences in the association between Cannabis use and suicidal ideation and attempts, depression, and psychological distress among Canadians. Can J Psychiatry. 2018;64(5):345\u201350.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"8261_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halladay JE, Munn C, Boyle M, Jack SM, Georgiades K. Temporal changes in the cross-sectional associations between Cannabis use, suicidal ideation, and depression in a nationally representative sample of Canadian adults in 2012 compared to 2002. Can J Psychiatry. 2019:706743719854071.","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743719854071"},{"key":"8261_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.07.010","volume":"205","author":"N Shalit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shalit N, Shoval G, Shlosberg D, Feingold D, Lev-Ran S. The association between cannabis use and suicidality among men and women: a population-based longitudinal study. J Affect Disord. 2016;205:216\u201324.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"8261_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.94811555.x","volume":"94","author":"AL Beautrais","year":"1999","unstructured":"Beautrais AL, Joyce PR, Mulder RT. Cannabis abuse and serious suicide attempts. Addiction. 1999;94(8):1155\u201364.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"9672","key":"8261_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60372-X","volume":"373","author":"K Hawton","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hawton K, van Heeringen K. Suicide. Lancet. 2009;373(9672):1372\u201381.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"8261_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.170050","volume":"209","author":"MK Chan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chan MK, Bhatti H, Meader N, Stockton S, Evans J, O'Connor RC, et al. Predicting suicide following self-harm: systematic review of risk factors and risk scales. Br J Psychiatry. 2016;209(4):277\u201383.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"8261_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e91936","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091936","volume":"9","author":"AJ Ferrari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ferrari AJ, Norman RE, Freedman G, Baxter AJ, Pirkis JE, Harris MG, et al. The Burden Attributable to Mental and Substance Use Disorders as Risk Factors for Suicide: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. PloS One. 2014;9(4):e91936.","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"8261_CR15","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease Study. Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017) Results. Seattle, United States: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME); 2017."},{"key":"8261_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.02.007","volume":"195","author":"G Borges","year":"2016","unstructured":"Borges G, Bagge CL, Orozco R. A literature review and meta-analyses of cannabis use and suicidality. J Affect Disord. 2016;195:63\u201374.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"8261_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.065227","volume":"195","author":"C Price","year":"2009","unstructured":"Price C, Hemmingsson T, Lewis G, Zammit S, Allebeck P. Cannabis and suicide: longitudinal study. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;195(6):492\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"8261_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.08.020","volume":"87","author":"M Racine","year":"2018","unstructured":"Racine M. Chronic pain and suicide risk: a comprehensive review. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018;87:269\u201380.","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"8261_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12195","volume":"16","author":"KM Holma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Holma KM, Haukka J, Suominen K, Valtonen HM, Mantere O, Melartin TK, et al. Differences in incidence of suicide attempts between bipolar I and II disorders and major depressive disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2014;16(6):652\u201361.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"8261_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(01)00377-9","volume":"68","author":"F Angst","year":"2002","unstructured":"Angst F, Stassen HH, Clayton PJ, Angst J. Mortality of patients with mood disorders: follow-up over 34-38 years. J Affect Disorders. 2002;68(2\u20133):167\u201381.","journal-title":"J Affect Disorders"},{"key":"8261_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Temes CM, Frankenburg FR, Fitzmaurice GM, Zanarini MC. Deaths by Suicide and Other Causes Among Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder and Personality-Disordered Comparison Subjects Over 24 Years of Prospective Follow-Up. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019;80(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.18m12436.","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.18m12436"},{"issue":"1","key":"8261_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.08.006","volume":"76","author":"B Thylstrup","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thylstrup B, Bloomfield K, Hesse M. Incremental predictive validity of the addiction severity index psychiatric composite score in a consecutive cohort of patients in residential treatment for drug use disorders. Addict Behav. 2018;76(1):201\u20137.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"7 Suppl","key":"8261_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810387965","volume":"39","author":"CB Pedersen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pedersen CB. The Danish civil registration system. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39(7 Suppl):22\u20135.","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"8261_CR24","unstructured":"Ministry of Children and Social Affairs. Bekendtg\u00f8relse om dataindberetninger p\u00e5 socialomr\u00e5det [Executive Order on Data Reporting on Social Services]: retsinformation.dk; 2018 [Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/https:\/\/www.retsinformation.dk\/pdfPrint.aspx?id=196791."},{"key":"8261_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S91125","volume":"7","author":"M Schmidt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schmidt M, Schmidt SAJ, Sandegaard JL, Ehrenstein V, Pedersen L, S\u00f8rensen HT. The Danish National Patient Registry: a review of content, data quality, and research potential. Clin Epidemiol. 2015;7:449\u201390.","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"8261_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810395825","volume":"39","author":"O Mors","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mors O, Perto GP, Mortensen PB. The Danish psychiatric central research register. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39:54\u20137.","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"8261_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494811399958","volume":"39","author":"K Helweg-Larsen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Helweg-Larsen K. The Danish register of causes of death. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39:26\u20139.","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"8261_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.156.5.726","volume":"156","author":"J Lund","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lund J. Mentally retarded criminal offenders in Denmark. Br J Psychiatry. 1990;156:726\u201331.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"8261_CR29","unstructured":"WHO. ICD-10 : international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems \/ World Health Organization. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004."},{"issue":"446","key":"8261_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1999.10474144","volume":"94","author":"JP Fine","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fine JP, Gray RJ. A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk. J Am Stat Assoc. 1999;94(446):496\u2013509.","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"8261_CR31","unstructured":"StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 15. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC. 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"8261_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"010401","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.09.010401","volume":"9","author":"F Gjertsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gjertsen F, Bruzzone S, Griffiths CE. Burden of suicide presented as one of the leading causes of death: uncover facts or misrepresent statistics? J Glob Health. 2019;9(1):010401.","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"8261_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006943","volume":"33","author":"JT Cavanagh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cavanagh JT, Carson AJ, Sharpe M, Lawrie SM. Psychological autopsy studies of suicide: a systematic review. Psychol Med. 2003;33(3):395\u2013405.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"8261_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000484","volume":"157","author":"MA Ilgen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ilgen MA, Bohnert AS, Ganoczy D, Bair MJ, McCarthy JF, Blow FC. Opioid dose and risk of suicide. Pain. 2016;157(5):1079\u201384.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"8261_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.014","volume":"181","author":"AE Austin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Austin AE, Proescholdbell SK, Creppage KE, Asbun A. Characteristics of self-inflicted drug overdose deaths in North Carolina. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;181:44\u20139.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"7","key":"8261_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz061","volume":"188","author":"H Samples","year":"2019","unstructured":"Samples H, Stuart EA, Olfson M. Opioid use and misuse and suicidal behaviors in a nationally representative sample of US adults. Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188(7):1245\u201353.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"8261_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/13811110903263191","volume":"13","author":"B Schneider","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schneider B. Substance use disorders and risk for completed suicide. Arch Suicide Res. 2009;13(4):303\u201316.","journal-title":"Arch Suicide Res"},{"key":"8261_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.009","volume":"178","author":"P Pfeifer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pfeifer P, Bartsch C, Hemmer A, Reisch T. Acute and chronic alcohol use correlated with methods of suicide in a Swiss national sample. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;178:75\u20139.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"8261_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2017.05.005","volume":"64","author":"K Kolves","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kolves K, Draper BM, Snowdon J, De Leo D. Alcohol-use disorders and suicide: results from a psychological autopsy study in Australia. Alcohol. 2017;64:29\u201335.","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"8261_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2017.02.012","volume":"75","author":"CHK Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park CHK, Yoo SH, Lee J, Cho SJ, Shin MS, Kim EY, et al. Impact of acute alcohol consumption on lethality of suicide methods. Compr Psychiatry. 2017;75:27\u201334.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"8261_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2013.02.002","volume":"32","author":"JC van Ours","year":"2013","unstructured":"van Ours JC, Williams J, Fergusson D, Horwood LJ. Cannabis use and suicidal ideation. J Health Econ. 2013;32(3):524\u201337.","journal-title":"J Health Econ"},{"key":"8261_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.02.025","volume":"91","author":"G Borges","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borges G, Benjet C, Orozco R, Medina-Mora M-E, Menendez D. Alcohol, cannabis and other drugs and subsequent suicide ideation and attempt among young Mexicans. J Psychiatr Res. 2017;91:74\u201382.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"8261_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0373-7","volume":"12","author":"YL Hurd","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hurd YL, Yoon M, Manini AF, Hernandez S, Olmedo R, Ostman M, et al. Early phase in the development of Cannabidiol as a treatment for addiction: opioid relapse takes initial center stage. Neurotherapeutics. 2015;12(4):807\u201315.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"8261_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-017-0811-3","volume":"19","author":"A Lac","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lac A, Luk JW. Testing the Amotivational syndrome: marijuana use longitudinally predicts lower self-efficacy even after controlling for demographics, personality, and alcohol and cigarette use. Prev Sci. 2018;19(2):117\u201326.","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"key":"8261_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hesse M. Integrated psychological treatment for substance use and co-morbid anxiety or depression vs. treatment for substance use alone. A systematic review of the published literature. BMC Psychiatry. 2009:9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-9-6"},{"key":"8261_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.02.008","volume":"55","author":"J Delgadillo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Delgadillo J, Gore S, Ali S, Ekers D, Gilbody S, Gilchrist G, et al. Feasibility randomized controlled trial of cognitive and behavioral interventions for depression symptoms in patients accessing drug and alcohol treatment. J Subst Abus Treat. 2015;55:6\u201314.","journal-title":"J Subst Abus Treat"},{"issue":"6","key":"8261_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.53","volume":"68","author":"KE Watkins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Watkins KE, Hunter SB, Hepner KA, Paddock SM, de la Cruz E, Zhou AJ, et al. An effectiveness trial of group cognitive behavioral therapy for patients with persistent depressive symptoms in substance abuse treatment. Arch Gen Psychiat. 2011;68(6):577\u201384.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiat"},{"issue":"3","key":"8261_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2013.10.001","volume":"46","author":"AL Baker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baker AL, Kavanagh DJ, Kay-Lambkin FJ, Hunt SA, Lewin TJ, Carr VJ, et al. Randomized controlled trial of MICBT for co-existing alcohol misuse and depression: outcomes to 36-months. J Subst Abus Treat. 2014;46(3):281\u201390.","journal-title":"J Subst Abus Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"8261_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4624-x","volume":"19","author":"MT Assefa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Assefa MT, Ford JH, Osborne E, McIlvaine A, King A, Campbell K, et al. Implementing integrated services in routine behavioral health care: primary outcomes from a cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):749.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"8261_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.15.1887","volume":"291","author":"EV Nunes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nunes EV, Levin FR. Treatment of depression in patients with alcohol or other drug dependence - a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004;291(15):1887\u201396.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"8261_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.03.006","volume":"29","author":"M Hesse","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hesse M. Achieving abstinence by treating depression in the presence of substance-use disorders. Addict Behav. 2004;29(6):1137\u201341.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"8261_CR52","first-page":"CD008581","volume":"4","author":"R Agabio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Agabio R, Trogu E, Pani PP. Antidepressants for the treatment of people with co-occurring depression and alcohol dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;4:CD008581.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"8261_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.047","volume":"178","author":"DB Kandel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kandel DB, Hu MC, Griesler P, Wall M. Increases from 2002 to 2015 in prescription opioid overdose deaths in combination with other substances. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;178:501\u201311.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"8","key":"8261_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-015-3199-4","volume":"30","author":"BJ Turner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Turner BJ, Liang YY. Drug overdose in a retrospective cohort with non-cancer pain treated with opioids, antidepressants, and\/or sedative-hypnotics: interactions with mental health disorders. J Gen Intern Med. 2015;30(8):1081\u201396.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"8261_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0988-1","volume":"16","author":"J Delgadillo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Delgadillo J, Bohnke JR, Hughes E, Gilbody S. Disentangling psychopathology, substance use and dependence: a factor analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:281.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"8261_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.2011.02019.x","volume":"51","author":"M Hesse","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hesse M, Guldager S, Linneberg IH. Convergent validity of MCMI-III clinical syndrome scales. Brit J Clin Psychol. 2012;51:172\u201384.","journal-title":"Brit J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"8261_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.08.006","volume":"76","author":"B Thylstrup","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thylstrup B, Bloomfield K, Hesse M. Incremental predictive validity of the addiction severity index psychiatric composite score in a consecutive cohort of patients in residential treatment for drug use disorders. Addict Behav. 2018;76:201\u20137.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"8261_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0190200","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190200","volume":"13","author":"IRH Rockett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rockett IRH, Caine ED, Connery HS, D'Onofrio G, Gunnell DJ, Miller TR, et al. Discerning suicide in drug intoxication deaths: Paucity and primacy of suicide notes and psychiatric history. PloS One. 2018;13(1):e0190200.","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"8261_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-9","volume":"12","author":"IM Tollefsen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tollefsen IM, Hem E, Ekeberg O. The reliability of suicide statistics: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12:9.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-020-8261-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-020-8261-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-020-8261-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T19:16:26Z","timestamp":1611947786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-020-8261-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-8261-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.18295\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.18295\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.18295\/v3","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All data used for this study were collected for quality assurance or monitoring purposes, and under Danish legislation, no ethics approval or consent to participate was necessary.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"146"}}