{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:31:43Z","timestamp":1787020303074,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610496000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cervical cancer is the second commonest female cancer in Sri Lanka. Two major drawbacks of the present cervical cancer screening programme are the suboptimal sensitivity of the pap smear and the low coverage. The objective of the study is to determine the feasibility of a new HPV\/DNA test among 35 -years -old ever-married women in a district of Sri Lanka.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A community based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from 1\n                      <jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>\n                      of July 2018 to 30th November 2018 in the public health divisions called Medical Officer of Health (MOH) areas of Kalutara district. The study population is comprised of ever-married women 35\u2009years of age. Three women from each cluster (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009413) were selected by consecutive sampling. A total of 918 women were recruited. HPV\/DNA cervical specimen collection (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009822) was carried out. Cervical specimens were tested by two cytoscreeners with the cobas 4800 PCR based screening machine. Clients\u2019 perceptions and prevalence were assessed. The follow-up of women with positive HPV\/DNA screening results was carried out. The operational and technical feasibility of the screening test were assessed. Data entry was done by using the statistical package IBM SPSS version 20.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall response rate was 91.1% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009836). Clients\u2019 perception was highly positive for HPV\/DNA screening test procedure (99.9%,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009821) and 99.6% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009819) of clients had mentioned that the HPV\/DNA screening test is worthwhile to be incorporated into the National Cervical Cancer Screening program. The prevalence of HPV was 6.2% (95%CI: 6.18\u20136.22%). The coverage of the HPV\/DNA screening was 89.5%(\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009822). Invalid results reported were 0.12% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091). The percentage of HPV\/DNA test positive women who underwent pap test within 3\u2009months of the initial screening was 100% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200951), while the percentage of women who attempted to get a colposcopy within the 1 month of referral was 86.7% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200913).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HPV\/DNA test implementation as a primary cervical cancer screening method is feasible among the 35- year age cohort of ever- married women in Kalutara district. It is necessary to further attempt alternative methods of cobas 4800 HPV\/DNA test, which would be much suitable for resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10190-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T07:04:09Z","timestamp":1610521449000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The feasibility of new HPV\/DNA test as a primary cervical cancer screening method among 35- years- old ever-married women in Kalutara district; a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"K. C. M.","family":"Perera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Mapitigama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HTCS","family":"Abeysena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"10190_CR1","volume-title":"Human papillomavirus and related disease report: Sri Lanka","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Human papillomavirus and related disease report: Sri Lanka. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2018."},{"key":"10190_CR2","volume-title":"Comprehensive cervical cancer control: a guide to essential practice (2nd ed.)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Comprehensive cervical cancer control: a guide to essential practice (2nd ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2014."},{"issue":"10","key":"10190_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)32636-6","volume":"29","author":"DE Stewart","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stewart DE, Gagliardi A, Johnston M, Howleff R, Barata P, Lewis N, et al. HPV self-collection guidelines panel: self-collected samples for testing of oncogenic human papillomavirus: a systematic review. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2007;29(10):817\u201328.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"10190_CR4","volume-title":"Mid-year population estimates for Medical Officer of Health areas","author":"Department of Medical Statistics","year":"2017","unstructured":"Department of Medical Statistics. Mid-year population estimates for Medical Officer of Health areas. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Department of Medical Statistics; 2017."},{"key":"10190_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schiffman M, Clifford G, Buonaguro FM. Classification of weekly carcinogenic human papillomavirus types: addressing the limits of epidemiology at the borderline. Infect Agents Cancer. 2009;4(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1750-9378-4-8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-9378-4-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"10190_CR6","first-page":"105","volume":"6","author":"YT Nejo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nejo YT, Olaleye DO, Odaibo GN. Prevalence and risk factors for genital human papillomavirus infection among women in Southwest Nigeria. Arch Basic Appl Med. 2018;6(1):105\u201312.","journal-title":"Arch Basic Appl Med"},{"key":"10190_CR7","volume-title":"The Sri Lankan women","author":"Ministry of Women Child Affairs","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ministry of Women Child Affairs. The Sri Lankan women. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Ministry of Women and Child Affairs; 2014."},{"key":"10190_CR8","volume-title":"Cancer incidence data: Colombo","author":"National Cervical Cancer Control Programme","year":"2011","unstructured":"National Cervical Cancer Control Programme. Cancer incidence data: Colombo. Sri Lanka: National cancer Control Programme; 2011."},{"key":"10190_CR9","volume-title":"Strategic framework for the comprehensive control of cancer cervix in the South-East Asia region","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Strategic framework for the comprehensive control of cancer cervix in the South-East Asia region. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2015."},{"key":"10190_CR10","volume-title":"Annual report on family health","author":"Family Health Bureau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Family Health Bureau. Annual report on family health. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Family Health Bureau; 2017."},{"key":"10190_CR11","unstructured":"Package Insert of cobas 4800 HPV Kit. cobas 4800 HPV test: US customer technical support. USA; 2016."},{"key":"10190_CR12","volume-title":"Prevalence of carcinogenic human papilloma virus infection and burden of cervical cancer attributable to it in the district of Gampaha: thesis, MD community medicine","author":"D Gamage","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gamage D, Rajapaksha L, Abeysingha MRN, Desilva A. Prevalence of carcinogenic human papilloma virus infection and burden of cervical cancer attributable to it in the district of Gampaha: thesis, MD community medicine. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Post Graduate Institute of Medicine; 2009."},{"key":"10190_CR13","first-page":"9","volume":"1","author":"L Naing","year":"2006","unstructured":"Naing L, Winn T, Rusli BN. Practical issues in calculating the sample size for prevalence studies. Arch Orofac Sci. 2006;1:9\u201341.","journal-title":"Arch Orofac Sci"},{"key":"10190_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hextan YSN, Garland SM, Bhatta N, Pagliusi SR. Asia Oceania Guidelines for the implementation of programs for cervical cancer prevention and control. J Cancer Epidemiol. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/201\/794861.","DOI":"10.1115\/201\/794861"},{"key":"10190_CR15","first-page":"468","volume":"135","author":"MH Stoler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stoler MH, Wright TC Jr, Shama A, Apple R, Gutekunst K, Wright TL. High-risk human papillomavirus testing in women with ASC-US cytology: results from the Athena HPV study. ACP. 2011;135:468\u201375.","journal-title":"ACP"},{"key":"10190_CR16","volume-title":"National Cancer Control Programme of Sri Lanka-status review & suggestions for reorganization","author":"P Basu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Basu P. National Cancer Control Programme of Sri Lanka-status review & suggestions for reorganization. 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J Med Microbiol. 2012;61(11):1538\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.046110-0.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10190_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-017-0490-z","volume":"17","author":"P Surriabre","year":"2017","unstructured":"Surriabre P, Allende G, Prado M, Caceres L, Bellot D, Torrico A, et al. Self-sampling for human papillomavirus DNA detection: a preliminary study of compliance and feasibility in Bolivia. Women\u2019s Health. 2017;17:135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-017-0490-z.","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"10190_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2012.3512","volume":"21","author":"HE Jones","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jones HE, Brudney K, Sawo DJ, Lantigua R, Westhoff CF. The acceptability of a self-lavage device compared to pelvic examination for cervical cancer screening among low-income women. 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Biomarkers & Prev. 2007;16(4):840\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9565.EPI-06-0909.","journal-title":"Biomarkers & Prev"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10190-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10190-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10190-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T07:05:38Z","timestamp":1610521538000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10190-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10190-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethics Review Committee (ERC), NIHS, Kalutara Sri Lanka (Ref. number NIHS\/ERC\/18\/06R). Informed written consent was obtained from each of the selected participants in the field during the study. Confidentiality was highly maintained while handing over individual HPV\/DNA result reports. Administrative clearance to conduct the study was obtained from the Provincial Director of Health Services\/Western Province, Regional Director of Health Services\/Kalutara district, Director\/ DGH Kalutara, and Director \/NIHS, Kalutara.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors were declared that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"131"}}