{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:26:55Z","timestamp":1792808815694,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002749","name":"Belgian Federal Science Policy Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant nr. BR\/175\/A3\/ NAMED"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant nr. BR\/175\/A3\/ NAMED"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Mental health disorders appear as a growing problem in urban areas. While common mental health disorders are generally linked to demographic and socioeconomic factors, little is known about the interaction with the urban environment. With growing urbanization, more and more people are exposed to environmental stressors potentially contributing to increased stress and impairing mental health. It is therefore important to identify features of the urban environment that affect the mental health of city dwellers. The aim of this study was to define associations of combined long-term exposure to air pollution, noise, surrounding green at different scales, and building morphology with several dimensions of mental health in Brussels.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Research focuses on the inhabitants of the Brussels Capital Region older than 15\u2009years. The epidemiological study was carried out based on the linkage of data from the national health interview surveys (2008 and 2013) and specifically developed indicators describing each participant\u2019s surroundings in terms of air quality,\u00a0noise, surrounding green, and building morphology. These data are based on the geographical coordinates of the participant\u2019s residence and processed using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Mental health status was approached through several validated indicators: the <jats:italic>Symptom Checklist-90-R<\/jats:italic> subscales for depressive, anxiety and sleeping disorders and the <jats:italic>12-Item General Health Questionnaire<\/jats:italic> for general well-being. For each mental health outcome, single and multi-exposure models were performed through multivariate logistic regressions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our results suggest that traffic-related air pollution (black carbon, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>) exposure was positively associated with higher odds of depressive disorders. No association between green surrounding, noise, building morphology and mental health could be demonstrated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These findings have important implications because most of the Brussel\u2019s population resides in areas where particulate matters concentrations are above the World Health Organization guidelines. This suggests that policies aiming to reduce traffic related-air pollution could also reduce the burden of depressive disorders in Brussels.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10557-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T07:29:49Z","timestamp":1617262189000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Association between urban environment and mental health in Brussels, Belgium"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Pelgrims","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brecht","family":"Devleesschauwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Guyot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Keune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim S.","family":"Nawrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy","family":"Remmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelly D.","family":"Saenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Trabelsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raf","family":"Aerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva M.","family":"De Clercq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10557_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2009.01438.x","volume":"121","author":"J Peen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Peen J, Schoevers RA, Beekman AT, Dekker J. The current status of urban-rural differences in psychiatric disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010;121(2):84\u201393.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10557_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. Mental disorders [Internet]. [cited 2020 May 7]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/mental-disorders"},{"key":"10557_CR3","volume-title":"Depression and other common mental disorders: Global Health estimates [internet]","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Depression and other common mental disorders: Global Health estimates [internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/254610\/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-eng.pdf"},{"issue":"8","key":"10557_CR4","first-page":"121","volume":"114","author":"O Gruebner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gruebner O, Rapp MA, Adli M, Kluge U, Galea S, Heinz A. Cities and mental health. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2017;114(8):121\u20137.","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10557_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764017744582","volume":"64","author":"N Rautio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rautio N, Filatova S, Lehtiniemi H, Miettunen J. Living environment and its relationship to depressive mood: a systematic review. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2018;64(1):92\u2013103.","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10557_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.08.019","volume":"96","author":"Y Gong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gong Y, Palmer S, Gallacher J, Marsden T, Fone D. A systematic review of the relationship between objective measurements of the urban environment and psychological distress. Environ Int. 2016;96:48\u201357.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"10557_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2017.09.006","volume":"48","author":"V Sass","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sass V, Kravitz-Wirtz N, Karceski SM, Hajat A, Crowder K, Takeuchi D. The effects of air pollution on individual psychological distress. Health Place. 2017;48:72\u20139.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"9","key":"10557_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kww163","volume":"185","author":"M-A Kioumourtzoglou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kioumourtzoglou M-A, Power MC, Hart JE, Okereke OI, Coull BA, Laden F, et al. The Association Between Air Pollution and Onset of Depression Among Middle-Aged and Older Women. Am J Epidemiol. 2017;185(9):801\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10557_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h1111","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1111","volume":"350","author":"MC Power","year":"2015","unstructured":"Power MC, Kioumourtzoglou M-A, Hart JE, Okereke OI, Laden F, Weisskopf MG. The relation between past exposure to fine particulate air pollution and prevalent anxiety: observational cohort study. BMJ. 2015;350:h1111.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10557_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP494","volume":"125","author":"VC Pun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pun VC, Manjourides J, Suh H. Association of Ambient air Pollution with depressive and anxiety symptoms in older adults: results from the NSHAP study. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125(3):342\u20138.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"10","key":"10557_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP192","volume":"124","author":"K-N Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim K-N, Lim Y-H, Bae HJ, Kim M, Jung K, Hong Y-C. Long-term fine particulate matter exposure and major depressive disorder in a community-based urban cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(10):1547\u201353.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10557_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2015.11.006","volume":"219","author":"WL Zijlema","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zijlema WL, Wolf K, Emeny R, Ladwig KH, Peters A, Kongsg\u00e5rd H, et al. The association of air pollution and depressed mood in 70,928 individuals from four European cohorts. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2016;219(2):212\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"issue":"244","key":"10557_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pe45","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2003579","volume":"5","author":"H Anisman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Anisman H, Hayley S. Inflammatory factors contribute to depression and its comorbid conditions. Sci Signal. 2012;5(244):pe45.","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"10557_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.05.044","volume":"118","author":"M Buoli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Buoli M, Grassi S, Caldiroli A, Carnevali GS, Mucci F, Iodice S, et al. Is there a link between air pollution and mental disorders? Environ Int. 2018;118:154\u201368.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"10557_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.009","volume":"32","author":"ML Block","year":"2009","unstructured":"Block ML, Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as L. Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease. Trends Neurosci. 2009;32(9):506\u201316.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10557_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/1757913917726567","volume":"138","author":"R An","year":"2018","unstructured":"An R, Zhang S, Ji M, Guan C. Impact of ambient air pollution on physical activity among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Perspect Public Health. 2018;138(2):111\u201321.","journal-title":"Perspect Public Health"},{"key":"10557_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2015.12.003","volume":"39","author":"E von Lindern","year":"2016","unstructured":"von Lindern E, Hartig T, Lercher P. Traffic-related exposures, constrained restoration, and health in the residential context. Health Place. 2016;39:92\u2013100.","journal-title":"Health Place."},{"issue":"12","key":"10557_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000240986.74642.7c","volume":"14","author":"CH Wilkins","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wilkins CH, Sheline YI, Roe CM, Birge SJ, Morris JC. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with low mood and worse cognitive performance in older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14(12):1032\u201340.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10557_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.10.003","volume":"181","author":"L Attademo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Attademo L, Bernardini F, Garinella R, Compton MT. Environmental pollution and risk of psychotic disorders: a review of the science to date. Schizophr Res. 2017;181:55\u20139.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10557_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.04.019","volume":"276","author":"Y Zeng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zeng Y, Lin R, Liu L, Liu Y, Li Y. Ambient air pollution exposure and risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Psychiatry Res. 2019;276:69\u201378.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10557_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.04.015","volume":"165","author":"T Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao T, Markevych I, Romanos M, Nowak D, Heinrich J. Ambient ozone exposure and mental health: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Environ Res. 2018;165:459\u201372.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"10557_CR22","unstructured":"Janssen N, Gerlofs-Nijland M, Lanki T, Salonen R, Cassee F, Hoek G, et al. Health Effects of Black Carbon [Internet]. WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2012 [cited 2019 Oct 7] p. 96. Available from: https:\/\/stg-wedocs.unep.org\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.11822\/8699\/Health_effects_black_carbon.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y."},{"issue":"8","key":"10557_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.01.002","volume":"70","author":"AE van den Berg","year":"2010","unstructured":"van den Berg AE, Maas J, Verheij RA, Groenewegen PP. Green space as a buffer between stressful life events and health. Soc Sci Med. 2010;70(8):1203\u201310.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10557_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdq068","volume":"33","author":"ACK Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee ACK, Maheswaran R. The health benefits of urban green spaces: a review of the evidence. J Public Health (Oxf). 2011;33(2):212\u201322.","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"key":"10557_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.01.012","volume":"77","author":"M Triguero-Mas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Triguero-Mas M, Dadvand P, Cirach M, Mart\u00ednez D, Medina A, Mompart A, et al. Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: relationships and mechanisms. Environ Int. 2015;77:35\u201341.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"10557_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1192\/bjpo.bp.115.002469","volume":"2","author":"S de Vries","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Vries S, Ten Have M, van Dorsselaer S, van Wezep M, Hermans T, de Graaf R. Local availability of green and blue space and prevalence of common mental disorders in the Netherlands. BJPsych Open. 2016;2(6):366\u201372.","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"10557_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.01.012","volume":"162","author":"M Gascon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gascon M, S\u00e1nchez-Benavides G, Dadvand P, Mart\u00ednez D, Gramunt N, Gotsens X, et al. Long-term exposure to residential green and blue spaces and anxiety and depression in adults: a cross-sectional study. Environ Res. 2018;162:231\u20139.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10557_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122668","volume":"15","author":"G-J Vanaken","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vanaken G-J, Danckaerts M. Impact of green space exposure on Children\u2019s and adolescents\u2019 mental health: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(12):2668.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10557_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.06.028","volume":"158","author":"I Markevych","year":"2017","unstructured":"Markevych I, Schoierer J, Hartig T, Chudnovsky A, Hystad P, Dzhambov AM, et al. Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: theoretical and methodological guidance. Environ Res. 2017;158:301\u201317.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10557_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-018-0017-1","volume":"29","author":"A Larkin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Larkin A, Hystad P. Evaluating street view exposure measures of visible green space for health research. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2019;29(4):447\u201356.","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10557_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-018-0179-y","volume":"5","author":"KC Fong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fong KC, Hart JE, James P. A review of epidemiologic studies on greenness and health: updated literature through 2017. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2018;5(1):77\u201387.","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10557_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4354","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120404354","volume":"12","author":"M Gascon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gascon M, Triguero-Mas M, Mart\u00ednez D, Dadvand P, Forns J, Plas\u00e8ncia A, et al. Mental health benefits of long-term exposure to residential green and blue spaces: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(4):4354\u201379.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10557_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2012.04.001","volume":"107","author":"M Asgarzadeh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Asgarzadeh M, Lusk A, Koga T, Hirate K. Measuring oppressiveness of streetscapes. Landsc Urban Plan. 2012;107(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"key":"10557_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.02.013","volume":"126","author":"M Helbich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Helbich M, Yao Y, Liu Y, Zhang J, Liu P, Wang R. Using deep learning to examine street view green and blue spaces and their associations with geriatric depression in Beijing, China. Environ Int. 2019;126:107\u201317.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"10557_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112400","volume":"15","author":"C Clark","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clark C, Paunovic K. WHO environmental noise guidelines for the European region: a systematic review on environmental noise and quality of life, wellbeing and mental health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(11):2400.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"21","key":"10557_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4134","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214134","volume":"16","author":"AM Dzhambov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dzhambov AM, Lercher P. Road traffic noise exposure and depression\/anxiety: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(21):4134.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10557_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17020393","volume":"17","author":"C Clark","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clark C, Crumpler C, Notley H. Evidence for environmental noise effects on health for the United Kingdom policy context: a systematic review of the effects of environmental noise on mental health, wellbeing, quality of life, Cancer, dementia, birth, reproductive outcomes, and cognition. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(2):393.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10557_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040218-044106","volume":"40","author":"M van den Bosch","year":"2019","unstructured":"van den Bosch M, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Environmental Exposures and Depression: Biological Mechanisms and Epidemiological Evidence. Annu Rev Public Health. 2019;40:239\u201359.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10557_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2014.08.002","volume":"218","author":"L Tzivian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tzivian L, Winkler A, Dlugaj M, Schikowski T, Vossoughi M, Fuks K, et al. Effect of long-term outdoor air pollution and noise on cognitive and psychological functions in adults. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2015;218(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10557_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jtg063","volume":"80","author":"GW Evans","year":"2003","unstructured":"Evans GW. The built environment and mental health. J Urban Health. 2003;80(4):536\u201355.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"10557_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2015.11.033","volume":"97","author":"GM Echevarria Sanchez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Echevarria Sanchez GM, Van Renterghem T, Thomas P, Botteldooren D. The effect of street canyon design on traffic noise exposure along roads. Build Environ. 2016;97:96\u2013110.","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"10557_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.02.014","volume":"240","author":"N Mohajeri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mohajeri N, Gudmundsson A, Kunckler T, Upadhyay G, Assouline D, K\u00e4mpf JH, et al. A solar-based sustainable urban design: the effects of city-scale street-canyon geometry on solar access in Geneva, Switzerland. Applied Energy. 2019;240:173\u201390.","journal-title":"Applied Energy"},{"key":"10557_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2019.106287","volume":"79","author":"E Zarghami","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zarghami E, Karimimoshaver M, Ghanbaran A, SaadatiVaghar P. Assessing the oppressive impact of the form of tall buildings on citizens: height, width, and height-to-width ratio. Environ Impact Assess Rev. 2019;79:106287.","journal-title":"Environ Impact Assess Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10557_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(02)00857-9","volume":"37","author":"S Vardoulakis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vardoulakis S, Fisher BEA, Pericleous K, Gonzalez-Flesca N. Modelling air quality in street canyons: a review. Atmos Environ. 2003;37(2):155\u201382.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10557_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2009.05.015","volume":"45","author":"RA Memon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Memon RA, Leung DYC, Liu C-H. Effects of building aspect ratio and wind speed on air temperatures in urban-like street canyons. Build Environ. 2010;45(1):176\u201388.","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"10557_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.06.030","volume":"94","author":"S de Vries","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Vries S, van Dillen SME, Groenewegen PP, Spreeuwenberg P. Streetscape greenery and health: stress, social cohesion and physical activity as mediators. Soc Sci Med. 2013;94:26\u201333.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10557_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031963","volume":"10","author":"L Lauwers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lauwers L, Trabelsi S, Pelgrims I, Bastiaens H, Clercq ED, Guilbert A, et al. Urban environment and mental health: the NAMED project, protocol for a mixed-method study. BMJ Open. 2020;10(2):e031963.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10557_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas I, Cotteels C, Jones J, Peeters D. Revisiting the extension of the Brussels urban agglomeration: new methods, new data \u2026 new results ? Belgeo Revue belge de g\u00e9ographie [Internet]. 2012 Mar 8 [cited 2020 May 7];(1\u20132). Available from: http:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/belgeo\/6074.","DOI":"10.4000\/belgeo.6074"},{"key":"10557_CR49","unstructured":"Hermia J-P, Sierens A. Belges et \u00e9trangers en R\u00e9gion bruxelloise, de la naissance \u00e0 aujourd\u2019hui 2017;9."},{"key":"10557_CR50","unstructured":"Gisle L. Sant\u00e9 mentale [Internet]. Institut Scientifique de Sant\u00e9 Publique; 2014 [cited 2020 Feb 26]. (Rapport 1 : Sant\u00e9 et bien-\u00eatre. Enqu\u00eate de Sant\u00e9 2013). Available from: https:\/\/his.wiv-isp.be\/fr\/Documents%20partages\/WB_FR_2013.pdf."},{"issue":"3","key":"10557_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0010","volume":"5","author":"RA Fuller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fuller RA, Gaston KJ. The scaling of green space coverage in European cities. Biol Lett. 2009;5(3):352\u20135.","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"10557_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2018.02.009","volume":"31","author":"M Schindler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schindler M, Le Texier M, Caruso G. Spatial sorting, attitudes and the use of green space in Brussels. Urban For Urban Green. 2018;31:169\u201384.","journal-title":"Urban For Urban Green"},{"issue":"1","key":"10557_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/0778-7367-71-24","volume":"71","author":"S Demarest","year":"2013","unstructured":"Demarest S, Van der Heyden J, Charafeddine R, Drieskens S, Gisle L, Tafforeau J. Methodological basics and evolution of the Belgian health interview survey 1997-2008. Arch Public Health. 2013;71(1):24.","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"10557_CR54","volume-title":"A user\u2019s guide to the general health questionnaire","author":"D Goldberg","year":"1988","unstructured":"Goldberg D, William P. A user\u2019s guide to the general health questionnaire. Berkshire: NFER-NELSON; 1988."},{"key":"10557_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2016.03.005","volume":"136","author":"A Lundin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lundin A, Hallgren M, Theobald H, Hellgren C, Torg\u00e9n M. Validity of the 12-item version of the general health questionnaire in detecting depression in the general population. Public Health. 2016;136:66\u201374.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"20","key":"10557_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.02.043","volume":"42","author":"S Janssen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Janssen S, Dumont G, Fierens F, Mensink C. Spatial interpolation of air pollution measurements using CORINE land cover data. Atmos Environ. 2008;42(20):4884\u2013903.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"10557_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.05.026","volume":"77","author":"W Lefebvre","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lefebvre W, Van Poppel M, Maiheu B, Janssen S, Dons E. Evaluation of the RIO-IFDM-street canyon model chain. Atmos Environ. 2013;77:325\u201337.","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"10557_CR58","first-page":"208","volume-title":"Validation of the IFDM-model for use in urban applications","author":"W Lefebvre","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lefebvre W, Vranckx S. Validation of the IFDM-model for use in urban applications; 2013. p. 208."},{"issue":"7","key":"10557_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201704-0797OC","volume":"196","author":"ND Saenen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saenen ND, Bov\u00e9 H, Steuwe C, Roeffaers MBJ, Provost EB, Lefebvre W, et al. Children\u2019s Urinary Environmental Carbon Load. A Novel Marker Reflecting Residential Ambient Air Pollution Exposure? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;196(7):873\u201381.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10557_CR60","unstructured":"UrbIS data \u2014 CIRB-CIBG-BRIC [Internet]. [cited 2019 Oct 11]. Available from: https:\/\/cirb.brussels\/fr\/nos-solutions\/urbis-solutions\/urbis-data\/urbis-data"},{"key":"10557_CR61","unstructured":"Van de Voorde T, Canters F, Chan JC-W. Mapping update and analysis of the evolution of non-built (green) spaces in the Brussels Capital Region [Internet]. Brussels: VUB; 2010 Dec [cited 2019 Oct 11]. Report No.: ActuaEvol\/09. Available from:https:\/\/document.environnement.brussels\/opac_css\/elecfile\/Study_NonBuildSpaces_I_II_en.PDF."},{"issue":"3","key":"10557_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2015.06.006","volume":"14","author":"X Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li X, Zhang C, Li W, Ricard R, Meng Q, Zhang W. Assessing street-level urban greenery using Google street view and a modified green view index. Urban For Urban Green. 2015;14(3):675\u201385.","journal-title":"Urban For Urban Green"},{"key":"10557_CR63","unstructured":"LEEFMILIEU BRUSSEL-BIM. 49. DOELSTELLINGEN EN METHODOLOGIE VAN DE GELUIDSKADASTERS IN HET BRUSSELS HOOFDSTEDELIJK GEWEST [Internet]. COLLECTIE FACTSHEETS, THEMA GELUID; 2018 [cited 2020 Dec 23]. Available from: https:\/\/document.environnement.brussels\/opac_css\/elecfile\/Geluid_49."},{"key":"10557_CR64","unstructured":"DIRECTIVE 2002\/49\/CE du Parlement europ\u00e9en et du Conseil du 25 juin 2002 relative \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9valuation et \u00e0 la gestion du bruit dans l\u2019environnement [Internet]. 2002 Jul [cited 2021 Jan 6] p. 12\u201325. Report No.: Journal Officiel n\u00b0 L 189. Available from: http:\/\/publications.europa.eu\/resource\/cellar\/0354e2a3-4ee8-45a2-aa4a-090036045111.0010.04\/DOC_1."},{"key":"10557_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basner M, McGuire S. WHO environmental noise guidelines for the European region: a systematic review on environmental noise and effects on sleep. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(3):519.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030519"},{"key":"10557_CR66","unstructured":"ACOUPHEN ENVIRONNEMENT - Dec 2008. Carte de multi-exposition Bruxelles Environnement. Cadastre du bruit des transports routier, ferroviaire, a\u00e9rien, trams et m\u00e9tro a\u00e9rien de la R\u00e9gion de Bruxelles-Capitale [Internet]. [cited 2020 Dec 23]. Available from: https:\/\/document.environnement.brussels\/opac_css\/elecfile\/IBGE_Multi_2006_1.pdf."},{"key":"10557_CR67","unstructured":"Bruxelles Environnement. Rapport 2011-2014 van de staat van het leefmilieu: Exposition de la population au bruit des transports [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2021 Jan 6]. Available from: https:\/\/environnement.brussels\/lenvironnement-etat-des-lieux\/rapports-sur-letat-de-lenvironnement\/rapport-2011-2014\/bruit-0."},{"issue":"2","key":"10557_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-009-7104-y","volume":"54","author":"B Cox","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cox B, van Oyen H, Cambois E, Jagger C, le Roy S, Robine J-M, et al. The reliability of the minimum European health module. Int J Public Health. 2009;54(2):55\u201360.","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"10557_CR69","unstructured":"Pelgrims I, Keune H, Thomas I, Bastiaens H, Remmen R, Nawrot T, et al. Assessing the impact of (non-) built environment on mental health in Brussels. In Kaunas, Lithuania: Poster presented at ISES-ISIAQ conference; 2019."},{"issue":"1","key":"10557_CR70","first-page":"1","volume":"48","author":"Y Rosseel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosseel Y. Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. J Stat Softw. 2012;48(1):1\u201336.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"12","key":"10557_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003369","volume":"119","author":"AH Janssen Nicole","year":"2011","unstructured":"Janssen Nicole AH, Gerard H, Milena S-L, Paul F, van Leendert B, ten Harry B, et al. Black carbon as an additional Indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119(12):1691\u20139.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10557_CR72.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan A, Plana-Ripoll O, Antonsen S, Brandt J, Geels C, Landecker H, et al. Environmental pollution is associated with increased risk of psychiatric disorders in the US and Denmark. PLoS Biol. 2019;17","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000353"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10557_CR72.2","unstructured":"(8) Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6701746\/. [cited 2020 Jan 29]."},{"issue":"4","key":"10557_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195607","volume":"13","author":"J Shin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shin J, Park JY, Choi J. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and mental health status: a nationwide population-based cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0195607.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10557_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.117.202325","volume":"211","author":"H Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin H, Guo Y, Kowal P, Airhihenbuwa CO, Di Q, Zheng Y, et al. Exposure to air pollution and tobacco smoking and their combined effects on depression in six low- and middle-income countries. Br J Psychiatry. 2017;211(3):157\u201362.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10557_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.03.005","volume":"173","author":"K Yolton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yolton K, Khoury JC, Burkle J, LeMasters G, Cecil K, Ryan P. lifetime exposure to traffic-related air pollution and symptoms of depression and anxiety at age 12 years. Environmental Research. 2019;173:199\u2013206.","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"10557_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.050","volume":"272","author":"S Roberts","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roberts S, Arseneault L, Barratt B, Beevers S, Danese A, Odgers CL, et al. Exploration of NO2 and PM2.5 air pollution and mental health problems using high-resolution data in London-based children from a UK longitudinal cohort study. Psychiatry Res. 2019;272:8\u201317.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"10557_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2017.06.009","volume":"220","author":"C Vert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vert C, S\u00e1nchez-Benavides G, Mart\u00ednez D, Gotsens X, Gramunt N, Cirach M, et al. Effect of long-term exposure to air pollution on anxiety and depression in adults: a cross-sectional study. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2017;220(6):1074\u201380.","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"10557_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134721","volume":"701","author":"S-J Fan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fan S-J, Heinrich J, Bloom MS, Zhao T-Y, Shi T-X, Feng W-R, et al. Ambient air pollution and depression: a systematic review with meta-analysis up to 2019. Sci Total Environ. 2020;701:134721.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10557_CR79.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braithwaite I, Zhang S, Kirkbride JB, Osborn DPJ, Hayes JF. Air Pollution (Particulate Matter) Exposure and Associations with Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar, Psychosis and Suicide Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2019;127","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP4595"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10557_CR79.2","unstructured":"(12) Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6957283\/. [cited 2020 Jan 21]."},{"key":"#cr-split#-10557_CR80.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ioannidis JPA. Air pollution as cause of mental disease: Appraisal of the evidence. PLoS Biol. 2019;17","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000370"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10557_CR80.2","unstructured":"(8) Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6701741\/. [cited 2019 Oct 7]."},{"key":"10557_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wendelboe-Nelson C, Kelly S, Kennedy M, Cherrie JW. A scoping review mapping research on green space and associated mental health benefits. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(12):2081.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16122081"},{"key":"10557_CR82","volume-title":"Geographies of green and health in Belgium: measurements, opportunities and challenges","author":"S Trabelsi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trabelsi S. Geographies of green and health in Belgium: measurements, opportunities and challenges. Louvain-la-Neuve: UCLouvain; 2020."},{"issue":"10","key":"10557_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.01.032","volume":"74","author":"J Francis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Francis J, Wood LJ, Knuiman M, Giles-Corti B. Quality or quantity? Exploring the relationship between public open space attributes and mental health in Perth, Western Australia. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(10):1570\u20137.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10557_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ckv094","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckv094","volume":"15","author":"D Pope","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pope D, Tisdall R, Middleton J, Verma A, van Ameijden E, Birt C, et al. Quality of and access to green space in relation to psychological distress: results from a population-based cross-sectional study as part of the EURO-URHIS 2 project. Eur J Public Health. 2015;15:ckv094.","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10557_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.104695","volume":"66","author":"SME van Dillen","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Dillen SME, de Vries S, Groenewegen PP, Spreeuwenberg P. Greenspace in urban neighbourhoods and residents\u2019 health: adding quality to quantity. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012;66(6):e8.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"10557_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.10.016","volume":"28","author":"P Stessens","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stessens P, Khan AZ, Huysmans M, Canters F. Analysing urban green space accessibility and quality: a GIS-based model as spatial decision support for urban ecosystem services in Brussels. Ecosyst Serv. 2017;28:328\u201340.","journal-title":"Ecosyst Serv"},{"issue":"4","key":"10557_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e162","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(18)30051-2","volume":"2","author":"C Sarkar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sarkar C, Webster C, Gallacher J. Residential greenness and prevalence of major depressive disorders: a cross-sectional, observational, associational study of 94\u2008879 adult UK biobank participants. Lancet Planet Health. 2018;2(4):e162\u201373.","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"9650","key":"10557_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61689-X","volume":"372","author":"R Mitchell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mitchell R, Popham F. Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observational population study. Lancet. 2008;372(9650):1655\u201360.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10557_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2020.102497","volume":"67","author":"L Lauwers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lauwers L, Leone M, Guyot M, Pelgrims I, Remmen R, Van den Broeck K, et al. Exploring how the urban neighborhood environment influences mental well-being using walking interviews. Health Place. 2021;67:102497.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"2","key":"10557_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw040","volume":"45","author":"S Greenland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Greenland S, Daniel R, Pearce N. Outcome modelling strategies in epidemiology: traditional methods and basic alternatives. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45(2):565\u201375.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10557_CR91","first-page":"3804","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Congress on Noise Control Engineering (Internoise)","author":"I van Kamp","year":"2013","unstructured":"van Kamp I, Kempen E, Baliatsas C, Houthuijs D. Mental health as context rather than health outcome of noise: Competing hypotheses regarding the role of sensitivity, perceived soundscapes and restoration. In: Proceedings of the International Congress on Noise Control Engineering (Internoise), vol. 247; 2013. p. 3804\u201311."},{"issue":"3","key":"10557_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1547437","volume":"113","author":"HME Miedema","year":"2003","unstructured":"Miedema HME, Vos H. Noise sensitivity and reactions to noise and other environmental conditions. J Acoust Soc Am. 2003;113(3):1492\u2013504.","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"10557_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.11.006","volume":"161","author":"M Helbich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Helbich M. Toward dynamic urban environmental exposure assessments in mental health research. Environ Res. 2018;161:129\u201335.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10557_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-3485.179436","volume":"7","author":"P Ranganathan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ranganathan P, Pramesh CS, Buyse M. Common pitfalls in statistical analysis: the perils of multiple testing. Perspect Clin Res. 2016;7(2):106\u20137.","journal-title":"Perspect Clin Res"},{"key":"10557_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-2-8","volume":"2","author":"RJ Feise","year":"2002","unstructured":"Feise RJ. Do multiple outcome measures require p-value adjustment? BMC Med Res Methodol. 2002;2:8.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10557_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109613","volume":"186","author":"AM Dzhambov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dzhambov AM, Browning MHEM, Markevych I, Hartig T, Lercher P. Analytical approaches to testing pathways linking greenspace to health: a scoping review of the empirical literature. Environ Res. 2020;186:109613.","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"10557_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.05.040","volume":"129","author":"JO Klompmaker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Klompmaker JO, Hoek G, Bloemsma LD, Wijga AH, van den Brink C, Brunekreef B, et al. Associations of combined exposures to surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise on mental health. Environ Int. 2019;129:525\u201337.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10557_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/day103","volume":"35","author":"E Britton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Britton E, Kindermann G, Domegan C, Carlin C. Blue care: a systematic review of blue space interventions for health and wellbeing. Health Promot Int. 2020;35(1):50\u201369.","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"10557_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cky110","volume":"28","author":"M San Sebasti\u00e1n","year":"2018","unstructured":"San Sebasti\u00e1n M, Mosquera PA, Gustafsson PE. Whose income is more important: mine, yours or ours? Income inequality and mental health in northern Sweden. Eur J Pub Health. 2018;28(6):1056\u201361.","journal-title":"Eur J Pub Health"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10557-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10557-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10557-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T08:04:23Z","timestamp":1617264263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10557-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10557"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10557-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The data linkage, relying on the secondary use of the Belgian HIS data, administrative, GIS and monitoring data did not require any approval from an Ethics committee. An application to the Sector Committee Statistics has been submitted and approved (see Decision STAT n\u00b002\/2018 from the 19\/01\/2018).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"635"}}