{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T13:26:45Z","timestamp":1774618005422,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Given the rampant HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Chengdu, southwest China, Treat All policy, defined as immediate antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation after HIV diagnosis, was implemented since 2014. Real-world research evaluating impacts of immediate ART on HIV epidemics is needed to optimize policy-making as national and international guidelines have been lowering ART eligibility threshold. The purpose of this study is to: assess temporal trends of the HIV epidemic and impacts of Treat All policy among MSM; and lay foundation for HIV-related policy evaluation using longitudinal routine data from health information systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data used in this study were HIV sentinel seroprevalence, annual reported HIV cases and ART coverage rate among MSM in Chengdu from 2008 to 2018, derived from national HIV\/AIDS information system. Temporal trends of the HIV epidemic were described using Joinpoint Regression Program. Interrupted time-series method was deployed to evaluate Treat All policy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV sentinel seroprevalence rose from 11.20% in 2008 to 17.67% in 2013 and Annual Percent Change (APC) was 8.25% (95% CI \u2212\u00a02.40%, 20.07%), then decreased to 5.17% in 2018 (APC\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u00a019.63%, 95% CI \u2212\u00a027.54%, \u2212\u200910.86%). Newly reported HIV cases increased from 168 cases in 2008 to 1232 cases in 2015 (APC\u2009=\u200926.99%, 95% CI 21.32%, 32.93%), and reduced to 1014 cases in 2018 (APC\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u00a08.80%, 95% CI \u2212\u00a018.45%, 2.01%). ART coverage rate has been climbing from 11.11% in 2008 to 92.29% in 2018 and Average Annual Percent Change was 16.09% (95% CI 11.76%, 20.59%). Results of interrupted time-series models showed that compared to an annual increase of 0.87% during pre-policy period, there was a decline of 3.08% (95% CI \u2212\u00a00.0366%, \u2212\u20090.0250%) per year of HIV sentinel seroprevalence since 2014; and compared to an annual increase of 116 cases before 2014, there was an annual drop of 158 newly reported HIV cases (95% CI \u2212\u00a0194.87%, \u2212\u2009121.69%) during the post-policy period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immediate ART after HIV diagnosis could potentially curb HIV transmission at population level among MSM, along with other strategies. Future assessment of HIV prevention and control policy can be carried out using routinely collected longitudinal data from health information systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10580-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T13:03:17Z","timestamp":1617886997000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Impact of immediate initiation of antiretroviral therapy among men who have sex with men infected with HIV in Chengdu, southwest China: trends analysis, 2008\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Chenyao","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baiyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianwen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qinying","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cairong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"10580_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). HIV\/AIDS Key facts (15 November 2019) [Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hiv-aids."},{"issue":"11","key":"10580_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70245-7","volume":"13","author":"L Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang L, Chow EP, Jing J, Zhuang X, Li X, He M, et al. HIV prevalence in China: integration of surveillance data and a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(11):955\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70245-7.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10580_CR3","volume-title":"Transcript of Regular Press Conference National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China","author":"National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China","year":"2019","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. Transcript of Regular Press Conference National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. 2019 [Available from: http:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/wjw\/xwdt\/201811\/b0ca3817224e44899a3248a0f6e48948.shtml."},{"issue":"11","key":"10580_CR4","first-page":"1857","volume":"125","author":"L Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang L, Wang L, Norris JL, Li DM, Guo W, Ding ZW, et al. HIV prevalence and influencing factors analysis of sentinel surveillance among men who have sex with men in China, 2003-2011. Chin Med J. 2012;125(11):1857\u201361.","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"10580_CR5","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics \u2014 2019 fact sheet. UNAIDS. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/fact-sheet. Accessed 31 Dec 2019."},{"issue":"12","key":"10580_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.1917","volume":"319","author":"J Riddell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Riddell J, Amico KR, Mayer KH. HIV Preexposure prophylaxis: a review. JAMA. 2018;319(12):1261\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2018.1917.","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"10580_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson LF, Mossong J, Dorrington RE, Schomaker M, Hoffmann CJ, Keiser O, et al. Life expectancies of South African adults starting antiretroviral treatment: collaborative analysis of cohort studies. PLoS Med. 2013;10(4):e1001418.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001418"},{"issue":"4","key":"10580_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-4-201108160-00358","volume":"155","author":"EJ Mills","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mills EJ, Bakanda C, Birungi J, Chan K, Ford N, Cooper CL, et al. Life Expectancy of Persons Receiving Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in Low-Income Countries: A Cohort Analysis From Uganda. Ann Internal Med. 2011;155(4):209.","journal-title":"Ann Internal Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10580_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(16)30216-8","volume":"4","author":"J O'Connor","year":"2017","unstructured":"O'Connor J, Vjecha MJ, Phillips AN, Angus B, Cooper D, Grinsztejn B, Lopardo G, Das S, Wood R, Wilkin A, Klinker H, Kantipong P, Klingman KL, Jilich D, Herieka E, Denning E, Abubakar I, Gordin F, Lundgren JD, INSIGHT START study group. Effect of immediate initiation of antiretroviral therapy on risk of severe bacterial infections in HIV-positive people with CD4 cell counts of more than 500 cells per \u03bcL: secondary outcome results from a randomised controlled trial. Lancet HIV. 2017;4(3):e105\u2013e12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3018(16)30216-8.","journal-title":"Lancet HIV."},{"issue":"17","key":"10580_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001243","volume":"30","author":"S Lodi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lodi S, Sharma S, Lundgren JD, Phillips AN, Cole SR, Logan R, Agan BK, Babiker A, Klinker H, Chu H, Law M, Neaton JD, Hern\u00e1n MA, INSIGHT Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) study group. The per-protocol effect of immediate versus deferred antiretroviral therapy initiation. AIDS. 2016;30(17):2659\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001243.","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"issue":"7","key":"10580_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001417","volume":"31","author":"AR Lifson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lifson AR, Grund B, Gardner EM, Kaplan R, Denning E, Engen N, Carey CL, Chen F, Dao S, Florence E, Sanz J, Emery S, INSIGHT START Study Group. Improved quality of life with immediate versus deferred initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection. AIDS. 2017;31(7):953\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001417.","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"issue":"6","key":"10580_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105243","volume":"365","author":"MS Cohen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, Hakim JG, Kumwenda J, Grinsztejn B, Pilotto JH, Godbole SV, Mehendale S, Chariyalertsak S, Santos BR, Mayer KH, Hoffman IF, Eshleman SH, Piwowar-Manning E, Wang L, Makhema J, Mills LA, de Bruyn G, Sanne I, Eron J, Gallant J, Havlir D, Swindells S, Ribaudo H, Elharrar V, Burns D, Taha TE, Nielsen-Saines K, Celentano D, Essex M, Fleming TR, HPTN 052 Study Team. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(6):493\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1105243.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10580_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50006","volume":"210","author":"H McManus","year":"2019","unstructured":"McManus H, Callander D, Donovan B, Russell DB, O'Connor CC, Davies SC, Lewis DA, Hellard ME, Chen MY, Petoumenos K, Varma R, Cogle A, Boyd MA, Grulich A, Pollard J, Medland N, Fairley CK, Guy RJ. Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy for people newly diagnosed with HIV infection in Australia: trends and predictors, 2004-2015. Med J Aust. 2019;210(6):269\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/mja2.50006.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10580_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caby F, French Hosp Database HF-A. CD4(+)\/CD8(+) ratio restoration in long-term treated HIV-1-infected individuals. Aids. 2017;31(12):1685\u201395.","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001533"},{"issue":"8","key":"10580_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000243","volume":"28","author":"MT May","year":"2014","unstructured":"May MT, Gompels M, Delpech V, Porter K, Orkin C, Kegg S, Hay P, Johnson M, Palfreeman A, Gilson R, Chadwick D, Martin F, Hill T, Walsh J, Post F, Fisher M, Ainsworth J, Jose S, Leen C, Nelson M, Anderson J, Sabin C, UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (UK CHIC) Study. Impact on life expectancy of HIV-1 positive individuals of CD4(+) cell count and viral load response to antiretroviral therapy. Aids. 2014;28(8):1193\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000243.","journal-title":"Aids."},{"issue":"7","key":"10580_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70097-4","volume":"11","author":"F Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang F, Dou Z, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Zhao D, Zhou S, Bulterys M, Zhu H, Chen RY. Effect of earlier initiation of antiretroviral treatment and increased treatment coverage on HIV-related mortality in China: a national observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11(7):516\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70097-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10580_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1600693","volume":"375","author":"MS Cohen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, Hakim JG, Kumwenda J, Grinsztejn B, Pilotto JH, Godbole SV, Chariyalertsak S, Santos BR, Mayer KH, Hoffman IF, Eshleman SH, Piwowar-Manning E, Cottle L, Zhang XC, Makhema J, Mills LA, Panchia R, Faesen S, Eron J, Gallant J, Havlir D, Swindells S, Elharrar V, Burns D, Taha TE, Nielsen-Saines K, Celentano DD, Essex M, Hudelson SE, Redd AD, Fleming TR, HPTN 052 Study Team. Antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(9):830\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1600693.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"21","key":"10580_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.5705","volume":"317","author":"M Petersen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Petersen M, Balzer L, Kwarsiima D, Sang N, Chamie G, Ayieko J, Kabami J, Owaraganise A, Liegler T, Mwangwa F, Kadede K, Jain V, Plenty A, Brown L, Lavoy G, Schwab J, Black D, van der Laan M, Bukusi EA, Cohen CR, Clark TD, Charlebois E, Kamya M, Havlir D. Association of Implementation of a universal testing and treatment intervention with HIV diagnosis, receipt of antiretroviral therapy, and viral suppression in East Africa. Jama-J Am Med Assoc. 2017;317(21):2196\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2017.5705.","journal-title":"Jama-J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10580_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812281","volume":"381","author":"J Makhema","year":"2019","unstructured":"Makhema J, Wirth KE, Pretorius Holme M, Gaolathe T, Mmalane M, Kadima E, Chakalisa U, Bennett K, Leidner J, Manyake K, Mbikiwa AM, Simon SV, Letlhogile R, Mukokomani K, van Widenfelt E, Moyo S, Lebelonyane R, Alwano MG, Powis KM, Dryden-Peterson SL, Kgathi C, Novitsky V, Moore J, Bachanas P, Abrams W, Block L, el-Halabi S, Marukutira T, Mills LA, Sexton C, Raizes E, Gaseitsiwe S, Bussmann H, Okui L, John O, Shapiro RL, Pals S, Michael H, Roland M, DeGruttola V, Lei Q, Wang R, Tchetgen Tchetgen E, Essex M, Lockman S. Universal testing, expanded treatment, and incidence of HIV infection in Botswana. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(3):230\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1812281.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10580_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.8431","volume":"320","author":"MS Saag","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saag MS, Benson CA, Gandhi RT, Hoy JF, Landovitz RJ, Mugavero MJ, Sax PE, Smith DM, Thompson MA, Buchbinder SP, del Rio C, Eron JJ Jr, F\u00e4tkenheuer G, G\u00fcnthard HF, Molina JM, Jacobsen DM, Volberding PA. Antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV infection in adults 2018 recommendations of the international antiviral society-USA panel. Jama-J Am Med Assoc. 2018;320(4):379\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2018.8431.","journal-title":"Jama-J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"9","key":"10580_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1506816","volume":"373","author":"The INSIGHT START Study Group","year":"2015","unstructured":"The INSIGHT START Study Group. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(9):795\u2013807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1506816.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10580_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1507198","volume":"373","author":"C Danel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Danel C, Moh R, Gabillard D, Badje A, Le Carrou J, Ouassa T, et al. A trial of early Antiretrovirals and isoniazid preventive therapy in Africa. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(9):808\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1507198.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10580_CR23","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Policy Brief: Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection: What\u2019s New 2015 [Available from: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/198064\/1\/9789241509893_eng.pdf?ua=1."},{"issue":"2","key":"10580_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.8902","volume":"316","author":"KH Mayer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mayer KH, Krakower DS. Antiretrovirals for HIV treatment and prevention the challenges of success. Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association. 2016;316(2):151\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.8902.","journal-title":"Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association."},{"key":"10580_CR25","first-page":"164","volume":"21","author":"D Havlir","year":"2018","unstructured":"Havlir D, Charlebois E, Balzer L, Clark T, Kwarisiima D, Ayieko J, et al. SEARCH community cluster randomized study of HIV \"test and treat\" using multi-disease approach and streamlined care in rural Uganda and Kenya. J Int AIDS Soc. 2018;21:164\u20135.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10580_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E116","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30205-9","volume":"5","author":"CC Iwuji","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iwuji CC, Orne-Gliemann J, Larmarange J, Balestre E, Thiebaut R, Tanser F, Okesola N, Makowa T, Dreyer J, Herbst K, McGrath N, B\u00e4rnighausen T, Boyer S, de Oliveira T, Rekacewicz C, Bazin B, Newell ML, Pillay D, Dabis F, B\u00e4rnighausen T, Herbst K, Iwuji C, Makowa T, Naidu K, Newell ML, Okesola N, de Oliveira T, Pillay D, Rochat T, Tanser F, Viljoen J, Zuma T, McGrath N, Balestre E, Dabis F, Karcher S, Orne-Gliemann J, Plazy M, Prague M, Thi\u00e9baut R, Tiendrebeogo T, Boyer S, Donfouet H, Gosset A, March L, Protopopescu C, Spire B, Calmy A, Larmarange J, Inghels M, Diallo H, Calvez V, Derache A, Marcelin AG, Dray-Spira R, Lert F, el Farouki K, Lessells R, Freedberg K, Imrie J, Chaix ML, Newell C, Hontelez J, Bazin B, Rekacewicz C. Universal test and treat and the HIV epidemic in rural South Africa: a phase 4, open-label, community cluster randomised trial. Lancet HIV. 2018;5(3):E116\u2013E25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30205-9.","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"10580_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes RJ, Donnell D, Floyd S, Mandla N, Bwalya J, Sabapathy K, et al. Effect of Universal Testing and Treatment on HIV Incidence - HPTN 071 (PopART). New England J Med. 381(3):207\u201318.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1814556"},{"issue":"9657","key":"10580_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61697-9","volume":"373","author":"RM Granich","year":"2009","unstructured":"Granich RM, Gilks CF, Dye C, De Cock KM, Williams BG. Universal voluntary HIV testing with immediate antiretroviral therapy as a strategy for elimination of HIV transmission: a mathematical model. Lancet. 2009;373(9657):48\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61697-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10580_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29098","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029098","volume":"7","author":"SW Sorensen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sorensen SW, Sansom SL, Brooks JT, Marks G, Begier EM, Buchacz K, et al. A mathematical model of comprehensive test-and-treat services and HIV incidence among men who have sex with men in the United States. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource]. 2012;7(2):e29098.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource]"},{"issue":"10040","key":"10580_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30781-4","volume":"388","author":"C Beyrer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beyrer C, Baral SD, Collins C, Richardson ET, Sullivan PS, Sanchez J, Trapence G, Katabira E, Kazatchkine M, Ryan O, Wirtz AL, Mayer KH. The global response to HIV in men who have sex with men. Lancet. 2016;388(10040):198\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30781-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10580_CR31","unstructured":"Chinese Center for Disease Control. Public Health Science Data Center. Available from: http:\/\/www.phsciencedata.cn\/Share\/edtShareNew.jsp?id=39403. Accessed 6 Feb 2020."},{"key":"10580_CR32","first-page":"II79","volume":"39","author":"Y Mao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mao Y, Wu Z, Poundstone K, Wang C, Qin Q, Ma Y, et al. Development of a unified web-based national HIV\/AIDS information system in China. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39:II79\u201389.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10580_CR33","first-page":"II14","volume":"39","author":"J Sun","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sun J, Liu H, Li H, Wang L, Guo H, Shan D, et al. Contributions of international cooperation projects to the HIV\/AIDS response in China. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39:II14\u201320.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"10580_CR34","first-page":"3495","volume":"123","author":"L Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang L, Wang N. HIV\/AIDS epidemic and the development of comprehensive surveillance system in China with challenges. Chin Med J. 2010;123(23):3495\u2013500.","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10580_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601206010163","volume":"6","author":"L Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang L, Chow EPF, Zhang J, Jing J, Wilson DP. Describing the Chinese HIV surveillance system and the influences of political structures and social stigma. Open AIDS J. 2012;6(1):163\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1874613601206010163.","journal-title":"Open AIDS J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10580_CR36","first-page":"756","volume":"22","author":"J Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu J, Mao Y. Current status and prospect of China's national HIV\/AIDS comprehensive response information management system (CRIMS). Chinese JAIDS STD. 2016;22(9):756\u20138.","journal-title":"Chinese JAIDS STD"},{"issue":"2","key":"10580_CR37","first-page":"111","volume":"32","author":"L Ge","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ge L, Li D, Li P, Guo W, Cui Y. Population specific sentinel surveillance for HIV infection, syphilis and HCV infection in China during 2010-2015. DIS SURVEILLANCE. 2017;32(2):111\u20137.","journal-title":"DIS SURVEILLANCE"},{"issue":"19","key":"10580_CR38","first-page":"3603","volume":"46","author":"D Qiao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qiao D, Liu Z, Dong Z, Li W, Yang H. Sentinel surveillance and factors affecting HIV infection among MSM in Zhengzhou, 2016-2018. Modern Preventive Medicine. 2019;46(19):3603\u20137.","journal-title":"Modern Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10580_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(95)00070-4","volume":"5","author":"H Strickler","year":"1995","unstructured":"Strickler H, Hoover DR, Dersimonian R. Problems in interpreting HIV sentinel seroprevalence studies. Ann Epidemiol. 1995;5(6):447\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/1047-2797(95)00070-4.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10580_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.06.007","volume":"12","author":"D Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang D, Bi P, Hiller JE, Lv F. Web-based HIV\/AIDS behavioral surveillance among men who have sex with men: potential and challenges. Int J Infect Dis. 2008;12(2):126\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.06.007.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9839","key":"10580_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60821-6","volume":"380","author":"C Beyrer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beyrer C, Baral SD, van Griensven F, Goodreau SM, Chariyalertsak S, Wirtz AL, Brookmeyer R. Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men. Lancet. 2012;380(9839):367\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60821-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10580_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2008.0047","volume":"23","author":"KT Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen KT, Chang HL, Chen CT, Chen YA. The changing face of the HIV epidemic in Taiwan: a new challenge for public health policy strategies. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2009;23(3):195\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/apc.2008.0047.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"key":"10580_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das M, Chu PL, Santos GM, Scheer S, Vittinghoff E, McFarland W, et al. Decreases in community viral load are accompanied by reductions in new HIV infections in San Francisco. PLoS One. 2010;5(6):e11068.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011068"},{"issue":"1","key":"10580_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-12-19","volume":"12","author":"H Wand","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wand H, Wilson D, Yan P, Gonnermann A, McDonald A, Kaldor J, Law M. Characterizing trends in HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Australia by birth cohorts: results from a modified back-projection method. J Int AIDS Soc. 2009;12(1):19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1758-2652-12-19.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10580_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw098","volume":"46","author":"JL Bernal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bernal JL, Cummins S, Gasparrini A. Interrupted time series regression for the evaluation of public health interventions: a tutorial. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(1):348\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyw098.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10580_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czr004","volume":"27","author":"M Lagarde","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lagarde M. How to do (or not to do) ... Assessing the impact of a policy change with routine longitudinal data. Health Policy Plan. 2011;27(1):76\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapol\/czr004.","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"10580_CR47","volume-title":"The theory and practice of econometrics: New York: Wiley","author":"GG Judge","year":"1985","unstructured":"Judge GG. The theory and practice of econometrics: New York: Wiley; 1985."},{"issue":"6122","key":"10580_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1228160","volume":"339","author":"TB Frank Tanser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Frank Tanser TB. Erofili Grapsa, Jaffer Zaidi, Marie-Louise Newell. High coverage of ART associated with decline in risk of HIV Acquisition in Rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Science. 2013;339(6122):966\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1228160.","journal-title":"Science."},{"issue":"2","key":"10580_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e87872","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087872","volume":"9","author":"JS Montaner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Montaner JS, Lima VD, Harrigan PR, Lourenco L, Yip B, Nosyk B, et al. Expansion of HAART coverage is associated with sustained decreases in HIV\/AIDS morbidity, mortality and HIV transmission: the \"HIV treatment as prevention\" experience in a Canadian setting. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e87872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0087872.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10580_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1086\/588673","volume":"198","author":"VD Lima","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lima VD, Johnston K, Hogg RS, Levy AR, Harrigan PR, Anema A, Montaner JSG. Expanded access to highly active antiretroviral therapy: a potentially powerful strategy to curb the growth of the HIV epidemic. J Infect Dis. 2008;198(1):59\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/588673.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10580_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-020-00487-1","volume":"17","author":"F Tanser","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tanser F, Kim HY, Vandormael A, Iwuji C, Barnighausen T. Opportunities and challenges in HIV treatment as prevention research: results from the ANRS 12249 cluster-randomized trial and associated population cohort. Current Hiv\/Aids Reports. 2020;17(2):97\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11904-020-00487-1.","journal-title":"Current Hiv\/Aids Reports"},{"issue":"5","key":"10580_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000216374.61442.55","volume":"20","author":"BA Koblin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Koblin BA, Husnik MJ, Colfax G, et al. Risk factors for HIV infection among men who have sex with men. AIDS. 2006;20(5):731\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.aids.0000216374.61442.55.","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"10580_CR53","volume-title":"National Handbook of Free HIV Antiviral Treatment (4th edition): People's Medical Publishing House","author":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. National Handbook of Free HIV Antiviral Treatment (4th edition): People's Medical Publishing House; 2016."},{"issue":"4","key":"10580_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2710.2002.00430.x","volume":"27","author":"AK Wagner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wagner AK, Soumerai SB, Zhang F, Ross-Degnan D. Segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series studies in medication use research. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2002;27(4):299\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2710.2002.00430.x.","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"10580_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E632","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30226-7","volume":"6","author":"S Baral","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baral S, Rao A, Sullivan P, Phaswana-Mafuya N, Diouf D, Millett G, Musyoki H, Geng E, Mishra S. The disconnect between individual-level and population-level goatee. HIV prevention benefits of antiretroviral treatment. Lancet HIV. 2019;6(9):E632\u2013E8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30226-7.","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"4","key":"10580_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e172","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30003-1","volume":"5","author":"J-M Molina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Molina J-M, Grund B, Gordin F, Williams I, Schechter M, Losso M, Law M, Ekong E, Mwelase N, Skoutelis A, Wiselka MJ, Vandekerckhove L, Benfield T, Munroe D, Lundgren JD, Neaton JD, INSIGHT START study group. Which HIV-infected adults with high CD4 T-cell counts benefit most from immediate initiation of antiretroviral therapy? A post-hoc subgroup analysis of the START trial. The Lancet HIV. 2018;5(4):e172\u2013e80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30003-1.","journal-title":"The Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"s1","key":"10580_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1086\/425271","volume":"191","author":"GP Garnett","year":"2005","unstructured":"Garnett GP. Role of herd immunity in determining the effect of vaccines against sexually transmitted disease. J Infect Dis. 2005;191(s1):S97\u2013S106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/425271.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10580_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198545996.001.0001","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control","author":"RMR Anderson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Anderson RMR. Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1991."},{"key":"10580_CR59","volume-title":"WHO recommends HIV self-testing 2016","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2016","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). WHO recommends HIV self-testing 2016 2016 [Available from: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/251549\/1\/WHO-HIV-2016.21-eng.pdf?ua=1."}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10580-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10580-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10580-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T22:08:47Z","timestamp":1724796527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10580-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10580-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was considered to be a policy evaluation research and didn\u2019t require research ethical approval by the Ethics Committee. We inquired IRB of Sichuan University and the board suggested ethics approval be waived given that all data have been completely deidentified and aggregated before access and analysis. All the data used in the study were collected with permission and in accordance with national regulation by Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"689"}}