{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T06:41:05Z","timestamp":1794465665763,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The End Tuberculosis (TB) Strategy aims to achieve 90% reduction of deaths due to TB by 2030, compared with 2015. Mortality due to tuberculosis in Mali was 13 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2014 and 11 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2017. Risk factors for death are not known. The objective of this study was to determine the time and risk factors for death in pulmonary TB patients with positive microscopy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cohort study from October to December 2016 in Commune VI of Bamako. Smear positive cases pulmonary tuberculosis from 2011 to 2015 were included. We reviewed the treatment registers and collected sociodemographic, clinical, biological and therapeutic data. Median time to death and hazard ratio (HR) were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and a Cox regression model, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In total, we analysed 1362 smear positive cases of pulmonary TB including 104 (8%) HIV positive and 90 (7%) deaths. The mean age was 36\u2009\u00b1\u200913\u2009years, the sex ratio of males to females was 2:1. Among the deaths, 48 (53%) occurred during the first 2\u2009months of treatment. Age\u2009\u2265\u200945\u2009years (HR 2.09 95% CI [1.35\u20133.23]), weight\u2009&lt;\u2009\u00a040\u2009kg (HR 2.20 95% CI [1.89\u20135.42]), HIV unknown status (HR 1.96, 95% CI [1.04\u20133.67]) and HIV-positive (HR 7.10 95% CI [3.53\u201314.26]) were significantly associated with death.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The median time to death was 2\u2009months from the start of treatment. Independent risk factors for death were age\u2009\u2265\u200945\u2009years, weight\u2009&lt;\u2009\u00a040\u2009kg, unknown and positive HIV status. We recommend close monitoring of patients over 45\u2009years, HIV testing in those with unknown status, an adequate care for positive HIV status, as well as a nutritional support for those with weight below 40\u2009kg during the intensive phase of TB treatment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10986-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T17:03:22Z","timestamp":1621357402000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Time and risk factors for death among smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in the Health District of commune VI of Bamako, Mali, 2016"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yaya","family":"Ballayira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline Kiswendsida","family":"Yanogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bakary","family":"Konat\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadima","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Sawadogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Antara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"M\u00e9da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"10986_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2018. [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2018 [cited 2021 Jan 23]. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/274453"},{"issue":"9979","key":"10986_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60570-0","volume":"385","author":"M Uplekar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Uplekar M, Weil D, Lonnroth K, Jaramillo E, Lienhardt C, Dias HM, et al. WHO\u2019s new end TB strategy. Lancet. 2015;385(9979):1799\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60570-0.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10986_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2015 [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2015 [cited 2021 Jan 23]. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/191102."},{"key":"10986_CR4","unstructured":"Traore S. Incidence et issue du traitement de la tuberculose pulmonaire a microscopie positive du 1er janvier au 31 decembre 2009 au CSREF CVI. 2009;92 [Internet]. [cited 2021 Jean 23]. Available from: https:\/\/docplayer.fr\/57694966-Incidence-et-issue-du-traitement-de-la-tuberculose-pulmonaire-a-microscopie-positive-du-1-er-janvier-au-31-decembre-2009-au-csref-cvi.html."},{"issue":"12","key":"10986_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0144244","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144244","volume":"10","author":"A Birlie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Birlie A, Tesfaw G, Dejene T, Woldemichael K. Time to death and associated factors among tuberculosis patients in Dangila Woreda, Northwest Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(12):e0144244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0144244.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"10986_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(14)60172-3","volume":"7","author":"I Alobu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alobu I, Oshi SN, Oshi DC, Ukwaja KN. Risk factors of treatment default and death among tuberculosis patients in a resource-limited setting. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7(12):977\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1995-7645(14)60172-3.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10986_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2014.29.9.1226","volume":"29","author":"Y-S Kwon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kwon Y-S, Kim YH, Song J-U, Jeon K, Song J, Ryu YJ, et al. Risk factors for death during pulmonary tuberculosis treatment in Korea: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. J Korean Med Sci. 2014;29(9):1226\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3346\/jkms.2014.29.9.1226.","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"10986_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2015.22.253.6576","volume":"22","author":"FN Djouma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Djouma FN, Noubom M, Ngomba AV, Donfack H, Kouomboua PSM, Saah MAF. Determinants of death among tuberculosis patients in a semi urban diagnostic and treatment Centre of Bafoussam, West Cameroon: a retrospective case-control study. Pan Afr Med J. 2015;22:253.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10986_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-015-0076-5","volume":"12","author":"DJ Pepper","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pepper DJ, Schomaker M, Wilkinson RJ, de Azevedo V, Maartens G. Independent predictors of tuberculosis mortality in a high HIV prevalence setting: a retrospective cohort study. AIDS Res Ther. 2015;12(1):35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12981-015-0076-5.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"10986_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-7802.165157","volume":"6","author":"M Shahrezaei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shahrezaei M, Maracy MR, Farid F. Factors affecting mortality and treatment completion of tuberculosis patients in Isfahan Province from 2006 to 2011. Int J Prev Med. 2015;6:91.","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10986_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-291","volume":"7","author":"T Vasankari","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vasankari T, Holmstr\u00f6m P, Ollgren J, Liippo K, Kokki M, Ruutu P. Risk factors for poor tuberculosis treatment outcome in Finland: a cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2007;7(1):291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-7-291.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10986_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1914-z","volume":"15","author":"M Osman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Osman M, Seddon JA, Dunbar R, Draper HR, Lombard C, Beyers N. The complex relationship between human immunodeficiency virus infection and death in adults being treated for tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-015-1914-z.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10986_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0128907","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128907","volume":"10","author":"J Gadoev","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gadoev J, Asadov D, Tillashaykhov M, Tayler-Smith K, Isaakidis P, Dadu A, et al. Factors associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes in new and previously treated TB patients in Uzbekistan: a five year countrywide study. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0128907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0128907.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10986_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-360","volume":"14","author":"H Choi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choi H, Lee M, Chen RY, Kim Y, Yoon S, Joh JS, et al. Predictors of pulmonary tuberculosis treatment outcomes in South Korea: a prospective cohort study, 2005-2012. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14(1):360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-14-360.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10986_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afv002","volume":"44","author":"Y-S Lin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lin Y-S, Yen Y-F. Determinants of mortality before start of and during tuberculosis treatment among elderly patients: a population-based retrospective cohort study. Age Ageing. 2015;44(3):490\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ageing\/afv002.","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10986_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002300","volume":"95","author":"Y-F Yen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yen Y-F, Chuang P-H, Yen M-Y, Lin S-Y, Chuang P, Yuan M-J, et al. Association of Body Mass Index with Tuberculosis Mortality: a population-based follow-up study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(1):e2300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000002300.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10986_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.10.0352","volume":"15","author":"CJ Waitt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Waitt CJ, Squire SB. A systematic review of risk factors for death in adults during and after tuberculosis treatment. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15(7):871\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5588\/ijtld.10.0352.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10986_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0132394","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132394","volume":"10","author":"JJR Bigna","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bigna JJR, Noubiap JJN, Agbor AA, Plottel CS, Billong SC, Ayong APR, et al. Early mortality during initial treatment of tuberculosis in patients co-infected with HIV at the Yaound\u00e9 central hospital, Cameroon: an 8-year retrospective cohort study (2006-2013). PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0132394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0132394.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"10986_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e111910","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111910","volume":"9","author":"DC Oshi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oshi DC, Oshi SN, Alobu I, Ukwaja KN. Profile and treatment outcomes of tuberculosis in the elderly in southeastern Nigeria, 2011-2012. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e111910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0111910.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10986_CR20","first-page":"57","volume":"25","author":"HI Nwokeukwu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nwokeukwu HI, Inya-Agha DU, Nwogu KC. Treatment outcome of tuberculosis and HIV co-infection at a tertiary health Facility in Southeastern Nigeria. J Commun Med Prim Health Care. 2013;25(1):57 -64\u201364.","journal-title":"J Commun Med Prim Health Care"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10986-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10986-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10986-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T17:03:50Z","timestamp":1621357430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10986-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-10986-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Only publicly available data is used in this study. An authorization from the National Directorate of Health was given to evaluate the tuberculosis surveillance system in commune VI. This study was conducted alongside this evaluation with the same data. Our study did not require acquisition of patient consent as it was based on the analysis of surveillance data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Non-applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"942"}}