{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T10:50:17Z","timestamp":1740135017530,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,13]],"date-time":"2021-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,13]],"date-time":"2021-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The present study aims to observe how societal indicators of workers\u2019 values at the state-level are related to health and safety outcomes, particularly major injuries and fatalities in the U.S. Underscoring workforce flexibility and workability over workforce stability and safety might be indicative of the worth of workers which can be associated with occupational safety and health concerns.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Linear regression analysis with a log-transformed dependent variable was adopted to examine how the state-level indicators of worker value in terms of 1) minimum wage, using data from 2015; 2) average of workers\u2019 compensations for the loss of an arm, hand, leg, or foot in 2015 were concurrently and prospectively associated with occupational fatality rates averaged across 2015, 2016 and 2017. Socioeconomic contextual variables such as education level, GDP per capita, and population at the state-level were controlled for.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The present study showed that state-level quantitative indicators of how workers are valued at work, namely minimum wage and workers\u2019 compensation benefits, were significantly and negatively associated with fatality rates in the following year.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The present study illustrates the gap in how workers are valued across the U.S. The study speaks to the importance of contextual factors regarding worker value, as they can affect outcomes of health and safety culminating at a state-level.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11117-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,13]],"date-time":"2021-06-13T20:02:42Z","timestamp":1623614562000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["It may cost an arm and a leg: workers value and occupational fatality rates in the U.S."],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6593-087X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leah S.","family":"Klos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank B.","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stacy A.","family":"Stoffregen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miki C.","family":"Azuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"11117_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-7535(93)90006-Y","volume":"16","author":"RT Gun","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gun RT. The role of regulations in the prevention of occupational injury. Saf Sci. 1993;16(1):47\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0925-7535(93)90006-Y.","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"11117_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2307\/41165889","volume":"39","author":"DM Rousseau","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rousseau DM, Libuser C. Contingent workers in high risk environments. Calif Manag Rev. 1997;39(2):103\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/41165889.","journal-title":"Calif Manag Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"11117_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-7535(00)00041-2","volume":"36","author":"NA Kartam","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kartam NA, Flood I, Koushki P. Construction safety in Kuwait: issues, procedures, problems, and recommendations. Saf Sci. 2000;36(3):163\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0925-7535(00)00041-2.","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"11117_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1050.0133","volume":"16","author":"KE Weick","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weick KE, Sutcliffe KM, Obstfeld D. Organizing and the process of sensemaking. Organ Sci. 2005;16(4):409\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/orsc.1050.0133.","journal-title":"Organ Sci"},{"key":"11117_CR5","first-page":"11","volume":"26","author":"EJ Haas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haas EJ, Yorio PL. Using sensemaking theory to improve risk management and risk communication: what can WeLearn. Selected Issues Glob Health Commun. 2018;26:11\u201326.","journal-title":"Selected Issues Glob Health Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"11117_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1987.tb00609.x","volume":"40","author":"B Schneider","year":"1987","unstructured":"Schneider B. The people make the place. Pers Psychol. 1987;40(3):437\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1987.tb00609.x.","journal-title":"Pers Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"11117_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01780.x","volume":"48","author":"B Schneider","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schneider B, Goldstein HW, Smith DB. The ASA framework: an update. Pers Psychol. 1995;48(4):747\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01780.x.","journal-title":"Pers Psychol"},{"key":"11117_CR8","unstructured":"Lee J, Klos LS. Value on workers and occupational fatality rates in the U.S. Proceedings of the work, stress, and health. Philadelphia; 2019. p. 290-1. Available from: https:\/\/www.apa.org\/wsh\/past\/2019\/2019-program.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"11117_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(93)01411-3","volume":"56","author":"JB Rebitzer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rebitzer JB, Taylor LJ. The consequences of minimum wage laws some new theoretical ideas. J Public Econ. 1995;56(2):245\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0047-2727(93)01411-3.","journal-title":"J Public Econ"},{"issue":"4","key":"11117_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22006","volume":"36","author":"O Lenhart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lenhart O. Do higher minimum wages benefit health? Evidence from the UK. J Policy Anal Manage. 2017;36(4):828\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pam.22006.","journal-title":"J Policy Anal Manage"},{"key":"11117_CR11","volume-title":"Effects of minimum wages on population health. InHealth Policy Brief. Health Affairs","author":"JP Leigh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leigh JP, Du J. Effects of minimum wages on population health. InHealth Policy Brief. Health Affairs; 2018."},{"key":"11117_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.10.005","volume":"118","author":"JP Leigh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leigh JP, Leigh WA, Du J. Minimum wages and public health: a literature review. Prev Med. 2019;118:122\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2018.10.005.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"11117_CR13","volume-title":"The critical need to reform workers\u2019 compensation","author":"APHA","year":"2017","unstructured":"APHA. The critical need to reform workers\u2019 compensation: American Public Health Association; 2017. [cited 2020Mar20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.apha.org\/policies-and-advocacy\/public-health-policy-statements\/policy-database\/2018\/01\/18\/the-critical-need-to-reform-workers-compensation"},{"key":"11117_CR14","volume-title":"The Demolition of Workers\u2019 Comp","author":"M Grabell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grabell M, Berkes H. The Demolition of Workers\u2019 Comp: ProPublica; 2015. [cited 2020Mar20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/the-demolition-of-workers-compensation"},{"issue":"8","key":"11117_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1177\/0018726708094858","volume":"61","author":"AD Brown","year":"2008","unstructured":"Brown AD, Stacey P, Nandhakumar J. Making sense of sensemaking narratives. Hum Relat. 2008;61(8):1035\u201362.","journal-title":"Hum Relat"},{"key":"11117_CR16","volume-title":"Industrial relations to human resources and beyond: the evolving process of employee relations management. ME Sharpe","author":"BE Kaufman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kaufman BE, Beaumont RA, Helfgott RB. Industrial relations to human resources and beyond: the evolving process of employee relations management. ME Sharpe; 2003."},{"key":"11117_CR17","volume-title":"Changes in Basic Minimum Wages in Non-Farm Employment Under State Law: Selected Years 1968 to 2019. U.S. Department of Labor","author":"U.S. Department of Labor","year":"2020","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Labor. Changes in Basic Minimum Wages in Non-Farm Employment Under State Law: Selected Years 1968 to 2019. U.S. Department of Labor; 2020 [cited 2020 Mar 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.dol.gov\/agencies\/whd\/state\/minimum-wage\/history"},{"key":"11117_CR18","volume-title":"2018 Small Business Profiles for the States and Territories: The U.S. Small Business Administration","author":"U.S. Small Business Administration","year":"2018","unstructured":"U.S. Small Business Administration. 2018 Small Business Profiles for the States and Territories: The U.S. Small Business Administration: U.S. Small Business Administration; 2018. [cited 2020 Mar 20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.sba.gov\/advocacy\/2018-small-business-profiles-states-and-territories"},{"key":"11117_CR19","volume-title":"Workers\u2019 Comp Benefits: How Much is a Limb Worth?","author":"L Groeger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Groeger L, Grabell M, Cotts C. Workers\u2019 Comp Benefits: How Much is a Limb Worth? ProPublica; 2015. [cited 2020Feb19]. Available from: https:\/\/projects.propublica.org\/graphics\/workers-compensation-benefits-by-limb"},{"key":"11117_CR20","volume-title":"Methodology for Workers\u2019 Comp Benefits: How Much is a Limb Worth?","author":"M Grabell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grabell M, Groeger L. Methodology for Workers\u2019 Comp Benefits: How Much is a Limb Worth? ProPublica; 2015. [cited 2020 Feb 19]. Available from: https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/workers-comp-benefits-how-much-is-a-limb-worth-methodology"},{"key":"11117_CR21","volume-title":"Educational Attainment, Annual: Bachelor\u2019s Degree or Higher by State","author":"Bureau of Economic Research","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bureau of Economic Research. Educational Attainment, Annual: Bachelor\u2019s Degree or Higher by State: FRED; 2020. [cited 2020 Mar 20]. Available from: https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/release\/tables?rid=330"},{"key":"11117_CR22","volume-title":"U.S. states by GDP per capita (chained 2009 dollars)","author":"Bureau of Economic Analysis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bureau of Economic Analysis. U.S. states by GDP per capita (chained 2009 dollars): BEA; 2020. [cited 2020 Mar 20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.bea.gov\/iTable\/iTable.cfm?reqid=70"},{"issue":"6","key":"11117_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-018-9561-x","volume":"34","author":"J Mainert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mainert J, Niepel C, Murphy KR, Greiff S. The incremental contribution of complex problem-solving skills to the prediction of job level, job complexity, and salary. J Bus Psychol. 2019;34(6):825\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10869-018-9561-x.","journal-title":"J Bus Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"11117_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00335.x","volume":"37","author":"S Ringen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ringen S. Households, standard of living, and inequality. Rev Income Wealth. 1991;37(1):1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-4991.1991.tb00335.x.","journal-title":"Rev Income Wealth"},{"key":"11117_CR25","volume-title":"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015","author":"U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division","year":"2015","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015: United States Census Bureau; 2015. [cited 2020 Mar 20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/history\/pdf\/2015popestimates-alaska.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"11117_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8543.2009.00725.x","volume":"47","author":"BE Kaufman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kaufman BE. Promoting labour market efficiency and fairness through a legal minimum wage: the Webbs and the social cost of labour. Br J Ind Relat. 2009;47(2):306\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8543.2009.00725.x.","journal-title":"Br J Ind Relat"},{"issue":"10","key":"11117_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1086\/252125","volume":"20","author":"S Webb","year":"1912","unstructured":"Webb S. The economic theory of a legal minimum wage. J Polit Econ. 1912;20(10):973\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/252125.","journal-title":"J Polit Econ"},{"key":"11117_CR28","volume-title":"Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) - Current and Revised Data","author":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics","year":"2018","unstructured":"U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) - Current and Revised Data: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; 2018. [cited 2020 Feb 19]. Available from: https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/iif\/oshcfoi1.htm"},{"issue":"2","key":"11117_CR29","first-page":"82","volume":"61","author":"V Mogensen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mogensen V. Worker safety under siege: labor, capital, and the politics of workplace safety in a deregulated world. ILR Rev. 2008;61(2):82.","journal-title":"ILR Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"11117_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20150912","volume":"108","author":"D Powell","year":"2018","unstructured":"Powell D, Seabury S. Medical care spending and labor market outcomes: evidence from workers\u2019 compensation reforms. Am Econ Rev. 2018;108(10):2995\u20133027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aer.20150912.","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev"},{"key":"11117_CR31","volume-title":"Sensemaking in organizations","author":"KE Weick","year":"1995","unstructured":"Weick KE. Sensemaking in organizations: Sage; 1995."},{"issue":"2","key":"11117_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1086\/250012","volume":"106","author":"KJ Crocker","year":"1998","unstructured":"Crocker KJ, Morgan J. Is honesty the best policy? Curtailing insurance fraud through optimal incentive contracts. J Polit Econ. 1998;106(2):355\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/250012.","journal-title":"J Polit Econ"},{"key":"11117_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thurlow A, Mills JH. Change, talk and sensemaking. J Organ Chang Manag. 2009;22(5):459\u201379.","DOI":"10.1108\/09534810910983442"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"11117_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-2527(99)00023-0","volume":"22","author":"M Quinlan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Quinlan M, Mayhew C. Precarious employment and workers\u2019 compensation. Int J Law Psychiatry. 1999;22(5\u20136):491\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0160-2527(99)00023-0.","journal-title":"Int J Law Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"11117_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-4367.2003.00074.x","volume":"70","author":"J Biddle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Biddle J, Roberts K. Claiming behavior in workers\u2019 compensation. J Risk Insur. 2003;70(4):759\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.0022-4367.2003.00074.x.","journal-title":"J Risk Insur"},{"issue":"5","key":"11117_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.93.5.1147","volume":"93","author":"TM Probst","year":"2008","unstructured":"Probst TM, Brubaker TL, Barsotti A. Organizational injury rate underreporting: the moderating effect of organizational safety climate. J Appl Psychol. 2008;93(5):1147\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.93.5.1147.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"11117_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.10142","volume":"42","author":"HS Shannon","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shannon HS, Lowe GS. How many injured workers do not file claims for workers\u2019 compensation benefits? Am J Ind Med. 2002;42(6):467\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajim.10142.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"11117_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2004.07.006","volume":"36","author":"P Hoonakker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hoonakker P, Loushine T, Carayon P, Kallman J, Kapp A, Smith MJ. The effect of safety initiatives on safety performance: a longitudinal study. Appl Ergon. 2005;36(4):461\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apergo.2004.07.006.","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"issue":"3","key":"11117_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1606\/1044-3894.3659","volume":"88","author":"A Haley-Lock","year":"2007","unstructured":"Haley-Lock A, Shah MF. Protecting vulnerable workers: how public policy and private employers shape the contemporary low-wage work experience. Fam Soc. 2007;88(3):485\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1606\/1044-3894.3659.","journal-title":"Fam Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"11117_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22174","volume":"57","author":"SL Baron","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baron SL, Beard S, Davis LK, Delp L, Forst L, Kidd-Taylor A, et al. Promoting integrated approaches to reducing health inequities among low-income workers: applying a social ecological framework. Am J Ind Med. 2014;57(5):539\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajim.22174.","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11117-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11117-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11117-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,13]],"date-time":"2021-06-13T20:03:03Z","timestamp":1623614583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11117-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,13]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11117-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1471-2458"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1133"}}