{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:43:42Z","timestamp":1793105022898,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Little is known on the co-occurrence and heterogeneity of child sexual abuse (CSA) or health risk behavior (HRB) prevalence nor the associations among the victims.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To detect the prevalence and subgroups of adolescents reporting CSAs or HRBs, and to examine the association between the subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Participants were secondary school students in a national survey in China (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098746). Self-reported CSA and HRB experiences were collected through a computer assisted questionnaire. Prevalence and confidence intervals were calculated. Multigroup latent class analysis (LCA) was used to examine latent subgroups of CSA and HRB. Dual latent class regression analysis was used to examine the association between CSA and HRB classes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 8746 students participated in our study. The prevalence of having ever experienced any of the reported seven CSA items was 12.9%. The preferred LCA model consisted of a three-class CSA latent variable, i.e. \u201cLow CSAs\u201d(95.7% of the total respondents), \u201cVerbal or exhibitionism CSAs\u201d(3.3%), and \u201chigh multiple CSAs\u201d (1.1%); and a three-class HRB latent variable, i.e. \u201cLow HRBs\u201d(70.5%), \u201cexternalizing HRBs\u201d (20.7%), and \u201cinternalizing HRBs\u201d (8.7%). Students in the \u201cVerbal or exhibitionism CSAs\u201d or \u201chigh multiple CSAs\u201d classes had higher probabilities of being in \u201cexternalizing HRBs\u201d or \u201cinternalizing HRBs\u201d classes. The probabilities were higher in \u201chigh multiple CSAs\u201d class(male externalizing OR 4.05, 95%CI 1.71\u20139.57; internalizing OR 11.77, 95%CI 4.76\u201329.13; female externalizing OR 4.97, 95%CI 1.99\u201312.44; internalizing OR 9.87, 95%CI 3.71\u201326.25) than those in \u201cVerbal or exhibitionism CSA\u201d(male externalizing OR 2.51, 95%CI 1.50\u20134.20; internalizing OR 3.08, 95%CI 1.48\u20136.40; female externalizing OR 2.53, 95%CI 1.63\u20133.95; internalizing OR 6.05, 95%CI 3.73\u20139.80).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Prevalence of CSA items varies. Non-contact CSAs are the most common forms of child sexual abuse among Chinese school students. There are different latent class co-occurrence patterns of CSA items or HRB items among the respondents. CSA experiences are in association with HRB experiences and the associations between latent classes are dose-responded. Multi-victimization has more significantly negative effects. The results could help identify high-risk subgroups and promote more nuanced interventions addressing adverse experiences and risk behaviors among at-risk adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11199-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T10:03:03Z","timestamp":1623664983000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Co-occurrence subgroups of child sexual abuse, health risk behaviors and their associations among secondary school students in China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiayun","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiguo","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shucheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaohua","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"11199_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Report of the consultation on child abuse prevention. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1999. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/65900."},{"issue":"8","key":"11199_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e356","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4","volume":"2","author":"K Hughes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hughes K, Bellis MA, Hardcastle KA, Sethi D, Butchart A, Mikton C, et al. The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2017;2(8):e356\u2013e66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"11199_CR3","volume-title":"Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating evidence","author":"Organization WH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Organization WH. Preventing child maltreatment: a guide to taking action and generating evidence. 2006."},{"issue":"2","key":"11199_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559511403920","volume":"16","author":"M Stoltenborgh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stoltenborgh M, van Ijzendoorn MH, Euser EM, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. A global perspective on child sexual abuse: meta-analysis of prevalence around the world. Child Maltreat. 2011;16(2):79\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077559511403920.","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"issue":"3","key":"11199_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-012-0426-1","volume":"58","author":"J Barth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barth J, Bermetz L, Heim E, Trelle S, Tonia T. The current prevalence of child sexual abuse worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Public Health. 2013;58(3):469\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00038-012-0426-1.","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"11199_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.02.007","volume":"29","author":"N Pereda","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pereda N, Guilera G, Forns M, Gomez-Benito J. The prevalence of child sexual abuse in community and student samples: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29(4):328\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.02.007.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"11199_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186","volume":"67","author":"JG Green","year":"2010","unstructured":"Green JG, McLaughlin KA, Berglund PA, Gruber MJ, Sampson NA, Zaslavsky AM, et al. Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication I: associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(2):113\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"11199_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5596-3","volume-title":"The web of violence: Exploring connections among different forms of interpersonal violence and abuse","author":"S Hamby","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hamby S, Grych J. The web of violence: Exploring connections among different forms of interpersonal violence and abuse; 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-007-5596-3."},{"issue":"1","key":"11199_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.1.49","volume":"64","author":"CS Widom","year":"2007","unstructured":"Widom CS, DuMont K, Czaja SJ. A prospective investigation of major depressive disorder and comorbidity in abused and neglected children grown up. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(1):49\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.64.1.49.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"11199_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-010-0311-2","volume":"47","author":"GA Al-Fayez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Fayez GA, Ohaeri JU, Gado OM. Prevalence of physical, psychological, and sexual abuse among a nationwide sample of Arab high school students: association with family characteristics, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and quality of life. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2012;47(1):53\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-010-0311-2.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"11199_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260511430385","volume":"27","author":"IM Steine","year":"2011","unstructured":"Steine IM, Krystal JH, Nordhus IH, Bjorvatn B, Harvey AG, Eid J, et al. Insomnia, nightmare frequency, and nightmare distress in victims of sexual abuse. J Interpers Viol. 2011;27(9):1827\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260511430385.","journal-title":"J Interpers Viol"},{"issue":"2","key":"11199_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1108\/20093821211264414","volume":"2","author":"D Boduszek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Boduszek D, Hyland P, Bourke A. An investigation of the role of personality, familial, and peer-related characteristics in homicidal offending using retrospective data. J Crim Psychol. 2012;2(2):96\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/20093821211264414.","journal-title":"J Crim Psychol"},{"issue":"14","key":"11199_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515576967","volume":"31","author":"K Dhingra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dhingra K, Boduszek D, Sharratt K. Victimization profiles, non-suicidal self-injury, suicide attempt, and post-traumatic stress disorder symptomology: application of latent class analysis. J Interpers Viol. 2016;31(14):2412\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260515576967.","journal-title":"J Interpers Viol"},{"issue":"1","key":"11199_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1300\/J070v01n01_06","volume":"1","author":"PK Lundberg-Love","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lundberg-Love PK, Marmion S, Ford K, Geffner R, Peacock L. The long-term consequences of childhood incestuous victimization upon adult Women's psychological symptomatology. J Child Sex Abuse. 2008;1(1):81\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J070v01n01_06.","journal-title":"J Child Sex Abuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"11199_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13634","volume":"112","author":"R Mills","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mills R, Kisely S, Alati R, Strathearn L, Najman JM. Child maltreatment and cannabis use in young adulthood: a birth cohort study. Addiction. 2017;112(3):494\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.13634.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"11","key":"11199_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.1792","volume":"72","author":"DD Vachon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vachon DD, Krueger RF, Rogosch FA, Cicchetti D. Assessment of the harmful psychiatric and behavioral effects of different forms of child maltreatment. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(11):1135\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.1792.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"11199_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2012.12.018","volume":"56","author":"KL Chan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chan KL. Victimization and poly-victimization among school-aged Chinese adolescents: prevalence and associations with health. Prev Med. 2013;56(3\u20134):207\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2012.12.018.","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"11199_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.171660","volume":"95","author":"T Hesketh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hesketh T, Zhen Y, Lu L, Dong ZX, Jun YX, Xing ZW. Stress and psychosomatic symptoms in Chinese school children: cross-sectional survey. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95(2):136\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.2009.171660.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"1","key":"11199_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.09.015","volume":"39","author":"EJ Ozer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ozer EJ, McDonald KL. Exposure to violence and mental health among Chinese American urban adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2006;39(1):73\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.09.015.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"11199_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-014-9613-6","volume":"29","author":"CP McLean","year":"2014","unstructured":"McLean CP, Morris SH, Conklin P, Jayawickreme N, Foa EB. Trauma characteristics and posttraumatic stress disorder among adolescent survivors of childhood sexual abuse. J Fam Violence. 2014;29(5):559\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-014-9613-6.","journal-title":"J Fam Violence"},{"issue":"5","key":"11199_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2010.01.004","volume":"34","author":"EE Moore","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moore EE, Romaniuk H, Olsson CA, Jayasinghe Y, Carlin JB, Patton GC. The prevalence of childhood sexual abuse and adolescent unwanted sexual contact among boys and girls living in Victoria, Australia. Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34(5):379\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2010.01.004.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"6","key":"11199_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/s1359-1789(00)00030-6","volume":"6","author":"DJ Higgins","year":"2001","unstructured":"Higgins DJ, McCabe MP. Multiple forms of child abuse and neglect: adult retrospective reports. Aggress Violent Behav. 2001;6(6):547\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1359-1789(00)00030-6.","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"11199_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.06.008","volume":"31","author":"D Finkelhor","year":"2007","unstructured":"Finkelhor D, Ormrod RK, Turner HA. Poly-victimization: a neglected component in child victimization. Child Abuse Negl. 2007;31(1):7\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.06.008.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"1","key":"11199_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980109603677","volume":"135","author":"EO Paolucci","year":"2001","unstructured":"Paolucci EO, Genuis ML, Violato C. A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of child sexual abuse. J Psychol. 2001;135(1):17\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223980109603677.","journal-title":"J Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"11199_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579411000174","volume":"23","author":"PK Trickett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Trickett PK. Noll, J. G., and Putnam, F. W. the impact of sexual abuse on female development: lessons from a multigenerational, longitudinal research study. Dev Psychopathol. 2011;23(2):453\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579411000174.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"11199_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2009.11.212","volume":"46","author":"JD Ford","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ford JD, Elhai JD, Connor DF, Frueh BC. Poly-victimization and risk of posttraumatic, depressive, and substance use disorders and involvement in delinquency in a national sample of adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2010;46(6):545\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2009.11.212.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"11199_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.01.005","volume":"37","author":"JD Ford","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ford JD, Grasso DJ, Hawke J, Chapman JF. Poly-victimization among juvenile justice-involved youths. Child Abuse Negl. 2013;37(10):788\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.01.005.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"1","key":"11199_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1177\/0081175012470644","volume":"43","author":"Z Bakk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bakk Z, Tekle FB, Vermunt JK. Estimating the association between latent class membership and external variables using Bias-adjusted three-step approaches. Sociol Methodol. 2013;43(1):272\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0081175012470644.","journal-title":"Sociol Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"11199_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559504271287","volume":"10","author":"D Finkelhor","year":"2005","unstructured":"Finkelhor D, Ormrod R, Turner H, Hamby SL. The victimization of children and youth: a comprehensive, national survey. Child Maltreat. 2005;10(1):5\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077559504271287.","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"key":"11199_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(99)00010-5","volume":"5","author":"JL Davis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Davis JL, Petretic-Jackson PA. The impact of child sexual abuse on adult interpersonal functioning: A review and synthesis of the empirical literature. Aggression Viol Behav. 2000;5:291\u2013328.","journal-title":"Aggression Viol Behav"},{"key":"11199_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.11.021","volume":"135","author":"N Jackson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jackson N, Denny S, Sheridan J, Fleming T, Clark T, Teevale T, et al. Predictors of drinking patterns in adolescence: a latent class analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;135:133\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.11.021.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"3","key":"11199_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.11.013","volume":"83","author":"BA Reboussin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reboussin BA, Song EY, Shrestha A, Lohman KK, Wolfson M. A latent class analysis of underage problem drinking: evidence from a community sample of 16-20 year olds. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006;83(3):199\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.11.013.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"11","key":"11199_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(99)00075-7","volume":"23","author":"JTF Lau","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lau JTF, Liu JLY, Yu A, Wong CK. Conceptualization, reporting and underreporting of child abuse in Hong Kong. Child Abuse Neglect. 1999;23(11):1159\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0145-2134(99)00075-7 Elsevier Ltd.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Neglect"},{"issue":"4","key":"11199_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-008-0052-4","volume":"4","author":"YP Sun","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sun YP, Zhang B, Dong ZJ, Yi MJ, Sun DF, Shi SS. Psychiatric state of college students with a history of childhood sexual abuse. World J Pediatr. 2008;4(4):289\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12519-008-0052-4.","journal-title":"World J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"11199_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2954","volume":"124","author":"ML Wong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wong ML, Chan RK, Koh D, Tan HH, Lim FS, Emmanuel S, et al. Premarital sexual intercourse among adolescents in an Asian country: multilevel ecological factors. Pediatrics. 2009;124(1):e44\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2008-2954.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"11199_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.2.3.365","volume":"2","author":"KL Chan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chan KL. Correlates of childhood sexual abuse and intimate partner sexual victimization. Partn Abus. 2011;2(3):365\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/1946-6560.2.3.365.","journal-title":"Partn Abus"},{"issue":"2","key":"11199_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559504264264","volume":"9","author":"PA Hulme","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hulme PA. Retrospective measurement of childhood sexual abuse: a review of instruments. Child Maltreat. 2004;9(2):201\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077559504264264.","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"issue":"11","key":"11199_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.07.003","volume":"28","author":"J Chen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chen J, Dunne MP, Han P. Child sexual abuse in China: a study of adolescents in four provinces. Child Abuse Negl. 2004;28(11):1171\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.07.003.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"9","key":"11199_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.03.008","volume":"37","author":"K Ji","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ji K, Finkelhor D, Dunne M. Child sexual abuse in China: a meta-analysis of 27 studies. Child Abuse Negl. 2013;37(9):613\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.03.008.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"11199_CR40","volume-title":"Mplus User\u2019s Guide","author":"LK Muth\u00e9n","year":"1998","unstructured":"Muth\u00e9n LK, Muth\u00e9n BO. Mplus User\u2019s Guide. 8th ed. Los Angeles: Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n; 1998-2017.","edition":"8"},{"issue":"5","key":"11199_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1159\/000446810","volume":"85","author":"MA Landolt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Landolt MA, Schnyder U, Maier T, Mohler-Kuo M. The harm of contact and non-contact sexual abuse: health-related quality of life and mental health in a population sample of Swiss adolescents. Psychother Psychosom. 2016;85(5):320\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000446810.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"issue":"5","key":"11199_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/car.674","volume":"10","author":"DM Fergusson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fergusson DM. & Mullen, P. E. childhood sexual abuse: an evidence based perspective. Child Abuse Rev. 1999;10(5):367\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/car.674.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"11199_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2007.10.005","volume":"32","author":"Y Luo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Luo Y, Parish WL, Laumann EO. A population-based study of childhood sexual contact in China: prevalence and long-term consequences. Child Abuse Negl. 2008;32(7):721\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2007.10.005.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"1","key":"11199_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/17449200701875840","volume":"4","author":"G Huang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Huang G, Zhang Y, Momartin S, Huang X, Zhao L. Child sexual abuse, coping strategies and lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder among female inmates. Int J Prison Health. 2008;4(1):54\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17449200701875840.","journal-title":"Int J Prison Health"},{"key":"11199_CR45","first-page":"108","volume":"23","author":"JQ Chen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chen JQ, Dunne MP, Wang XW. Prevalence of childhood sexual abuse among female students in a senior high school. Chin J School Health. 2002;23:108\u201310.","journal-title":"Chin J School Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"11199_CR46","first-page":"345","volume":"17","author":"JQ Chen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chen JQ, Dunne MP, Wang XW. Childhood sexual abuse: an investigation among 239 male high school students. Chin Ment Health J. 2003;17(5):345\u20137.","journal-title":"Chin Ment Health J"},{"key":"11199_CR47","first-page":"536","volume":"29","author":"CQ Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li CQ. Analyzing the family factor on the childhood sexual abuse among college student. Chin J School Health. 2008;29:536\u20137.","journal-title":"Chin J School Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"11199_CR48","first-page":"21","volume":"44","author":"YP Sun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sun YP, Dong ZJ, Yi MJ, Sun DF. Childhood sexual abuses among 1307 adult students and analysis on results of symptom Checklist-90 test. Zhonghua er ke za zhi Chin J Pediatr. 2006;44(1):21\u20135.","journal-title":"Zhonghua er ke za zhi Chin J Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"11199_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2011.05.006","volume":"35","author":"D Lin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin D, Li X, Fan X, Fang X. Child sexual abuse and its relationship with health risk behaviors among rural children and adolescents in Hunan, China. Child Abuse Neglect. 2011;35(9):680\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2011.05.006.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Neglect"},{"issue":"8","key":"11199_CR50","first-page":"3","volume":"15","author":"JQ Chen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chen JQ, Ma Y, Cheng Y, Chen B, Liang Y. A survey on the occurrence and influencing factors of childhood sexual abuse among adolescent students. Chin J Hum Sex. 2006;15(8):3\u20137.","journal-title":"Chin J Hum Sex"},{"key":"11199_CR51","volume-title":"Sexual abuse: definitions, perpetrators, victims and effects","author":"K Munro","year":"2000","unstructured":"Munro K. Sexual abuse: definitions, perpetrators, victims and effects; 2000."},{"issue":"3","key":"11199_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000268","volume":"10","author":"M Shevlin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shevlin M, Murphy S, Elklit A, Murphy J, Hyland P. Typologies of child sexual abuse: an analysis of multiple abuse acts among a large sample of Danish treatment-seeking survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Psychol Trauma. 2018;10(3):263\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0000268.","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"11199_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513506052","volume":"29","author":"BH French","year":"2014","unstructured":"French BH, Bi Y, Latimore TG, Klemp HR, Butler EE. Sexual victimization using latent class analysis: exploring patterns and psycho-behavioral correlates. J Interpers Viol. 2014;29(6):1111\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260513506052.","journal-title":"J Interpers Viol"},{"issue":"1","key":"11199_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024746316245","volume":"12","author":"C Zlotnick","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zlotnick C, Warshaw M, Shea MT, Allsworth J, Pearlstein T, Keller MB. Chronicity in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and predictors of course of comorbid PTSD in patients with anxiety disorders. J Trauma Stress. 1999;12(1):89\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1024746316245.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"1","key":"11199_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20303","volume":"21","author":"MW Miller","year":"2008","unstructured":"Miller MW, Fogler JM, Wolf EJ, Kaloupek DG, Keane TM. The internalizing and externalizing structure of psychiatric comorbidity in combat veterans. J Trauma Stress. 2008;21(1):58\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jts.20303.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"1","key":"11199_CR56","first-page":"39","volume":"42","author":"JQ Chen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chen JQ, Han P, Dunne MP. Child sexual abuse: a study among 892 female students of a medical school. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2004;42(1):39\u201343.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"issue":"6","key":"11199_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539515573075","volume":"27","author":"Q Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu Q, Gao E, Cheng Y, Chuang YL, Zabin LS, Emerson MR, et al. Child sexual abuse and its relationship with health risk behaviors among adolescents and young adults in Taipei. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015;27(6):643\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1010539515573075.","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"11199_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/s0145-2134(03)00143-1","volume":"27","author":"HY Swanston","year":"2003","unstructured":"Swanston HY, Plunkett AM, O\u2019Toole BI, Shrimpton S, Parkinson PN, Oates RK. Nine years after child sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 2003;27(8):967\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0145-2134(03)00143-1.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"5","key":"11199_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2005.01.015","volume":"28","author":"SR Dube","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dube SR, Anda RF, Whitfield CL, Brown DW, Felitti VJ, Dong M, et al. Long-term consequences of childhood sexual abuse by gender of victim. Am J Prev Med. 2005;28(5):430\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2005.01.015.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"11199_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2018.1563263","volume":"28","author":"J Lyons","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lyons J, Romano E. Childhood sexual abuse profiles and psychological functioning in adult males. J Child Sex Abuse. 2019;28(5):544\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10538712.2018.1563263.","journal-title":"J Child Sex Abuse"},{"key":"11199_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.10.095","volume":"244","author":"CM Rapsey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rapsey CM, Scott KM, Patterson T. Childhood sexual abuse, poly-victimization and internalizing disorders across adulthood and older age: findings from a 25-year longitudinal study. J Affect Disord. 2019;244:171\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2018.10.095.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"11199_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1365","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12m07946","volume":"73","author":"KL Chou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chou KL. Childhood sexual abuse and psychiatric disorders in middle-aged and older adults: evidence from the 2007 adult psychiatric morbidity survey. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(11):e1365\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.12m07946.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"11199_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01537.x","volume":"56","author":"B Draper","year":"2008","unstructured":"Draper B, Pfaff JJ, Pirkis J, Snowdon J, Lautenschlager NT, Wilson I, et al. Long-term effects of childhood abuse on the quality of life and health of older people: results from the depression and early prevention of suicide in general practice project. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(2):262\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01537.x.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"11199_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2014.08.014","volume":"23","author":"MA Ege","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ege MA, Messias E, Thapa PB, Krain LP. Adverse childhood experiences and geriatric depression: results from the 2010 BRFSS. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015;23(1):110\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jagp.2014.08.014.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"11199_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2013.04.009","volume":"22","author":"SM Raposo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Raposo SM, Mackenzie CS, Henriksen CA, Afifi TO. Time does not heal all wounds: older adults who experienced childhood adversities have higher odds of mood, anxiety, and personality disorders. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;22(11):1241\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jagp.2013.04.009.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"11199_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.008","volume":"65","author":"IM Steine","year":"2017","unstructured":"Steine IM, Winje D, Krystal JH, Bjorvatn B, Milde AM, Gronli J, et al. Cumulative childhood maltreatment and its dose-response relation with adult symptomatology: findings in a sample of adult survivors of sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 2017;65:99\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.008.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"10","key":"11199_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2003.09.008","volume":"27","author":"J Briere","year":"2003","unstructured":"Briere J, Elliott DM. Prevalence and psychological sequelae of self-reported childhood physical and sexual abuse in a general population sample of men and women. Child Abuse Negl. 2003;27(10):1205\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2003.09.008.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"4","key":"11199_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03475.x","volume":"192","author":"MC Cutajar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cutajar MC, Mullen PE, Ogloff JRP, Thomas SD, Wells DL, Spataro J. Suicide and fatal drug overdose in child sexual abuse victims: a historical cohort study. Med J Aust. 2010;192(4):184\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03475.x.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"5","key":"11199_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-009-9490-0","volume":"39","author":"HC Hahm","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hahm HC, Lee Y, Ozonoff A, Van Wert MJ. The impact of multiple types of child maltreatment on subsequent risk behaviors among women during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. J Youth Adolesc. 2010;39(5):528\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-009-9490-0.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"issue":"1","key":"11199_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-133","volume":"9","author":"DG Bassani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bassani DG, Palazzo LS, Beria JU, Gigante LP, Figueiredo ACL, Aerts DRGC, et al. Child sexual abuse in southern Brazil and associated factors: a population-based study. BMC Public Health. 2009;9(1):133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-9-133.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"11199_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.2471\/blt.07.047423","volume":"87","author":"D Brown","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brown D. Exposure to physical and sexual violence and adverse health behaviours in African children: results from the global school-based student health survey. Bull World Health Organ. 2009;87(6):447\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/blt.07.047423.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"6","key":"11199_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2009.10.006","volume":"34","author":"AK Maikovich-Fong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maikovich-Fong AK, Jaffee SR. Sex differences in childhood sexual abuse characteristics and victims' emotional and behavioral problems: findings from a national sample of youth. Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34(6):429\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2009.10.006.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"3","key":"11199_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.2011.00025.x","volume":"41","author":"AE Rhodes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rhodes AE, Boyle MH, Tonmyr L, Wekerle C, Goodman D, Leslie B, et al. Sex differences in childhood sexual abuse and suicide-related behaviors. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2011;41(3):235\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1943-278X.2011.00025.x.","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"11199_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-005-0005-5","volume":"14","author":"KR Hurrelmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hurrelmann KR, M. Risk behaviour in adolescence: the relationship between developmental and health problems. J Public Health. 2006;14(1):20\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10389-005-0005-5.","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"11199_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1300\/J135v04n02_04","volume":"4","author":"Y Morimoto","year":"2004","unstructured":"Morimoto Y, Sharma A. Long-term outcomes of verbal aggression. J Emot Abus. 2004;4(2):71\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J135v04n02_04.","journal-title":"J Emot Abus"},{"issue":"3","key":"11199_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427897034003001","volume":"34","author":"L Broidy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Broidy L, Agnew R. Gender and crime: a general strain theory perspective. J Res Crime Delinq. 2016;34(3):275\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022427897034003001.","journal-title":"J Res Crime Delinq"},{"issue":"3","key":"11199_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2009.10.022","volume":"32","author":"K Bender","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bender K. Why do some maltreated youth become juvenile offenders? Child Youth Serv Rev. 2010;32(3):466\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2009.10.022.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"11199_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2010.05.001","volume":"34","author":"C Coohey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Coohey C. Gender differences in internalizing problems among sexually abused early adolescents. Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34(11):856\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2010.05.001.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"1","key":"11199_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.935265","volume":"22","author":"BC Bray","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bray BC, Lanza ST, Tan X. Eliminating Bias in classify-analyze approaches for latent class analysis. Struct Equ Modeling. 2015;22(1):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10705511.2014.935265.","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11199-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11199-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11199-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T10:04:07Z","timestamp":1623665047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11199-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11199-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board of Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research(reference number: 2012\u201301). All survey participants and their parents read and agreed to a written informed consent document prior to completing the survey and are given the right to skip any part of the survey or question. All methods were carried out in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki 1964.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1139"}}