{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T20:07:12Z","timestamp":1789502832421,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626048000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004748","name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["990253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["990253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged initially in China in December 2019 causing the COVID-19 disease, which quickly spread worldwide. Iran was one of the first countries outside China to be affected in a major way and is now under the spell of a fourth wave. This study aims to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 cases in north-eastern Iran through mapping the spatiotemporal trend of the disease.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The study comprises data of 4000 patients diagnosed by laboratory assays or clinical investigation from the beginning of the disease on Feb 14, 2020, until May 11, 2020. Epidemiological features and spatiotemporal trends of the disease in the study area were explored by classical statistical approaches and Geographic Information Systems.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Most common symptoms were dyspnoea (69.4%), cough (59.4%), fever (54.4%) and weakness (19.5%). Approximately 82% of those who did not survive suffered from dyspnoea. The highest Case Fatality Rate (CFR) was related to those with cardiovascular disease (27.9%) and\/or diabetes (18.1%). Old age (\u226560\u2009years) was associated with an almost five-fold increased CFR. Odds Ratio (OR) showed malignancy (3.8), nervous diseases (2.2), and respiratory diseases (2.2) to be significantly associated with increased CFR with developments, such as hospitalization at the ICU (2.9) and LOS (1.1) also having high correlations. Furthermore, spatial analyses revealed a geographical pattern in terms of both incidence and mortality rates, with COVID-19 first being observed in suburban areas from where the disease swiftly spread into downtown reaching a peak between 25 February to 06 March (4 incidences per km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>). Mortality peaked 3 weeks later after which the infection gradually decreased. Out of patients investigated by the spatiotemporal approach (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009727), 205 (28.2%) did not survive and 66.8% of them were men.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Older adults and people with severe co-morbidities were at higher risk for developing serious complications due to COVID-19. Applying spatiotemporal methods to identify the transmission trends and high-risk areas can rapidly be documented, thereby assisting policymakers in designing and implementing tailored interventions to control and prevent not only COVID-19 but also other rapidly spreading epidemics\/pandemics.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11326-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T02:02:26Z","timestamp":1626055346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Epidemiological characteristics and initial spatiotemporal visualisation of COVID-19 in a major city in the Middle East"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1494-1544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahab","family":"MohammadEbrahimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3327-0942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0190-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Bergquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8342-6618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Dolatkhah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5013-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahsa","family":"Olia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4884-8524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayoub","family":"Tavakolian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7217-2598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elahe","family":"Pishgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8816-328X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behzad","family":"Kiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"11326_CR1","first-page":"187","volume":"15","author":"R Bergquist","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bergquist R, Kiani B, Manda S. First year with covid-19: assessment and prospects. Geospat Health. 2020;15:187\u201390.","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"11326_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2020.32","volume":"32","author":"KH Shuja","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shuja KH, Aqeel M, Jaffar A, Ahmed A. COVID-19 pandemic and impending global mental health implications. Psychiatr Danub. 2020;32(1):32\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24869\/psyd.2020.32.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"issue":"8","key":"11326_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","volume":"382","author":"N Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"11326_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004772","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-004772","volume":"6","author":"Z Su","year":"2021","unstructured":"Su Z, McDonnell D, Cheshmehzangi A, Abbas J, Li X, Cai Y. The promise and perils of unit 731 data to advance COVID-19 research. BMJ Glob Health. 2021;6(5):e004772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-004772.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"11326_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2012270","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.12270","volume":"3","author":"G Suleyman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suleyman G, Fadel RA, Malette KM, Hammond C, Abdulla H, Entz A, et al. Clinical characteristics and morbidity associated with coronavirus disease 2019 in a series of patients in metropolitan Detroit. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(6):e2012270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.12270.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"10229","key":"11326_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","volume":"395","author":"F Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"11326_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01411-2","volume":"21","author":"K Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li K, Chen D, Chen S, Feng Y, Chang C, Wang Z, et al. Predictors of fatality including radiographic findings in adults with COVID-19. Respir Res. 2020;21(1):146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12931-020-01411-2.","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"11326_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1985","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1985","volume":"369","author":"AB Docherty","year":"2020","unstructured":"Docherty AB, Harrison EM, Green CA, Hardwick HE, Pius R, Norman L, et al. Features of 20\u2009133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO clinical characterisation protocol: prospective observational cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369:m1985.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"11326_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104378","volume":"127","author":"M Nikpouraghdam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nikpouraghdam M, Jalali Farahani A, Alishiri G, Heydari S, Ebrahimnia M, Samadinia H, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in IRAN: A single center study. J Clin Virol. 2020;127:104378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104378.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"11326_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05128-x","volume":"20","author":"R Shahriarirad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shahriarirad R, Khodamoradi Z, Erfani A, Hosseinpour H, Ranjbar K, Emami Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical features of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in the south of Iran. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-020-05128-x.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10223","key":"11326_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","volume":"395","author":"N Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"11326_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0994","volume":"180","author":"C Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Internal Med. 2020;180:934\u201343.","journal-title":"JAMA Internal Med"},{"key":"11326_CR13","unstructured":"COVID Live Update: 175,341,392 Cases and 3,780,433 Deaths from the Coronavirus - Worldometer. https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/coronavirus\/. Accessed 10 June 2021."},{"key":"11326_CR14","unstructured":"Artz M. GIS and pandemic influenza planning and response. GIS Sci. 2009; https:\/\/gisandscience.com\/2009\/11\/16\/gis-and-pandemic-influenza-planning-and-response\/. Accessed 31 July 2020."},{"issue":"3","key":"11326_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.2960","volume":"35","author":"S Hashtarkhani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hashtarkhani S, Kiani B, Bergquist R, Bagheri N, VafaeiNejad R, Tara M. An age-integrated approach to improve measurement of potential spatial accessibility to emergency medical services for urban areas. Int J Health Plann Manag. 2020;35(3):788\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hpm.2960.","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"11326_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11157-1","volume":"21","author":"B Kiani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kiani B, Raouf Rahmati A, Bergquist R, Hashtarkhani S, Firouraghi N, Bagheri N, et al. Spatio-temporal epidemiology of the tuberculosis incidence rate in Iran 2008 to 2018. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11157-1.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"11326_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06892-0","volume":"119","author":"AR Rahmati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rahmati AR, Kiani B, Afshari A, Moghaddas E, Williams M, Shamsi S. World-wide prevalence of Anisakis larvae in fish and its relationship to human allergic anisakiasis: a systematic review. Parasitol Res. 2020;119(11):3585\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-020-06892-0.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"11326_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01876-4","volume":"19","author":"Local Burden of Disease HIV Collaborators","year":"2021","unstructured":"Local Burden of Disease HIV Collaborators. Mapping subnational HIV mortality in six Latin American countries with incomplete vital registration systems. BMC Med. 2021;19:4.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"11326_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140033","volume":"739","author":"I Franch-Pardo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Franch-Pardo I, Napoletano BM, Rosete-Verges F, Billa L. Spatial analysis and GIS in the study of COVID-19. A review. Sci Total Environ. 2020;739:140033.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"6","key":"11326_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.06.010","volume":"51","author":"SH Mousavi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mousavi SH, Zahid SU, Wardak K, Azimi KA, Hosseini SMR, Wafaee M, et al. Mapping the changes on incidence, case fatality rates and recovery proportion of COVID-19 in Afghanistan using geographical information systems. J Clean Prod. 2020;51(6):600\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.06.010.","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"15","key":"11326_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa423","volume":"71","author":"WL Tang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tang WL. The changing patterns of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Tempogeographic analysis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 epidemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):818\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa423.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"11326_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2606.200251","volume":"26","author":"J Fan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fan J, Liu X, Pan W, Douglas MW, Bao S. Epidemiology of coronavirus disease in Gansu Province, China, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(6):1257\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2606.200251.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"11326_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xiong Y, Wang Y, Chen F, Zhu M. Spatial statistics and influencing factors of the COVID-19 epidemic at both prefecture and county levels in Hubei Province, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17113903.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113903"},{"issue":"1","key":"11326_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21523\/gcj5.20040101","volume":"4","author":"B Murugesan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murugesan B, Karuppannan S, Mengistie AT, Ranganathan M, Gopalakrishnan G. Distribution and trend analysis of COVID-19 in India: geospatial approach. J Geographic Stud. 2020;4(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21523\/gcj5.20040101.","journal-title":"J Geographic Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"11326_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa140","volume":"43","author":"J-M Arauzo-Carod","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arauzo-Carod J-M. A first insight about spatial dimension of COVID-19: analysis at municipality level. J Public Health. 2020;43(1):98\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdaa140.","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"11326_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101630","volume":"34","author":"Z Arab-Mazar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arab-Mazar Z, Sah R, Rabaan AA, Dhama K, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Mapping the incidence of the COVID-19 hotspot in Iran \u2013 implications for Travellers. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;34:101630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101630.","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"11326_CR27","volume-title":"Iran Population","author":"Worldometer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Worldometer. Iran Population (2020) - https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/iran-population\/. Accessed 13 Sept 2020."},{"key":"11326_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v7n7p106","volume":"7","author":"MM Bazzaz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bazzaz MM, Zarifian A, Emadzadeh M, Vakili V. Driving behaviors in Iran: a descriptive study among drivers of Mashhad City in 2014. Global J Health Sci. 2015;7:39.","journal-title":"Global J Health Sci"},{"key":"11326_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101617","volume":"34","author":"SH Ebrahim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ebrahim SH, Memish ZA. COVID-19\u2013the role of mass gatherings. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;34:101617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101617.","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"11326_CR30","volume-title":"Official report of statistical survey of population in Mashhad city archived by the Statistical Center of Iran","author":"SCI","year":"2016","unstructured":"SCI. Official report of statistical survey of population in Mashhad city archived by the Statistical Center of Iran. 2016."},{"key":"11326_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06298-2","volume":"30","author":"Y Pan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pan Y, Guan H, Zhou S, Wang Y, Li Q, Zhu T, et al. Initial CT findings and temporal changes in patients with the novel coronavirus pneumonia (2019-nCoV): a study of 63 patients in Wuhan, China. Eur Radiol. 2020;30:1\u20134.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"11326_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/24709360.2017.1396742","volume":"1","author":"Y-C Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen Y-C. A tutorial on kernel density estimation and recent advances. Biostat Epidemiol. 2017;1(1):161\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/24709360.2017.1396742.","journal-title":"Biostat Epidemiol"},{"key":"11326_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moons E, Brijs T, Wets G. Hot spot analysis: Improving a local indicator of spatial association for application in traffic safety. Springer; 2008:221\u2013231.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-69839-5_17.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69839-5_17"},{"issue":"1","key":"11326_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08911-2","volume":"20","author":"H Shabanikiya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shabanikiya H, Hashtarkhani S, Bergquist R, Bagheri N, VafaeiNejad R, Amiri-Gholanlou M, et al. Multiple-scale spatial analysis of paediatric, pedestrian road traffic injuries in a major city in north-eastern Iran 2015\u20132019. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-08911-2.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"11326_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x","volume":"27","author":"JK Ord","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ord JK, Getis A. Local spatial autocorrelation statistics: distributional issues and an application. Geogr Anal. 1995;27:286\u2013306.","journal-title":"Geogr Anal"},{"key":"11326_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03647-7_5","volume-title":"Handbook of applied spatial analysis","author":"L Anselin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anselin L, Syabri I, Kho Y. GeoDa: an introduction to spatial data analysis. In: Handbook of applied spatial analysis: Springer; 2010. p. 73\u201389."},{"key":"11326_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiani B, Rahmati A, Bergquist R, Moghaddas E. Comparing spatio\u2010temporal distribution of the most common human parasitic infections in Iran over two periods 2007 to 2012 and 2013 to 2018: A systematic quantitative literature review. Int J Health Plan Manag. 35(5):1023\u201340.","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3010"},{"issue":"20","key":"11326_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775","volume":"323","author":"S Richardson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, Crawford JM, McGinn T, Davidson KW, et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the new York City area. JAMA. 2020;323(20):2052\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.6775.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"11326_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jin J-M, Bai P, He W, Wu F, Liu X-F, Han D-M, et al. Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: focus on severity and mortality. Front Public Health. 2020;8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00152.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00152"},{"key":"11326_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"NeJhaddadgar N, Ziapour A, Zakkipour G, Abbas J, Abolfathi M, Shabani M. Effectiveness of telephone-based screening and triage during COVID-19 outbreak in the promoted primary healthcare system: a case study in Ardabil province, Iran. J Public Health. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10389-020-01407-8.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-020-01407-8"},{"key":"11326_CR41","first-page":"002076402093998","volume":"2","author":"J Yoosefi Lebni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoosefi Lebni J, Abbas J, Moradi F, Salahshoor MR, Chaboksavar F, Irandoost SF, et al. How the COVID-19 pandemic effected economic, social, political, and cultural factors: A lesson from Iran. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2020;2:0020764020939984.","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"16","key":"11326_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5394","volume":"323","author":"G Grasselli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, Antonelli M, Cabrini L, Castelli A, et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy region, Italy. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1574\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.5394.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"11326_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.070","volume":"95","author":"R Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang R, Pan M, Zhang X, Han M, Fan X, Zhao F, et al. Epidemiological and clinical features of 125 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Fuyang, Anhui, China. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;95:421\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.070.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"11326_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2020.472","volume":"32","author":"J Abbas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abbas J. The impact of coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) epidemic on individuals mental health: the protective measures of Pakistan in managing and sustaining transmissible disease. Psychiatr Danub. 2020;32(3-4):472\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24869\/psyd.2020.472.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"key":"11326_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emami A, Javanmardi F, Pirbonyeh N, Akbari A. Prevalence of underlying diseases in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2020;8 https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7096724\/. Accessed 29 Sep 2020.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241265"},{"issue":"10","key":"11326_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e737","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30251-9","volume":"7","author":"F Passamonti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Passamonti F, Cattaneo C, Arcaini L, Bruna R, Cavo M, Merli F, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 severity in patients with haematological malignancies in Italy: a retrospective, multicentre, cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2020;7(10):e737\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30251-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"issue":"3","key":"11326_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2478\/rjim-2020-0013","volume":"58","author":"M Javanian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Javanian M, Bayani M, Shokri M, Sadeghi-Haddad-Zavareh M, Babazadeh A, Yeganeh B, et al. Clinical and laboratory findings from patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Babol north of Iran: a retrospective cohort study. Roman J Internal Med. 2020;58(3):161\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/rjim-2020-0013.","journal-title":"Roman J Internal Med"},{"key":"11326_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1443-1","volume":"18","author":"Y Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma Y, Hou L, Yang X, Huang Z, Yang X, Zhao N, et al. The association between frailty and severe disease among COVID-19 patients aged over 60 years in China: a prospective cohort study. BMC Med. 2020;18:1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"11326_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2020.07.020","volume":"57","author":"SM Samrah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Samrah SM, Al-Mistarehi A-H W, Ibnian AM, Raffee LA, Momany SM, Al-Ali M, et al. COVID-19 outbreak in Jordan: epidemiological features, clinical characteristics, and laboratory findings. Ann Med Surg. 2020;57:103\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amsu.2020.07.020.","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"11326_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1111\/jocs.14808","volume":"35","author":"AMA Shafi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shafi AMA, Shaikh SA, Shirke MM, Iddawela S, Harky A. Cardiac manifestations in COVID-19 patients\u2014A systematic review. J Card Surg. 2020;35(8):1988\u20132008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocs.14808.","journal-title":"J Card Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"11326_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s43044-020-00075-z","volume":"72","author":"S Momtazmanesh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Momtazmanesh S, Shobeiri P, Hanaei S, Mahmoud-Elsayed H, Dalvi B, Malakan RE. Cardiovascular disease in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 10,898 patients and proposal of a triage risk stratification tool. Egypt Heart J. 2020;72(1):41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43044-020-00075-z.","journal-title":"Egypt Heart J"},{"key":"11326_CR52","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"S Bakhshayeh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bakhshayeh S, Hoseini B, Bergquist R, Nabovati E, Gholoobi A, Mohammad-Ebrahimi S, et al. Cost-utility analysis of home-based cardiac rehabilitation as compared to usual post-discharge care: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Exp Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2020;3:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Exp Rev Cardiovasc Ther"},{"key":"11326_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-313189","volume":"105","author":"R Maddison","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maddison R, Rawstorn JC, Stewart RAH, Benatar J, Whittaker R, Rolleston A, et al. Effects and costs of real-time cardiac telerehabilitation: randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. Heart. 2019;105:122\u20139.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"11326_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barron E, Bakhai C, Kar P, Weaver A, Bradley D, Ismail H, Knighton P, Holman N, Khunti K, Sattar N, Wareham NJ, Young B, Valabhji J Associations of type 1 and type 2 diabetes with COVID-19-related mortality in England: a whole-population study. Lancet Diabet Endocrinol 2020;0. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30272-2, 8, 10, 813, 822.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30272-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"11326_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05371-2","volume":"20","author":"Y Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie Y, Wang Z, Liao H, Marley G, Wu D, Tang W. Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory findings of the COVID-19 in the current pandemic: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-020-05371-2.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"11326_CR56","volume-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) \u2013 Symptoms","author":"CDC","year":"2020","unstructured":"CDC. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) \u2013 Symptoms: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/symptoms-testing\/symptoms.html. Accessed 4 Oct 2020"},{"issue":"15","key":"11326_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa242","volume":"71","author":"J Lian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lian J, Jin X, Hao S, Cai H, Zhang S, Zheng L, et al. Analysis of epidemiological and clinical features in older patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outside Wuhan. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):740\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa242.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"21","key":"11326_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004500","volume":"382","author":"PK Bhatraju","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bhatraju PK, Ghassemieh BJ, Nichols M, Kim R, Jerome KR, Nalla AK, et al. Covid-19 in critically ill patients in the Seattle region \u2014 case series. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(21):2012\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2004500.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"11326_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4326","volume":"323","author":"M Arentz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arentz M, Yim E, Klaff L, Lokhandwala S, Riedo FX, Chong M, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of 21 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Washington state. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1612\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.4326.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"12","key":"11326_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5423","volume":"35","author":"KH Shuja","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shuja KH, Shahidullah N, Aqeel M, Khan EA, Abbas J. Letter to highlight the effects of isolation on elderly during COVID-19 outbreak. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020;35(12):1477\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.5423.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"11326_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resglo.2021.100037","volume":"3","author":"J Abbas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abbas J. Crisis management, transnational healthcare challenges and opportunities: the intersection of COVID-19 pandemic and global mental health. Res Global. 2021;3:100037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resglo.2021.100037.","journal-title":"Res Global"},{"key":"11326_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S284313","volume":"14","author":"J Abbas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abbas J, Wang D, Su Z, Ziapour A. The role of social Media in the Advent of COVID-19 pandemic: crisis management, mental health challenges and implications. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2021;14:1917\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/RMHP.S284313.","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"11326_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01705-8","volume":"18","author":"E Abdollahi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdollahi E, Haworth-Brockman M, Keynan Y, Langley JM, Moghadas SM. Simulating the effect of school closure during COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario, Canada. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-020-01705-8.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"11326_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crbeha.2020.100011","volume":"2","author":"A Maqsood","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maqsood A, Abbas J, Rehman G, Mubeen R. The paradigm shift for educational system continuance in the advent of COVID-19 pandemic: mental health challenges and reflections. Curr Res Behav Sci. 2021;2:100011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crbeha.2020.100011.","journal-title":"Curr Res Behav Sci"},{"key":"11326_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idm.2020.11.006","volume":"6","author":"S Fathi-Kazerooni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fathi-Kazerooni S, Rojas-Cessa R, Dong Z, Umpaichitra V. Correlation of subway turnstile entries and COVID-19 incidence and deaths in new York City. Infect Dis Model. 2021;6:183\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.idm.2020.11.006.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Model"},{"issue":"5","key":"11326_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.11.016","volume":"60","author":"S Hamidi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hamidi S, Hamidi I. Subway ridership, crowding, or population density: determinants of COVID-19 infection rates in new York City. Am J Prev Med. 2021;60(5):614\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.11.016.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"11326_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e07233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07233","volume":"7","author":"MR Azizi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Azizi MR, Atlasi R, Ziapour A, Abbas J, Naemi R. Innovative human resource management strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic narrative review approach. Heliyon. 2021;7:e07233.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"11326_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crbeha.2021.100033","volume":"2","author":"J Abbas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abbas J, Mubeen R, Iorember PT, Raza S, Mamirkulova G. Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on tourism: transformational potential and implications for a sustainable recovery of the travel and leisure industry. Curr Res Behav Sci. 2021;2:100033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crbeha.2021.100033.","journal-title":"Curr Res Behav Sci"},{"key":"11326_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.06.058","volume":"98","author":"HR Pourghasemi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pourghasemi HR. Spatial modelling, risk mapping, change detection, and outbreak trend analysis of coronavirus (COVID-19) in Iran (days between 19 February to 14 June 2020). Int J Infect Dis. 2020;98:90\u2013108.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"11326_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4443-0","volume":"19","author":"Y Chavehpour","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chavehpour Y, Rashidian A, Woldemichael A, Takian A. Inequality in geographical distribution of hospitals and hospital beds in densely populated metropolitan cities of Iran. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-019-4443-0.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"11326_CR71","first-page":"44","volume":"2020","author":"COVID-19 National Incident Room Surveillance Team","year":"2018","unstructured":"COVID-19 National Incident Room Surveillance Team. COVID-19, Australia: Epidemiology Report 16 (Reporting week to 23:59 AEST 17 May 2020). Commun Dis Intell. 2018;2020:44.","journal-title":"Commun Dis Intell"},{"key":"11326_CR72","first-page":"39","volume":"1","author":"M Bazargan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bazargan M. A case study on accessibility of medical and healthcare facilities in Mashhad using GIS. SAUES J. 2018;1:39\u201348.","journal-title":"SAUES J"},{"key":"11326_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samimi T, MohammadEbrahimi S, Tara F, Mostafavi SM, Miandehi EE, Tara M. Improving information adequacy of clinical morning reports: development of a structured model in the obstetrics and gynecology department. Health Educ Health Promot. 2021; [In press]","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-286323\/v1"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11326-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11326-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11326-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T02:02:39Z","timestamp":1626055359000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11326-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11326-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the ethical committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences with the reference number IR.MUMS.REC.1399.215.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"None reported.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1373"}}