{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:40:32Z","timestamp":1788874832906,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transgender women in the United States (U.S.) experience a disproportionate burden of HIV infection and challenges to engagement in HIV prevention and care. This excess burden is driven by structural and economic inequities. Microeconomic interventions may be effective strategies for reducing HIV inequities for this population. However, few studies have explored transgender women\u2019s preferences for microeconomic interventions to address structural determinants of HIV vulnerability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted individual interviews with 19 adult transgender women in 2 U.S. cities (Richmond, VA and St. Louis, MO) who reported one or more sexual risk behaviors and recent economic hardship related to employment\/income, housing, or food security. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic content analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority (74%) of transgender women were racial\/ethnic minorities with mean age of 26.3\u2009years. 89% were currently economically vulnerable; and 23% were employed full-time. 37% reported living with HIV. Participants expressed strong support for unrestricted vouchers, with many expressing the need for funds to support gender-affirming interventions. Assistance with how to budget and save and support for job acquisition, career planning, and employment sustainment were also preferred, including access to non-stigmatizing employment. Visible transgender leadership, group empowerment, and small (rather than large) numbers of participants were considered important aspects of intervention design for transgender women, including outreach through existing transgender networks to facilitate inclusion. Incorporating HIV counseling and testing to reduce vulnerability to HIV was acceptable. However, transgender women enrolled in the study preferred that HIV not be the focus of an intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Flexible microeconomic interventions that support gender affirming interventions, improve financial literacy, and provide living-wage non-stigmatizing employment are desired by economically vulnerable transgender women. While not focused on HIV, such interventions have the potential to reduce the structural drivers of HIV vulnerability among transgender women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11471-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T21:02:46Z","timestamp":1626296566000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["U.S. transgender women\u2019s preferences for microeconomic interventions to address structural determinants of HIV vulnerability: a qualitative assessment"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Tonia","family":"Poteat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa Jennings","family":"Mayo-Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nastacia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittanni N.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelby A.","family":"Smout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashlee N.","family":"Sawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauretta","family":"Cathers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rick S.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila R.","family":"Grigsby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric G.","family":"Benotsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"11471_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70315-8","volume":"13","author":"SD Baral","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baral SD, Poteat T, Str\u00f6mdahl S, Wirtz AL, Guadamuz TE, Beyrer C. Worldwide burden of HIV in transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(3):214\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70315-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"11471_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304748","volume":"109","author":"Q Xia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xia Q, Seyoum S, Wiewel EW, Torian LV, Braunstein SL. Reduction in gaps in high CD4 count and viral suppression between transgender and cisgender persons living with HIV in new York City, 2007-2016. Am J Public Health. 2019;109(1):126\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304748.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"11471_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1071\/SH17015","volume":"14","author":"SC Kalichman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kalichman SC, Hernandez D, Finneran S, Price D, Driver R. Transgender women and HIV-related health disparities: falling off the HIV treatment cascade. Sex Health. 2017;14(5):469\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/SH17015.","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"11471_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2019.1612014","volume":"31","author":"N Pac\u00edfico de Carvalho","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pac\u00edfico de Carvalho N, Mendicino CCP, C\u00e2ndido RCF, Alecrim DJD, Menezes de P\u00e1dua CA. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) awareness and acceptability among trans women: a review. AIDS Care. 2019;31(10):1234\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540121.2019.1612014.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"11471_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002112","volume":"82","author":"T Poteat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Poteat T, Wirtz A, Malik M, Cooney E, Cannon C, Hardy WD, et al. A gap between willingness and uptake: findings from mixed methods research on HIV prevention among black and Latina transgender women. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;82(2):131\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002112.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"11471_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304727","volume":"109","author":"JS Becasen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Becasen JS, Denard CL, Mullins MM, Higa DH, Sipe TA. Estimating the prevalence of HIV and sexual behaviors among the US transgender population: a systematic review and meta-analysis, 2006-2017. Am J Public Health. 2018;109:e1\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"11471_CR7","volume-title":"HIV Surveillance Report","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2018","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Surveillance Report, vol. 31; 2018. [updated May 202013 November 2020]. Available from: http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/library\/reports\/hiv-surveillance.html"},{"issue":"4","key":"11471_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-017-1143-x","volume":"47","author":"K Clark","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clark K, Fletcher JB, Holloway IW, Reback CJ. Structural inequities and social networks impact hormone use and misuse among transgender women in Los Angeles County. Arch Sex Behav. 2018;47(4):953\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-017-1143-x.","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"11471_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02575-9","volume":"24","author":"D Teixeira da Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Teixeira da Silva D, Bouris A, Voisin D, Hotton A, Brewer R, Schneider J. Social networks moderate the Syndemic effect of psychosocial and structural factors on HIV risk among young black transgender women and men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(1):192\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02575-9.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"11471_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-017-0289-6","volume":"15","author":"BJ Hill","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hill BJ, Crosby R, Bouris A, Brown R, Bak T, Rosentel K, et al. Exploring transgender legal name change as a potential structural intervention for mitigating social determinants of health among transgender women of color. Sex Res Social Policy. 2018;15(1):25\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13178-017-0289-6.","journal-title":"Sex Res Social Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"11471_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2018.0026","volume":"4","author":"J Frank","year":"2019","unstructured":"Frank J, Restar A, Kuhns L, Reisner S, Biello K, Garofalo R, et al. Unmet health care needs among young transgender women at risk for HIV transmission and Acquisition in two Urban U.S. cities: the LifeSkills study. Transgend Health. 2019;4(1):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/trgh.2018.0026.","journal-title":"Transgend Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"11471_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1071\/SH19011","volume":"16","author":"A Lacombe-Duncan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lacombe-Duncan A, Newman PA, Bauer GR, Logie CH, Persad Y, Shokoohi M, et al. Gender-affirming healthcare experiences and medical transition among transgender women living with HIV: a mixed-methods study. Sex Health. 2019;16(4):367\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/SH19011.","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"11471_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuhns LM, Hotton AL, Perloff J, Paul J, Parker C, Muldoon AL, et al. Evaluation of translife care: an intervention to address social determinants of engagement in HIV care among transgender women of color. AIDS Behav. 2021;25(Suppl 1):13-19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02548-y.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02548-y"},{"issue":"10","key":"11471_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1424-8","volume":"20","author":"JL Raiford","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raiford JL, Hall GJ, Taylor RD, Bimbi DS, Parsons JT. The role of structural barriers in risky sexual behavior, victimization and readiness to change HIV\/STI-related risk behavior among transgender women. AIDS Behav. 2016;20(10):2212\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-016-1424-8.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"8","key":"11471_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-014-0368-1","volume":"43","author":"JB Fletcher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fletcher JB, Kisler KA, Reback CJ. Housing status and HIV risk behaviors among transgender women in Los Angeles. Arch Sex Behav. 2014;43(8):1651\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-014-0368-1.","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"11471_CR16","volume-title":"The report of the 2015 U.S. transgender survey","author":"SE James","year":"2016","unstructured":"James SE, Herman JL, Rankin S, Keisling M, Mottet L, Anafi M. The report of the 2015 U.S. transgender survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality; 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"11471_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08902-3","volume":"20","author":"L Jennings Mayo-Wilson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jennings Mayo-Wilson L, Benotsch EG, Grigsby SR, Wagner S, Timbo F, Poteat T, et al. Combined effects of gender affirmation and economic hardship on vulnerability to HIV: a qualitative analysis among U.S. adult transgender women. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):782.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"11471_CR18","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"J Seeley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Seeley J, Watts CH, Kippax S, Russell S, Heise L, Whiteside A. Addressing the structural drivers of HIV: a luxury or necessity for programmes? J Int AIDS Soc. 2012;15(Suppl 1):1\u20134.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"11471_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303582","volume":"107","author":"G Rebchook","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rebchook G, Keatley J, Contreras R, Perloff J, Molano LF, Reback CJ, et al. The transgender women of color initiative: implementing and evaluating innovative interventions to enhance engagement and retention in HIV care. Am J Public Health. 2017;107(2):224\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303582.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"11471_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-017-0360-1","volume":"14","author":"T Poteat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Poteat T, Malik M, Scheim A, Elliott A. HIV prevention among transgender populations: knowledge gaps and evidence for action. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep. 2017;14(4):141\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11904-017-0360-1.","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"11471_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21723","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.20.1.21723","volume":"20","author":"P Lall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lall P, Shaw SA, Saifi R, Sherman S, Azmi NN, Pillai V, et al. Acceptability of a microfinance-based empowerment intervention for transgender and cisgender women sex workers in greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. J Int AIDS Soc. 2017;20(1):21723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7448\/IAS.20.1.21723.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"11471_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/21642850.2015.1093423","volume":"3","author":"RS Zimmerman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zimmerman RS, Benotsch EG, Shoemaker S, Snipes DJ, Cathers L, Perrin PB, et al. Mediational models linking psychosocial context, mental health problems, substance use, and HIV risk behaviors in transgender women. Health Psychol Behav Med. 2015;3(1):379\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21642850.2015.1093423.","journal-title":"Health Psychol Behav Med"},{"key":"11471_CR23","unstructured":"Virginia State Report. 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. [updated February 201713 November 2020]. Available from: https:\/\/www.transequality.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/usts\/USTSVAStateReport%281017%29.pdf. Accessed 13 Nov 2020."},{"key":"11471_CR24","unstructured":"Missouri State Report. 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey [updated October 201713 November 2020]. Available from: https:\/\/www.transequality.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/usts\/USTSMOStateReport%281017%29.pdf. Accessed 13 Nov 2020."},{"issue":"9","key":"11471_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415595319","volume":"27","author":"EG Benotsch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Benotsch EG, Zimmerman RS, Cathers L, Pierce J, McNulty S, Heck T, et al. Non-medical use of prescription drugs and HIV risk behaviour in transgender women in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Int J STD AIDS. 2016;27(9):776\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956462415595319.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"11471_CR26","unstructured":"Patton MQ. Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, inc; 1990."},{"issue":"13","key":"11471_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732315617444","volume":"26","author":"K Malterud","year":"2016","unstructured":"Malterud K, Siersma VD, Guassora AD. Sample size in qualitative interview studies: guided by information power. Qual Health Res. 2016;26(13):1753\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732315617444.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"7226","key":"11471_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7226.50","volume":"320","author":"N Mays","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mays N, Pope C. Qualitative research in health care. Assessing quality in qualitative research. BMJ. 2000;320(7226):50\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.320.7226.50.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"11471_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2017.1337774","volume":"38","author":"E Chop","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chop E, Duggaraju A, Malley A, Burke V, Caldas S, Yeh PT, et al. Food insecurity, sexual risk behavior, and adherence to antiretroviral therapy among women living with HIV: a systematic review. Health Care Women Int. 2017;38(9):927\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07399332.2017.1337774.","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"11471_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305774","volume":"110","author":"SM Peitzmeier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peitzmeier SM, Malik M, Kattari SK, Marrow E, Stephenson R, Ag\u00e9nor M, et al. Intimate partner violence in transgender populations: systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence and correlates. Am J Public Health. 2020;110(9):e1\u2013e14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305774.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"11471_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113236","volume":"261","author":"D de Walque","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Walque D. The use of financial incentives to prevent unhealthy behaviors: a review. Soc Sci Med. 2020;261:113236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113236.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"11471_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2989\/16085906.2015.1135296","volume":"15","author":"J Taaffe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taaffe J, Cheikh N, Wilson D. The use of cash transfers for HIV prevention--are we there yet? Afr J AIDS Res. 2016;15(1):17\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2989\/16085906.2015.1135296.","journal-title":"Afr J AIDS Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"11471_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2329-5","volume":"23","author":"K Kilburn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kilburn K, Hughes JP, MacPhail C, Wagner RG, G\u00f3mez-Oliv\u00e9 FX, Kahn K, et al. Cash transfers, young Women's economic well-being, and HIV risk: evidence from HPTN 068. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(5):1178\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-018-2329-5.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"11471_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-012-0216-5","volume":"68","author":"JM Sevelius","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sevelius JM. Gender affirmation: a framework for conceptualizing risk behavior among transgender women of color. Sex Roles. 2013;68(11\u201312):675\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-012-0216-5.","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"11","key":"11471_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2016.1170181","volume":"12","author":"TL O'Malley","year":"2017","unstructured":"O'Malley TL, Burke JG. A systematic review of microfinance and women's health literature: directions for future research. Glob Public Health. 2017;12(11):1433\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17441692.2016.1170181.","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"11471_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2014.26.1.13","volume":"26","author":"M Arrivillaga","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arrivillaga M, Salcedo JP. A systematic review of microfinance-based interventions for HIV\/AIDS prevention. AIDS Educ Prev. 2014;26(1):13\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/aeap.2014.26.1.13.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"10","key":"11471_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2019.1655591","volume":"22","author":"MCD Stoner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stoner MCD, Kilburn K, Hill LM, MacPhail C, Selin A, Kimaru L, et al. The effects of a cash transfer intervention on sexual partnerships and HIV in the HPTN 068 study in South Africa. Cult Health Sex. 2020;22(10):1112\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13691058.2019.1655591.","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"issue":"9","key":"11471_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02511-x","volume":"23","author":"M Rosenberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosenberg M, Jules R, Luetke M, Kianersi S, Nelson E, Jean-Louis F. Health education training embedded in a microfinance platform associated with safer sexual behavior in Haitian women. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(9):2375\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02511-x.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"11471_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-02850-0","volume":"24","author":"J Wamoyi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wamoyi J, Balvanz P, Atkins K, Gichane M, Majani E, Pettifor A, et al. Conceptualization of empowerment and pathways through which cash transfers work to empower young women to reduce HIV risk: a qualitative study in Tanzania. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(11):3024\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-020-02850-0.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"9","key":"11471_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002227","volume":"33","author":"RH Remien","year":"2019","unstructured":"Remien RH, Stirratt MJ, Nguyen N, Robbins RN, Pala AN, Mellins CA. Mental health and HIV\/AIDS: the need for an integrated response. AIDS. 2019;33(9):1411\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002227.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"11471_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25495","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25495","volume":"23","author":"A B\u00f3rquez","year":"2020","unstructured":"B\u00f3rquez A, Rich K, Farrell M, Degenhardt L, McKetin R, Tran LT, et al. Integrating HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and harm reduction among men who have sex with men and transgender women to address intersecting harms associated with stimulant use: a modelling study. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;23(Suppl 1):e25495.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11471-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11471-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11471-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T02:10:42Z","timestamp":1699236642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11471-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11471-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study obtained ethical approval from the Virginia Commonwealth University Office of Research and Innovation Institutional Review Board (IRB) (#HM20011245) and the University of Missouri \u2013 St. Louis IRB (#1179371\u20132). All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Verbal informed consent was approved by both IRBs as the signature requirement would have been the only record linking the participant to the study, increasing the risk of potential harm resulting from a breach of confidentiality. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1394"}}