{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T03:41:22Z","timestamp":1785210082703,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Canada SUAP","award":["1819-HQ-000053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1819-HQ-000053"]}]},{"name":"CIHR COVID-19 MH and SU","award":["MS4 173111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MS4 173111"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During public health emergencies, people with opioid use disorder (PWOUD) may be particularly impacted. Emergent disasters such as the COVID-19 pandemic disrupt already-strained harm reduction efforts and treatment availability. This study aims to answer three research questions. How do public health emergencies impact PWOUD? How can health systems respond to novel public health emergencies to serve PWOUD? How can the results of this scoping review be contextualized to the province of Alberta to inform local stakeholder responses to the pandemic?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a scoping review using the 6-stage Arksey and O\u2019Malley framework to analyse early-pandemic and pre-pandemic disaster literature. The results of the scoping review were contextualized to the local pandemic response, through a Nominal Group Technique (NGT) process with frontline providers and stakeholders in Alberta, Canada.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty one scientific journal articles and 72 grey literature resources were included after full-text screening. Forty sources pertained to early COVID-19 responses, and 21 focused on OUD treatment during other disasters. PWOUD may be more impacted than the general population by common COVID-19 stressors including loss of income, isolation, lack of rewarding activities, housing instability, as well as fear and anxiety. They may also face unique challenges including threats to drug supplies, stigma, difficulty accessing clean substance use supplies, and closure of substance use treatment centres. All of these impacts put PWOUD at risk of negative outcomes including fatal overdose. Two NGT groups were held. One group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097) represented voices from urban services, and the other (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094) Indigenous contexts. Stakeholders suggested that simultaneous attention to multiple crises, with adequate resources to allow attention to both social and health systems issues, can prepare a system to serve PWOUD during disasters.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review and NGT study uncovers how disasters impact PWOUD and offers suggestions for better serving PWOUD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11495-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T14:02:56Z","timestamp":1627480976000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Opioid use disorder treatment disruptions during the early COVID-19 pandemic and other emergent disasters: a scoping review addressing dual public health emergencies"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5633-8498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Henderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"McInnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslee","family":"Mackey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myles","family":"Bruised Head","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Crowshoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Hann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jake","family":"Hayward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian R.","family":"Holroyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eddy","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley Jane","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Persaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalil","family":"Raghavji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Sarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakique","family":"Virani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iskotoahka William","family":"Wadsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey","family":"Whitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"McLane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"11495_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkins WD, Bolinski R, Bresett J, Van Ham B, Fletcher S, Walters S, et al. COVID-19 during the opioid epidemic \u2013 exacerbation of stigma and vulnerabilities. J Rural Health. 2021;37(1):172-4.","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12442"},{"key":"11495_CR2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"CRISM National Guidelines for the Clinical Management of Opioid Use Disorder","author":"CRISM","year":"2018","unstructured":"CRISM. CRISM National Guidelines for the Clinical Management of Opioid Use Disorder; 2018. p. 1\u2013132. Available from: https:\/\/crism.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/CRISM_NationalGuideline_OUD-ENG.pdf"},{"key":"11495_CR3","unstructured":"Tasker JP. Opioid deaths skyrocket, mental health suffers due to pandemic restrictions, new federal report says. CBC News [Internet]. 2020; Available from: https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/public-health-annual-report-opioid-deaths-skyrocket-1.5780129."},{"issue":"1","key":"11495_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","volume":"8","author":"H Arksey","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arksey H, O\u2019Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol Theory Pract. 2005;8(1):19\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1364557032000119616.","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol Theory Pract"},{"issue":"69","key":"11495_CR5","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"D Levac","year":"2010","unstructured":"Levac D, Colquhoun H, O\u2019Brien KK. Scoping studes: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci. 2010;5(69):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"11495_CR6","volume-title":"Qualitative data analysis: a sourcebook of new methods","author":"M Miles","year":"1984","unstructured":"Miles M, Huberman A. Qualitative data analysis: a sourcebook of new methods. Berverley Hills: Sage Publications; 1984."},{"key":"11495_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2007.050641","volume":"12","author":"S Cooper","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cooper S, Endacott R. Generic qualitative research: a design for qualitative research in emergency care? Emerg Med J. 2007;12:816.","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"11495_CR8","unstructured":"Henderson RI, Wadsworth I, Healy B, Bill L, McInnes A, Danyluk A, et al. Healing the Whole Human Being: Realist Review of Best Practices and Contextual Factors for Preventing & Treating Opioid Misuse in Indigenous Contexts in Alberta [Internet]. Calgary; 2021. Available from: http:\/\/www.afnigc.ca\/main\/includes\/media\/pdf\/digital.reports\/Healing-The-Whole-Human-Being FINAL Digital.pdf."},{"key":"11495_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7174.1996.tb00844.x","volume":"4","author":"JA Cantrill","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cantrill JA, Sibbald B, Buetow S. The Delphi and nominal group techniques in health services research. Int J Pharm Pract. 1996;4:67\u201374.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"11495_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e281","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000684","volume":"14","author":"UG Khatri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khatri UG, Perrone J. Opioid Use Disorder and COVID-19: Crashing of the Crises. J Addict Med. 2020;14(4):e281.","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"issue":"may","key":"11495_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113142","volume":"290","author":"P Mota","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mota P. Avoiding a new epidemic during a pandemic: the importance of assessing the risk of substance use disorders in the COVID-19 era. Psychiatry res [internet]. 2020;290(may):113142 Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113142.","journal-title":"Psychiatry res [internet]"},{"issue":"6","key":"11495_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.04.002","volume":"58","author":"EM Salisbury-Afshar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salisbury-Afshar EM, Rich JD, Adashi EY. Vulnerable populations: weathering the pandemic storm. Am J Prev Med. 2020;58(6):892\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.04.002.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"11495_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Columb D, Hussain R, O\u2019Gara C. Addiction psychiatry and COVID-19 - impact on patients and service provision. Ir J Psychol Med [internet]. 2020;1\u201315. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/32434597.","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2020.47"},{"key":"11495_CR14","volume-title":"Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on People Who Use Substances: What We Heard. Candian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction [Internet]","author":"CCSA","year":"2020","unstructured":"CCSA. Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on People Who Use Substances: What We Heard. Candian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 14]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ccsa.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-07\/CCSA-COVID-19-Impacts-on-People-Who-Use-Substances-Report-2020-en.pdf"},{"key":"11495_CR15","volume-title":"CCENDU Alert: Changes Related to COVID-19 in the Illegal Drug Supply and Access to Services, and Resulting Health Harms: Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction [Internet]","author":"CCSA","year":"2020","unstructured":"CCSA. CCENDU Alert: Changes Related to COVID-19 in the Illegal Drug Supply and Access to Services, and Resulting Health Harms: Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 14]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ccsa.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-05\/CCSA-COVID-19-CCENDU-Illegal-Drug-Supply-Alert-2020-en.pdf"},{"issue":"7","key":"11495_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2015.978675","volume":"50","author":"ER Pouget","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pouget ER, Sandoval M, Nikolopoulos GK, Friedman SR. Immediate impact of hurricane Sandy on people who inject drugs in new York City. Subst Use Misuse. 2015;50(7):878\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10826084.2015.978675.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"11495_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.389","volume":"156","author":"H Matusow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Matusow H, Benoit E, Rosenblum A. Challenges to opioid treatment programs after hurricane sandy: Impact, preparedness, and recovery. Drug Alcohol Depend [Internet]. 2015;156:e142 Available from: http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0376871615007607.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend [Internet]"},{"issue":"7","key":"11495_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2015.983008","volume":"50","author":"TK Mackey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mackey TK, Strathdee SA. Big events and risks to global substance using populations: unique threats and common challenges. Subst Use Misuse. 2015;50(7):885\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10826084.2015.983008.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"11495_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v25n01_03","volume":"25","author":"B Frank","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frank B, Dewart T, Schmeidler J, Demirjian A. The impact of 9\/11 on new York City\u2019s substance abuse treatment programs: a study of program administrators. J Addict Dis. 2006;25(1):5\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1300\/J069v25n01_03.","journal-title":"J Addict Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"11495_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.2012000p7","volume":"63","author":"L Rutkow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rutkow L, Vernick JS, Mojtabai R, Rodman SO, Kaufmann CN. Legal challenges for substance abuse treatment during disasters. Psychiatr Serv. 2012;63(1):7\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ps.2012000p7.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"October 2016","key":"11495_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2017.05.001","volume":"23","author":"L Elliott","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elliott L, Benoit E, Matusow H, Rosenblum A. Disaster preparedness among opioid treatment programs: policy recommendations from state opioid treatment authorities. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2017;23(October 2016):152\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2017.05.001.","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduct"},{"key":"11495_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blake D, Lyons A. Opioid Substitution Treatment Planning in a Disaster Context: Perspectives from Emergency Management and Health Professionals in Aotearoa\/New Zealand. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2016;13(11). Available from: http:\/\/ovidsp.ovid.com\/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=med13&NEWS=N&AN=27834915.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13111122"},{"issue":"3","key":"11495_CR23","first-page":"392","volume":"79","author":"L Weiss","year":"2002","unstructured":"Weiss L, Fabri A, McCoy K, Coffin P, Netherland J, Finkelstein R. A vulnerable population in a time of crisis: drug users and the attacks on the world trade center. J Urban Heal New York Acad Med. 2002;79(3):392\u2013403.","journal-title":"J Urban Heal New York Acad Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"11495_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2005.12.001","volume":"37","author":"KJ Ruggiero","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ruggiero KJ, Resnick HS, Acierno R, Carpenter MJ, Kilpatrick DG, Coffey SF, et al. Internet-based intervention for mental health and substance use problems in disaster-affected populations: a pilot feasibility study. Behav Ther. 2006;37(2):190\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beth.2005.12.001.","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"11495_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13031","volume":"29","author":"Y Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun Y, Bao Y, Kosten T, Strang J, Shi J, Lu L. Editorial: challenges to opioid use disorders during COVID-19. Am J Addict. 2020;29(3):174\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajad.13031.","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"11495_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stowe M-J, Scheibe A, Shelly S, Marks M. COVID-19 restrictions and increased risk of overdose for street-based people with opioid dependence in South Africa. South African Med J. 2020;110(6):12939.","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2020.v110i6.14832"},{"issue":"2","key":"11495_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2020.1752351","volume":"41","author":"TC Green","year":"2020","unstructured":"Green TC, Bratberg J, Finnell DS. Opioid use disorder and the COVID 19 pandemic: a call to sustain regulatory easements and further expand access to treatment. Subst Abus [internet]. 2020;41(2):147\u20139 Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08897077.2020.1752351.","journal-title":"Subst Abus [internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"11495_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/24740527.2020.1766855","volume":"4","author":"F Webster","year":"2020","unstructured":"Webster F, Connoy L, Sud A, Pinto AD, Katz J, et al. Can J pain [internet]. 2020;4(1):125\u20138 Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/24740527.2020.1766855.","journal-title":"Can J pain [internet]"},{"key":"11495_CR29","volume-title":"Risk Mitigation in the Context of Dual Public Health Emergencies: Interim Clinical Guidance [Internet]","author":"BCCSU","year":"2020","unstructured":"BCCSU. Risk Mitigation in the Context of Dual Public Health Emergencies: Interim Clinical Guidance [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 14]. Available from: https:\/\/www.bccsu.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Risk-Mitigation-in-the-Context-of-Dual-Public-Health-Emergencies-v1.5.pdf"},{"issue":"9","key":"11495_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-02887-1","volume":"24","author":"KM Peavy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peavy KM, Darnton J, Grekin P, Russo M, Green CJB, Merrill JO, et al. Rapid implementation of service delivery changes to mitigate COVID-19 and maintain access to methadone among persons with and at high-risk for HIV in an opioid treatment program. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(9):2469\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-020-02887-1.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"11495_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e136","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000682","volume":"14","author":"M Harris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harris M, Johnson S, Mackin S, Saitz R, Walley AY, Taylor JL. Low barrier tele-buprenorphine in the time of COVID-19: a case report. J Addict Med [Internet]. 2020;14(4):e136\u20138 Available from: https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000682.","journal-title":"J Addict Med [Internet]"},{"key":"11495_CR32","volume-title":"Subsection 56(1) class exemption for patients, practitioners and pharmacists prescribing and providing controlled substances in Canada during the coronavirus pandemic 2020 Mar 19 [Internet]","author":"Health Canada","year":"2020","unstructured":"Health Canada. Subsection 56(1) class exemption for patients, practitioners and pharmacists prescribing and providing controlled substances in Canada during the coronavirus pandemic 2020 Mar 19 [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 14]. Available from: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/health-concerns\/controlled-substances-precursor-chemicals\/policy-regulations\/policy-documents\/section-56-1-class-exemption-patients-pharmacists-practitioners-controlled-substances-covid-19-pandemic.html"},{"key":"11495_CR33","volume-title":"Naamitapiikoan: Blackfoot influences on Abraham Maslow\u2019s developmental and organizational psychology","author":"R Heavy Head","year":"2011","unstructured":"Heavy Head R, Blood N. Naamitapiikoan: Blackfoot influences on Abraham Maslow\u2019s developmental and organizational psychology. Alexandria: Microtraining Associates; 2011."},{"key":"11495_CR34","volume-title":"In plain sight: Addressing Indigenous-specific racism and discrimination in BC health care [Internet]","author":"Government of BC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Government of BC. In plain sight: Addressing Indigenous-specific racism and discrimination in BC health care [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/engage.gov.bc.ca\/app\/uploads\/sites\/613\/2020\/11\/In-Plain-Sight-Full-Report.pdf"},{"key":"11495_CR35","unstructured":"Government of Alberta. Alberta COVID-19 Opioid Response Surveillance Report: Q2 2020 [Internet]. Edmonton AB; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/dataset\/f4b74c38-88cb-41ed-aa6f-32db93c7c391\/resource\/e8c44bab-900a-4af4-905a-8b3ef84ebe5f\/download\/health-alberta-covid-19-opioid-response-surveillance-report-2020-q2.pdf."},{"key":"11495_CR36","volume-title":"Safeworks monthly report \u2013 October 2020 Supervised Consumption Services [Internet]","author":"Alberta Health Services","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alberta Health Services. Safeworks monthly report \u2013 October 2020 Supervised Consumption Services [Internet] 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.albertahealthservices.ca\/assets\/info\/amh\/if-amh-sup-con-chumir-2020-10.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"11495_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.29173\/aar107","volume":"2","author":"K Dewsnap","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dewsnap K, Kamran H, Rondeau K, Polachek A, Fabreau G, McBrien K. Assessing the impact of connect 2 care on the residential stability of homeless and vulnerably housed clients. Alberta Acad Rev. 2019;2(3):17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29173\/aar107.","journal-title":"Alberta Acad Rev"},{"key":"11495_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLane P, Scott K, Suleman Z, Yee K, Holroyd BR, Dong K, et al. Multi-site intervention to improve emergency department care for patients who live with opioid use disorder: a quantitative evaluation. CJEM. 2020;6:784-92.","DOI":"10.1017\/cem.2020.438"},{"issue":"4","key":"11495_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12349","volume":"96","author":"M Ford-Gilboe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ford-Gilboe M, Wathen C, Varcoe C, Herbert C, Jackson B, Lavoi J. How equity-oriented health care affects health: key mechanisms and implications for primary health care practice and policy. Milbank Q. 2018;96(4):635\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1468-0009.12349.","journal-title":"Milbank Q"},{"key":"11495_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.12.014","volume":"71","author":"E Hyshka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hyshka E, Anderson-Baron J, Pugh A, Belle-Isle L, Hathaway A, Pauly B, et al. Principles, practice, and policy vacuums: policy actor views on provincial\/territorial harm reduction policy in Canada. Int J drug policy [internet]. 2019;71:142\u20139 Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.12.014.","journal-title":"Int J drug policy [internet]"}],"container-title":["BMC Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11495-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11495-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11495-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T14:04:59Z","timestamp":1627481099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11495-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11495-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-244863\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2458"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2458","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. NGT attendees are co-investigators, and so did not sign consent forms.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1471"}}